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Security Cooperation Issues in the Western Hemisphere

2002; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 11; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/0966284042000268300

1744-0556

Max G. Manwaring,

International Relations in Latin America

Abstract Building regional security cooperation in the Western Hemisphere is not a strictly short-term, unilateral or bilateral defense effort. Regional security will only result from a long-term, cooperative, multilateral civil-military effort. A viable framework for success includes the need to advance hemispheric understanding of the security concerns of each country and those that the region as a whole faces (for example, the internal and external threat(s) to security). Finally, these issues and associated recommendations demand a carefully staffed and phased regional security plan of action, with measurable short- and long-term objectives to validate its planning and implementation. The basic directions for a regional security plan, as identified at the Miami conference, are as follow. Notes 1. United States Security Strategy for the Americas, Office of the Secretary of Defense for Inter-American Affairs, October 2000, p.11. 2. Karl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976 [1832]), pp.88–9. 3. Studies that make this point are Angel Rabassa and Peter Chalk, Colombian Labyrinth: The Synergy of Drugs and Insurgency and Its Implications for Regional Stability, (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2001); and Eduardo Pizarro, 'Revolutionary Guerrilla Groups in Colombia', in Charles Berquist, Ricardo Penaranda and Gonzalo Sanchez (eds), Violence In Colombia: The Contemporary Crisis in Historical Perspective (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1992). Additionally, see David C. Jordan, Drug Politics: Dirty Money and Democracies (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999). 4. Jean Larteguy, The Centurions (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1961), pp.181–2. 5. John le Carré, The Constant Gardener (New York: Scribner, 2001), p.137. 6. These assertions are consensus statements based on interviews with senior Italian Carabinieri officials. The author is particularly indebted to General Carlo Alfiero for his guiding remarks. Corroborating information may be found in Richard Drake, The Aldo Moro Murder Case (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Donatella della Porta, 'Left-Wing Terrorism in Italy,' in Martha Crenshaw (ed.), Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); and Vittorfranco S. Pisano, The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987). 7. See, for example, Major General Edward G. Lansdale, In the Midst of Wars: An American's Mission to Southeast Asia (New York: Harper & Row, 1972); Lawrence M. Greenberg, The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Study of a Successful Anti-Insurgency Operation in the Philippines – 1946–1955 (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1986); Colonel Julius L. Javier, A Study to Determine the Effectiveness of the Present Counterinsurgency Strategy of the Philippines (Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command & Staff College, 1985); Colonel Venancio R. Duque Jr, The Integrated National Police in Philippine Counterinsurgency Operations: The Great Difference (Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command & Staff College, 1984); and Robert Ross Smith, 'The Philippines (1946–1954)', in D.M. Condit et al. (eds), Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, Vol.1 (Washington, DC: The American University, 1968). 8. Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p.109. 9. Author interview with General John R. Galvin, USA (Ret.), on 6 August 1997, in Boston. The complete interview is included in the Spring 1998 special issue of Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol.9, No.1. 10. Robert Komer, Bureaucracy Does Its Thing: Institutional Constraints on US-GVN Performance in Vietnam (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1972), pp.ix, 75–84. 11. See, for example, Frank Kitson, Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peace-Keeping (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1971); Robert Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy (New York: Taplinger, 1970); Galvin (note 9), author interviews with Lt General William G. Carter III, USA (Ret.) on 30 November 1998, and 2 March 1999, in Washington, DC; author interviews with General Charles E. Wilhelm, USMC (Ret.) on 9 February 2001 and 22 June 2001, in Reston, Va.; author interviews with General Anthony L. Zinni, USMC (Ret.) on 2 June 1999 and 6 October 2000, in Washington, DC; and see Stephen Biddle, 'Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare,' Foreign Affairs (March/April 2003), pp.31–46. 12. See, for example, Frank Kitson, Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peace-Keeping (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1971); Robert Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy (New York: Taplinger, 1970); Galvin (note 9), author interviews with Lt General William G. Carter III, USA (Ret.) on 30 November 1998, and 2 March 1999, in Washington, DC; author interviews with General Charles E. Wilhelm, USMC (Ret.) on 9 February 2001 and 22 June 2001, in Reston, Va.; author interviews with General Anthony L. Zinni, USMC (Ret.) on 2 June 1999 and 6 October 2000, in Washington, DC; and see Stephen Biddle, 'Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare,' Foreign Affairs (March/April 2003), pp.31–46. 13. See, for example, Frank Kitson, Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peace-Keeping (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1971); Robert Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy (New York: Taplinger, 1970); Galvin (note 9), author interviews with Lt General William G. Carter III, USA (Ret.) on 30 November 1998, and 2 March 1999, in Washington, DC; author interviews with General Charles E. Wilhelm, USMC (Ret.) on 9 February 2001 and 22 June 2001, in Reston, Va.; author interviews with General Anthony L. Zinni, USMC (Ret.) on 2 June 1999 and 6 October 2000, in Washington, DC; and see Stephen Biddle, 'Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare,' Foreign Affairs (March/April 2003). See also, Max G. Manwaring and John T. Fishel, 'Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency: Toward a New Analytical Approach', Small Wars and Insurgencies Vol.1, No.3 (Winter 1992), pp.272–310. 14. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1971 [orig. ca. 500 BC]), p.122. 15. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1971 [orig. ca. 500 BC]), p.88. 17. Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1982), pp.66–7. 16. Myles Frechette, In Search of the Endgame: A Long-Term Multilateral Strategy for Colombia, North-South Agenda Paper 62, February 2003.