A First Draft of the History of America's Ongoing Wars on Terrorism
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 38; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/1057610x.2014.974405
ISSN1521-0731
Autores Tópico(s)Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
ResumoAbstractThis research note attempts to map the Al Qaeda movement's trajectory from the 11 September 2001 attacks to the stunning events of 2014—which saw the continued rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), its expulsion from the Al Qaeda movement, followed by ISIS's stunning thrust into Iraq, its declaration of a caliphate, and the re-engagement of American military forces in this region. It attempts to place in context the Al Qaeda movement's evolution to explain why the United States under President Barack Obama, despite hopes and expectations to the contrary, is still enmeshed in the war on terrorism proclaimed by George W. Bush over a decade ago. Notes1Marc Sageman, "Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks," in The Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), p. 66. See also, Scott Shane, "Experts Say Focus on Al Qaeda Misses Broader Threat," New York Times, 13 August 2006; and, idem, "Rethinking The Terrorist Threat," New York Times, 20 September 2009.2See Bruce Hoffman, "The Myth of Grass-Roots Terrorism: Why Osama bin Laden Still Matters," Foreign Affairs 87(3) (May/June 2008), pp. 133–138; and Fernando Reinares, "Global Terrorism: A Polymorphous Phenomenon," Real Instituto Elcano (Madrid), 21 April 2009. Available at http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CON TEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/international+terrorism/ari65-2009#.VFZg3ihH2VE (accessed 6 November 2014). 3Pre-2008 networks and locations Al Qaeda in the Far East (Indonesia and the Philippines); Al Qaeda in Afghanistan; Al Qaeda in Pakistan; Al Qaeda in East Africa (al Shabaab); Al Qaeda in Iraq; Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ([AQIM] Algeria); and Al Qaeda in Europe. Since 2008, Al Qaeda has expanded to the Sudan (Al Qaeda in the Two Niles); Tunisia (Ansar al Sharia); Lebanon; Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Nigeria (AQIM); Syria (Jabhat al Nusra and associated groups); North America (e.g., the 2009 suicide bomb plot to attack the New York City subway system and the 2013 plot to attack trains in Canada); and the recently announced creation of Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent.4"Syria: Why al-Qaeda Is Winning," National Review Online, 23 August 2012. Available at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/314685/syria-why-al-qaeda-winning-ed-husain (accessed 6 November 2014). 5Richard Barrett, Foreign Fighters In Syria (The Soufan Group, June 2014), pp. 6, 9 & 12. Available at http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf (accessed 6 November 2014). 6Quoted in Yassin Musharbash, "The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants," Spiegel Online, 12 August 2005. Available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-future-of-terrorism-what-al-qaida-really-wants-a-369448.html (accessed 4 November 2014).
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