Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The Urban Threshold and the Second Great Awakening: Revivalism in New York State, 1825-1835

2010; Wiley; Volume: 49; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01540.x

1468-5906

Richard Lee Rogers,

American Constitutional Law and Politics

Journal for the Scientific Study of ReligionVolume 49, Issue 4 p. 694-709 The Urban Threshold and the Second Great Awakening: Revivalism in New York State, 1825–1835 Richard Lee Rogers, Richard Lee Rogers Department of Social SciencesSouthern Wesleyan UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Richard Lee Rogers, Richard Lee Rogers Department of Social SciencesSouthern Wesleyan UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01540.xCitations: 1 Correspondence should be addressed to Richard Lee Rogers, Associate Professor of Sociology, Southern Wesleyan University, P.O. Box 1020, 907 Wesleyan Drive, Central, SC 29630. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Generally regarded as a rural phenomenon, the spread of religious revivalism in the Second Great Awakening may have also been associated with urbanization and early industrialism. This report of a secondary analysis of data originally collected by John Hammond (The Politics of Benevolence[1979]) provides support for the urban argument. Ordinary least-squares and Poisson regression analyses of the incidence of revivalism indicate that revivalism is associated with population size, township manufacturing, location in agricultural counties, and proximity to other towns experiencing revivals. Among urban places and manufacturing towns, the highest levels of revivalism are found in New York's western region. However, the results also uncover a strand of revivalism in the rural northern part of the state that cannot be reduced to the principal variables. The significance of these findings for the study of the Second Great Awakening and American evangelicalism broadly is highlighted. References Albion, Robert G. 1939. The rise of New York port, 1815–1860. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. Andrews, Dee. 1984. The African Methodists of Philadelphia, 1794–1802. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 108(4): 471–86. Banner, Lois. 1973. Religious benevolence as social control: A critique of an interpretation. Journal of American History 60(1): 23–41. Barclay, Wade Crawford. 1949. Early American Methodism, 1769–1844: Volume one, Missionary motivation and expansion. New York : Board of Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Church. Barron, Hal S. 1984. Those who stayed behind: Rural society in nineteenth-century New England. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge. Barron, Hal S.. 1985. Staying down on the farm: Social processes of settled rural life in the nineteenth-century North. In The countryside in the age of capitalist transformation: Essays in the social history of rural America, edited by Steven Hahn and Jonathan Rude, pp. 327–43. Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina. Baumgartner, Jody C., Peter L. Francia, and Jonathan S. Morris. 2008. A clash of civilizations? The influence of religion on public opinion of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Political Research Quarterly 6(2): 171–79. Beck, E. M. and Stewart E. Tolnay. 1990. The killing fields of the Deep South: The market for cotton and the lynching of blacks, 1882–1930. American Sociological Review 55(4): 526–39. Bernstein, Peter L. 2005. Wedding of the waters: The Erie Canal and the making of a great nation. New York : W. W. Norton. Bilhartz, Terry D. 1986. Urban religion and the Second Great Awakening: Church and society in early national Baltimore. Rutherford , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson. Blumin, Stuart M. 1976. The urban threshold: Growth and change in a nineteenth-century American community. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. Bradley, Joshua. 1819. Accounts of religious revivals in many parts of the United States from 1815 to 1818. Albany , NY : G. J. Loomis. Bruce, Steve. 2002. God is dead: Secularization in the West. Oxford , UK : Blackwell. Christiano, Kevin. 1987. Religious diversity and social change: American cities, 1890–1906. New York : Cambridge. Cleveland, Catharine C. 1916. The great revival in the West, 1797–1805. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. Cochrane, Thomas C. 1981. Frontiers of change: Early industrialism in America. New York : Oxford University Press. Cox, Harvey. 1965. The secular city: Secularization and urbanization in the theological perspective. New York : Macmillan. Cross, Whitney R. 1950. The burned-over district: The social and intellectual history of enthusiastic religion in western New York, 1800–1850. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Davenport, Frederick M. 1917. Primitive traits in religious revivals: A study in mental and social evolution. New York : Macmillan. Denning, Michael. 1986. "The special American conditions": Marxism and American studies. American Quarterly 39(3): 356–80. Dolan, Jay P. 1975. The immigrant church: New York's Irish and German Catholics 1815–1865. Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame. Dorsey, Bruce. 2002. Reforming men and women: Gender in the antebellum city. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Eley, Geoff. 2005. A crooked line: From cultural history to the history of society. Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan. Fabend, Firth Haring. 2000. Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the age of revivals. New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers. Fabricant, Solomon. 1949. The changing industrial distribution of gainful workers: Comments on the decennial statistics, 1820–1940. Studies in Income and Wealth 11: 3–45. Faler, Paul G. 1981. Mechanics and manufacturers in the early industrial revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780–1860. Albany , NY : State University of New York. Finke, Roger, Avery M. Guest, and Rodney Stark. 1996. Mobilizing local religious markets: Religious pluralism in the Empire State, 1855 to 1865. American Sociological Review 61(2): 203–18. Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark. 1988. Religious canopies and sacred canopies: Religious mobilization in American cities, 1906. American Sociological Review 53(1): 41–49. Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark. 1989. How the upstart sects won America: 1776–1850. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28(1): 27–44. Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark. 1992. The churching of America 1776–1990: Winners and losers in our religious economy. New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers. Finney, Charles. [1835] 1960. Lectures on revivals of religion. Cambridge , MA : Belknap. Fischer, Claude 1982. To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. Foster, Charles I. 1960. An errand of mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837. Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina. French, J. H. 1860. Gazetteer of the State of New York. Syracuse , NY : R. Pearsall Smith. Geneva Presbytery. 1832. A narrative of the late revivals of religion, within the bounds of Geneva Presbytery. Geneva , NY : J. C. Merrell. George, Carol V. 1973. Segregated sabbaths: Richard Allen and the emergence of independent black churches, 1860–1840. New York : Oxford University Press. Gibson, Campbell. 1998. Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790–1990. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division Working Paper No. 27. Retrieved 3 March 2010. Available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html. Glock, Charles Y. 1964. The role of deprivation in the origins and evolution of religious groups. In Religion and social conflict, edited by Robert Lee and Martin Marty, pp. 24–36. New York : Oxford . Goodykoontz, Colin Brummitt. 1939. Home missions on the American frontier, with particular reference to the American Home Missionary Society. Caldwell , ID : Caxton. Gordon, Thomas F. 1836. Gazetteer of the State of New York. Philadelphia , PA : Printed for the author. Gravely, Will B. 1984. The rise of African churches in America (1786–1822): Re-examining the contexts. Journal of Religious Thought 41(1): 58–73. Griffen, Clyde. 1986. Review essay: Community studies and the investigation of nineteenth-century social relations. Social Science History 10(3): 315–38. Griffin, Clifford S. 1960. Their brothers' keepers: Moral stewardship in the United States, 1800–1865. New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers. Hackett, David G. 1991. The rude hand of innovation: Religion and social order in Albany, New York, 1652–1836. New York : Oxford University Press. Hackett, David G., Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, R. Laurence Moore, and Leslie Woodluck Tentler. 2005. Forum: American religion and class. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 15(1): 1–29. Hall, Timothy D. 1994. Contested boundaries: Itinerancy and the reshaping of the colonial American religious world. Durham , NC : Duke. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles E. 1996. Charles G. Finney and the spirit of American evangelicalism. Grand Rapids , MI : W. B. Eerdmans. Hamilton, Milton W. 1964. The country printer: New York State, 1785–1830. Port Washington , NY : Ira J. Friedman. Hammond, John L. 1979. The politics of benevolence: Revival religion and American voting behavior. Norwood , NJ : Ablex. Hammond, John L.. 1980. Revivals in New York and Ohio, 1825–1835. Ann Arbor , MI : Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Science. [Machine Readable Data File.] Hardman, Keith J. 1987. Charles Grandison Finney, 1792–1875: Revivalist and reformer. Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University. Hammond, John L.. 1994. Seasons of refreshing: Evangelism and revivals in America. Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Books. Hatch, Nathan O. 1989. The democratization of American Christianity. New Haven , CT : Yale. Hendricks, Tyler Owen. 1983. Charles Finney and the Utica revival of 1826: The social effect of a new religious paradigm. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Nashville , TN : Vanderbilt University. Hewitt, Nancy A. 1984. Woman's activism and social change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Holt, John B. 1940. Holiness religion: Cultural shock and social reorganization. American Sociological Review 5(5): 740–47. Hotchkin, James H. 1848. A history of the purchase and settlement of western New York, and of the rise, progress, and present state of the Presbyterian church in the section. New York : M. W. Dodd, Brick Church Chapel. Inverarity, James M. 1976. Populism and lynching in Louisiana, 1889–1896: A test of Erikson's theory of the relationship between boundary crises and repressive justice. American Sociological Review 41(2): 262–80. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1983. Resource mobilization theory and the study of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology 9(1): 527–53. Johnson, Curtis D. 1989. Islands of holiness: Rural religion in upstate New York, 1790–1860. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Johnson, Curtis D.. 1993. Redeeming America: Evangelicals and the road to the Civil War. Chicago , IL : Ivan R. Dee. Johnson, Paul. 1978. A shopkeeper's millennium: Society and revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837. New York : Hill and Wang. Kidd, Thomas S. 2007. The Great Awakening: The roots of evangelical Christianity in colonial America. New Haven , CT : Yale. Kling, David W. 1993. A field of divine wonders: The New Divinity and village revivals in northwestern Connecticut 1792–1822. University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press. Lambert, Frank. 1999. Inventing the "Great Awakening." Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press. Laurie, Bruce 1980. Working people of Philadelphia, 1800–1850. Philadelphia , PA : Temple. LeBon, Gustave. [1895] 1896. The crowd: A study of the popular mind. New York : Macmillan. Martin, Everett D. 1920. The behavior of crowds: A psychological study. New York : Harper and Row. McCloud, Sean. 2007. Divine hierarchies: Class in American religion and religious studies. Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina. McLoughlin, William G. 1978. Revivals, awakenings and reform: An essay on religion and social change in America, 1607–1977. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. McNall, Neil Adams. 1952. An agricultural history of the Genesee Valley, 1790–1860. Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania. Meyer, John, David Tyack, Joane Nagel, and Audri Gordon. 1979. Public education as nation-building in America: Enrollments and bureaucratization in the American states, 1870–1930. Social Forces 85(3): 591–613. Minnesota Population Center. 2004. National Historical Geographic Information System: Pre-release version 0.1. Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota. Mode, Peter G. 1923. The frontier spirit in American Christianity. New York : Macmillan. Murphy, Teresa Anne. 1992. Ten hours' labor: Religion, reform, and gender in early New England. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Nash, Gary. 1986. "To arise out of the dust": Absalom Jones and the African church of Philadelphia, 1785–95. In Race, class and politics: Essays on American colonial and revolutionary society, edited by Gary B. Nash, pp. 323–55. Urbana , IL : University of Illinois. Neusch, Marcel. [1977] 1982. The sources of modern atheism: One hundred years of debate over God, translated by Matthew J. Arnold. New York : Paulist. Niebuhr, H. Richard. 1929. The social sources of denominationalism. New York : Henry Holt. Reprint, New York: New American Library, 1957. Noll, Mark. 2002. America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. New York : Oxford University Press. Nord, David Paul. 1993. Systematic benevolence: Religious publishing and the marketplace in early nineteenth-century America. In Communication and change in American religious history, edited by Leonard Sweet, pp. 239–69. Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans. Oneida Presbytery. 1826. A narrative of the revival of religion in the county of Oneida, particularly in the bounds of the Presbytery of Oneida, in the year 1826. Utica , NY : Hastings and Troy. Osterud, Nancy Grey. 1991. Bonds of community: The lives of farm women in nineteenth-century New York. Ithaca , NY : Cornell. Parkerson, Donald H. 1995. The agricultural transition in New York state: Markets and migration in mid-nineteenth-century America. Ames , IA : Iowa State University. Perciaccante, Marianne. 2003. Calling down fire: Charles Grandison Finney and revivalism in Jefferson County, New York, 1800–1840. Albany , NY : State University of New York. Pope, Liston. 1942. Millhands and preachers: A study of Gastonia. New Haven , CT : Yale . Primer, Ben. 1979. Protestants and American business methods. Ann Arbor , MI : UMI. Pritchard, Linda. 1984. The burned-over district reconsidered: A portent of evolving religious pluralism in the United States. Social Science History 8(3): 243–65. Riley, Glenda. 1988. The female frontier: A comparative view of women on the prairie and the plains. Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas. Roth, Randolph A. 1987. The democratic dilemma: Religion, reform, and the social order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850. New York : Cambridge. Ryan, Mary P. 1981. Cradle of the middle class: The family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865. New York : Cambridge. Sandeen, Ernest R. 1967. Toward a historical interpretation of the origins of fundamentalism. Church History 36(1): 66–83. Smith, Timothy L. 1957] 1980. Revivalism and social reform: American Protestantism on the eve of the Civil War. Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press. Snyder, David and Charles Tilly. 1972. Hardship and collective violence in France, 1830 to 1960. American Sociological Review 37(5): 520–32. Spafford, Horatio Gates. 1824. Gazetteer of the State of New York. Albany , NY : B. D. Packard. Stark, Rodney and William Sims Bainbridge. 1985. The future of religion: Secularization, revival and cult formation. Berkeley , CA : University of California. Sutton, William R. 1998. Journeymen for Jesus: Evangelical artisans confront capitalism in Jacksonian Baltimore. University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University. Sweet, William Warren. 1944. Revivalism in America: Its origin, growth and decline. New York : Charles Scribner. Thomas, George. 1988. Christianity and culture in the 19th-century United States: The dynamics of evangelical revivalism, nationbuilding, and the market. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. Thompson, E. P. 1967. Time, work discipline, and industrial capitalism. Past and Present 38(1): 56–97. Thompson, John Henry, ed. 1966. Geography of New York State. New York : Syracuse. Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1836–40] 1945. Democracy in America, edited by Phillips Bradley. 2 volumes. New York : Vintage. Turner, Frederick Jackson. [1893] 1921. The significance of the frontier in American history. In The frontier in American history, pp. 1–38. New York : Henry Holt. Tyack, David. 1966. The kingdom of God and the common school. Harvard Educational Review 36(3): 447–60. Tyler, Alice Felt. 1944. Freedom's ferment phases of American social history to 1860. Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota. Tyler, Bennet. 1846. New England revivals, as they existed at the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. Boston , MA : Massachusetts Sabbath School Society of Boston. Reprint, Wheaton , IL : Richard Owen Roberts, 1980. U.S. Census Bureau. 1993. 1990 census of population and housing: Population and housing unit counts: United States. 1990 CPH-2-1. Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 3 March 2010. Available at http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf. U.S. Census Office. 1821. Aggregate amount of each description of persons in the United States and their territories. [4th census, 1820.] Washington , DC : Gates and Seah. [Microfilm edition. U.S. Census Office. 1841. Compendium of the enumeration of the inhabitants and statistics of the United States. [6th census, 1840.] Washington : T. Allen [Microfilm edition. Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1978. Rockdale: The growth of an American village in the early Industrial Revolution. New York : W. W. Norton. Weisberger, Bernard A. 1958. They gathered at the river: The story of the great revivalists and their impact upon religion in America. Boston , MA : Little, Brown. Wigger, John H. 1998. Taking heaven by storm: Methodism and the rise of popular Christianity in America. New York : Oxford University Press. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. 1969. Lewis Tappan and the evangelical war against slavery. Cleveland , OH : Case Western Reserve University. Young, Michael P. 2006. Bearing witness against sin: The evangelical birth of the American social movement. Chicago , IL : University of Chicago. Citing Literature Volume49, Issue4December 2010Pages 694-709 ReferencesRelatedInformation