Communicating Geopolitics through Postage Stamps: The Case of Finland
2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 11; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14650040600890750
ISSN1557-3028
Autores Tópico(s)Intelligence, Security, War Strategy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. J. Morgan, 'Popular Culture and Geography Education', International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 10/3 (2001) pp. 284–297; P. Raento, A. Hämäläinen, H. Ikonen and N. Mikkonen, 'Striking Stories: A Political Geography of Euro Coinage', Political Geography 23/8 (2004) pp. 929–956; P. Raento and P. Hottola, 'Where on Earth Is New York? Pedagogical Lessons from Finnish Geography Students' Knowledge of the United States', International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 14/1 (2005) pp. 5–27. 2. C. Jenks (ed.), Visual Culture (London: Routledge 1995); N. Mirzoeff (ed.), Visual Culture Reader (London: Routledge 1998); M. Banks, Visual Methods in Social Research (London: Sage 2001); T. van Leeuwen and C. Jewitt (eds.), Handbook of Visual Analysis (London: Sage 2001); G. Rose, Visual Methodologies (London: Sage 2001); M. Sturken and L. Cartwright, Practices of Looking (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001). 3. See an overview in P. Raento and S. D. Brunn, 'Visualizing Finland: Postage Stamps as Political Messengers', Geografiska Annaler Series B 87/2 (2005) pp. 145–163. 4. J. P. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2000) p. xvi. 5. Recent iconographical and political-geographical assessments of currency include M. Pointon, 'Money and Nationalism', in G. Cubitt (ed.), Imagining Nations (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press 1998) pp. 229–254; E. Gilbert and E. Helleiner (eds.), Nation-states and Money (London: Routledge 1999); T. Unwin and V. Hewitt, 'Banknotes and National Identity in Central and Eastern Europe', Political Geography 20/8 (2001) pp. 1005–1028; J. E. C. Heymans, 'The Changing Color of Money: European Currency Iconography and Collective Identity', European Journal of International Relations 10/1 (2004) pp. 5–31; and Raento et al. (note 1). 6. Relevant studies about the naming of streets in colonial lands and major cities include M. Azaryahu, 'The Power of Commemorative Street Names', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14/3 (1996) pp. 311–330 and 'German Reunification and the Politics of Street Names: The Case of East Berlin', Political Geography 16/6 (1997) pp. 479–493; B. Yeoh, 'Street-naming and Nation-building: Toponymic Inscriptions of Nationhood in Singapore', Area 28/3 (1996) pp. 298–307; R. D. K. Herman, 'The Aloha State: Place Names and the Anti-conquest of Hawai'i', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89/1 (1999) pp. 76–102; C. W. J. Withers, 'Authorizing Landscape: 'Authority', Naming and the Ordnance Survey's Mapping of the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Historical Geography 26/4 (2000) pp. 535–554; R. A. Kearns and L. D. Berg, 'Proclaiming Place: Towards a Geography of Place Name Pronunciation', Social & Cultural Geography 3/3 (2002) pp. 283–302 and J. Hagen, 'Redrawing the Imagined Map of Europe: The Rise and Fall of the 'Center', Political Geography 22/5 (2003) pp. 489–517. 7. M. Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage 1995). 8. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso 1983). 9. D. M. Reid, 'Egyptian History through Stamps', The Muslim World 62/3 (1972) pp. 209–229 and 'The Postage Stamp: A Window on Saddam Hussein's Iraq', Middle East Journal 47/1 (1993) pp. 77–89; F. Lauritzen, 'Propaganda Art in the Postage Stamps of the Third Reich', Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 10/4 (1988) pp. 62–79; F. Nuessel, 'Territorial and Boundary Disputes Depicted on Postage Stamps', Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 11 (1992) pp. 123–141; D. Scott, European Stamp Design (London: Academy Editions 1995) and 'The Semiotics of the Lieux de Mémoire: The Postage Stamp as Site of Cultural Memory', Semiotica 142–1/4 (2002) pp. 107–124; S. D. Brunn, 'Stamps as Iconography: Celebrating the Independence of New European and Central Asian States', GeoJournal 52/4 (2000) pp. 315–323; E. V. Haskins, '"Put Your Stamp on History": The USPS Commemorative Program Celebrate the Century and Postmodern Collective Memory', Quarterly Journal of Speech 89/1 (2003) pp. 1–18; I. Cusack, 'Tiny Transmitters of Nationalist and Colonial Ideology: The Postage Stamps of Portugal and its Empire', Nations and Nationalism 11/4 (2005) pp. 591–612. 10. In addition to the Finns, at least the Basques and the Poles have printed protest stamps in the twentieth century. See K. S. Evans, 'The Argument of Images: Historical Representation in Solidarity Underground Postage, 1981–87', American Ethnologist 19/4 (1992) pp. 749–767. 11. G. S. Jowett and V. O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 3rd ed. (London: Sage 1999). 12. J. B. Harley, 'Maps, Knowledge, and Power', in D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (eds.), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988) p. 296. 13. G. Gerbner, 'Violence in Television Drama: Trends and Symbolic Functions', in G. Comstock and E. Rubenstein (eds.), Television and Social Behavior (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office 1972) pp. 28–187, cited in P. Gilmartin and S. D. Brunn, 'The Representation of Women in Political Cartoons of the 1995 World Conference on Women', Women's Studies International Forum 21/5 (1998) p. 535. 14. Cosgrove and Daniels (note 12); J. Duncan and N. Duncan, '(Re)reading the Landscape', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6 (1988) pp. 117–126; C. A. Lutz and J. A. Collins, Reading National Geographic (Chichester, UK: Wiley 1993); J. R. Ryan, Picturing Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1997); P. J. Raivo, 'The Limits of Tolerance: The Orthodox Milieu as an Element in the Finnish Landscape, 1917–1939', Journal of Historical Geography 23/3 (1997) pp. 327–339 and 'Landscaping the Patriotic Past: Finnish War Landscapes as a National Heritage', Fennia 178/1 (2000) pp. 139–150; J. M. Schwartz and J. R. Ryan (eds.), Picturing Place (London: I. B. Tauris 2003). 15. J. B. Harley (note 12) and 'Deconstructing the Map', in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (eds.), Writing Worlds (London: Routledge 1992) pp. 231–247; M. Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 1991); J. Pickles, 'Texts, Hermeneutics, and Propaganda Maps', in Barnes and Duncan (this note) pp. 193–230; D. Wood, The Power of Maps (New York: The Guilford Press 1992); A. K. Henrikson, 'The Power and Politics of Maps', in G. J. Demko and W. B. Wood (eds.), Reordering the World (Boulder, CO: Westview 1994) pp. 49–70 and 'America's Changing Place in the World: From "Periphery" to "Centre"?' in J. Agnew, Political Geography: A Reader (London: Arnold 1997) pp. 98–121; G. H. Herb, Under the Map of Germany (London: Routledge 1997); K. Kosonen, 'Maps, Newspapers, and Nationalism: The Finnish Historical Experience', GeoJournal 48/2 (1999) pp. 91–100; D. J. Zeigler, 'Post-Communist Eastern Europe and the Cartography of Independence', Political Geography 21/5 (2002) pp. 671–686. 16. S. Hess and S. Northrop, Drawn and Quartered (Montgomery, AL: Elliot and Clark 1996); S. D. Brunn and C. Cottle, 'Small States and Cyberboosterism', Geographical Review 87/2 (1997) pp. 240–258; M. H. Jackson and D. Purcell, 'Politics and Media Richness in World Wide Web Representation of the Former Yugoslavia', Geographical Review 87/2 (1997) pp. 219–239; Gilmartin and Brunn (note 13); K. Dodds, 'Enframing Bosnia: The Geopolitical Iconography of Steve Bell', in S. Dalby and G. Ó Tuathail (eds.), Rethinking Geopolitics (London: Routledge 1998) pp. 170–197; C. Michelmore, 'Old Pictures in New Frames: Images of Islam and Muslims in Post World War II American Political Cartoons', Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 23/4 (2000) pp. 37–50. 17. G. Ó Tuathail and S. Dalby, 'Introduction: Rethinking Geopolitics. Towards a Critical Geopolitics', in Dalby and Ó Tuathail (note 16) pp. 2–7. 18. B. Latour, 'Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands', Knowledge and Society 6 (1986) p. 15, cited in J. Häkli, ''Manufacturing Provinces': Theorizing the Encounters Between Governmental and Popular 'Geographs' in Finland', in Dalby and O'Tuathail (note 16) p. 134, emphases in original. 19. K. Dodds, 'Enframing Bosnia' (note 16). 20. K. Dodds, 'Licensed to Stereotype: Popular Geopolitics, James Bond, and the Spectre of Balkanism', Geopolitics 8/2 (2003) p. 128. 21. Ibid. 22. See, for example, M. Klinge, A Brief History of Finland, 3rd ed. (Helsinki: Otava 2000). 23. T. Talvio (1997): Suomen leijona (Helsinki: Museovirasto, Suomen kansallismuseo 1997). 24. Gerbner (note 13). 25. Häkli, 'Manufacturing Provinces' (note 18) p. 138. 26. The forms of Finnish postal resistance are described and illustrated in M. Poutvaara, Postia sortokaudelta (Jyväskylä, Finland: Gummerus 1973). 27. Ibid. 28. Compare this with Sharp, Condensing the Cold War (note 4). 29. A. Reitala, Suomi-neito (Helsinki: Otava 1983). 30. K. Kosonen, Kartta ja kansakunta (Helsinki: SKS 2000). 31. P. Lähteenkorva and J. Pekkarinen, Ikuisen poudan maa (Helsinki: WSOY 2005). 32. Raento and Brunn 2005 (note 3). 33. Ibid. 34. My main data source was LAPE Special Stamp Catalogue: Suomi Finland 1856–2003 & Ahvenanmaa Åland 1984–2003 (Turku: Philatelic Service of Finland 2004). For the selection and characteristics of the initial sample, see Raento and Brunn (note 3). 35. See R. Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland (Berkeley: University of California Press 1988). 36. O'Tuathail and Dalby (note 17). 37. See Raento and Brunn 2005 (note 3) pp. 148–149. 38. LAPE (note 34) p. 130. 39. R. Barthes, Mythologies (London: Paladin 1973); Scott (both references in note 9); Lutz and Collins (note 14); P. Bell, 'Content Analysis of Visual Images' and T. van Leeuwen, 'Semiotics and Iconography', in van Leeuwen and Jewitt (note 2) pp. 10–34 and pp. 92–118; Rose (note 2) pp. 5–32, 135–163. 40. Raento et al. (note 1); Raento and Brunn 'Visualizing Finland' (note 3). 41. For more about Finlandisierung, consult R. D. Liebowitz, 'Finlandization: An Analysis of the Soviet Union's "Domination" of Finland', Political Geography Quarterly 2 (1983) pp. 275–288 and T. Vihavainen, Kansakunta rähmällään (Helsinki: Otava 1991). 42. A 'national science' is a field of academic research which is seen as a central constituent of a country's nation-building process. 43. Note 15. 44. D. R. Hall, 'A Geographical Approach to Propaganda', in A. D. Burnett and P. J. Taylor (eds.), Political Studies from Spatial Perspectives (New York: John Wiley & Sons 1981) pp. 313–330; Jowett & O'Donnell (note 11); Kosonen; Monmonier; Pickles; Zeigler (all in note 15). 45. Raento et al. (note 1); Raento and Brunn (note 3). 46. for details, see Raento and Brunn (note 3). Useful English-language texts about Finnish politics, society, culture, and iconography include M. Jakobson, Finnish Neutrality (London: Evelyn 1968) and Finland: Myth and Reality (Helsinki: Otava 1978); Alapuro (note 35); A. Paasi, 'The Rise and Fall of Finnish Geopolitics', Political Geography Quarterly 9/1 (1990) pp. 53–65 and Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness (Chichester, UK: Wiley 1996); J. Häkli, 'Cultures of Demarcation: Territory and National Identity in Finland', in G. H. Herb and D. H. Kaplan (eds.), Nested Identities (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 1999); M. Klinge, The Finnish Tradition (Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society 1993) and A Brief History of Finland (note 22); E. Jutikkala and K. Pirinen, A History of Finland, 6th ed. (Espoo, Finland: Werner Söderstöm 2003); T. Talvio, The Coins and Banknotes of Finland, 2nd ed. (Helsinki: Bank of Finland 2003). 47. Cf. H. Mikkeli, Europe as an Idea and an Identity (London: McMillan 1998) and I. B. Neumann, 'Constructing Europe: Russia as Europe's Other', in U. Hedetoft (ed.), Political Symbols, Symbolic Politics (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate 1988) pp. 226–266. 48. Zeigler (note 15). 49. See O. Neubecker and J. P. Brooke-Little, Heraldry (New York: McGraw-Hill 1976). 50. Harley, 'Maps, Knowledge, and Power' (note 12). 51. LAPE (note 34) pp. 531–532. These and other regional and special purpose stamps were excluded from the sample. 52. Lähteenkorva and Pekkarinen (note 31); Raivo, 'The Limits of Tolerance' (note 14). 53. Raento and Brunn (note 3) pp. 157–159. 54. Billig (note 7). 55. Monmonier (note 15) pp. 170–171. 56. Ibid., pp. 107–108. 57. Henrikson, 'America's Changing Place in the World' (note 15), p. 108, 111. 58. Dodds, 'Licensed to Stereotype' (note 20) p. 127. 59. The situation in Aug., 2006. See www.sotainvalidit.fi. 60. See Raivo, 'Landscaping the Patriotic Past' (note 14). 61. Raento and Brunn (note 3). 62. An illustrative example of this bias is Klinge's A Brief History of Finland (note 22); M. Antonsich, 'Cardinal Markers on Finland's Identity Politics and National Identity,' Eurasian Geography and Economics 46/4 (2005) pp. 289–304. S. Moisio, 'Finlandization as False Location: Finland's EU Membership and Political Recognition', National Identities 9 (2007; forthcoming). Special issue on Finland (ed. P. Raento). 63. Pointon p. 252; Heymans (both in note 5); Raento et al. (note 1). 64. Jowett and O'Donnell (note 11); Monmonier; Zeigler (both in note 15). 65. Lähteenkorva and Pekkarinen (note 31) pp. 9–11, 220–229. 66. Cf. V. Hewitt, 'Soft Images, Hard Currency: The Portrayal of Women on Paper Money', in V. Hewitt (ed.), The Banker's Art (London: British Museum 1995) pp. 156–165. 67. The event was described in detail in the Finnish-language philatelists' magazine Suomen Postimerkkilehti in 1988 (69/2 pp. 71, 80–81 and 69/4 p. 247). 68. Consult H. Kulu, 'Finnish Diaspora in Russia and Estonia: Population and Settlement Changes in the 20th Century', Fennia 197/1, 62–79. 69. Raento and Brunn (note 3) pp. 157–159. 70. J. Korkiasaari and I. Söderling, 'Finland: From a Country of Emigration to a Country of Immigration', in I. Söderling (ed.), A Changing Pattern of Migration in Finland and Its Surroundings, Publications of the Population Research Institute, Series D 32 (1998) pp. 7–28. 71. n update of the statistics is available at www.stat.fi. 72. See Raento & Brunn (note 3) p. 153. 73. Moisio (note 62); see T. Tiilikainen, 'Finland and the European Integration', in L. Miles (ed.), The European Union and the Nordic Countries (London: Routledge 1996) pp. 120–125 and S. Moisio, 'Geopoliittinen kamppailu Suomen EU-jäsenyydestä' (English summary: 'The Geopolitical Struggle for Finland's Membership in the EU'), Annales Universitatis Turkuensis C 204 (2003). 74. Zeigler (note 15). 75. Dodds, 'Licensed to Stereotype' (note 20). 76. J. P. Sharp, 'Reel Geographies of the New World Order: Patriotism, Masculinity, and Geopolitics in Post-Cold War American Movies', in Dalby and Ó Tuathail (note 16) p. 163. 77. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War (note 4) p. x. 78. Morgan; Raento and Hottola (both in note 1). 79. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War (note 4) p. xvi. 80. Billig (note 7). 81. See Kearns and Berg (note 6). 82. Moisio, 'Finlandization as False Location' (note 62).
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