Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The Origins of the Anglo‐French Condominium in Egypt, 1875‐1876

1974; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 36; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb00005.x

1540-6563

Richard A. Atkins,

Islamic Studies and History

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. The Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt (London, 1908), I, 11.2. Jean Bouvier, “Les intérěts financiers et la question ďégypte (1875‐1876),”Revue Historique (juillet‐septembre 1960), 75‐104.3. Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, Eng., 1931).4. David Landes, Bankers and Pashas (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), esp. Chap. III.5. H. L. Hoskins, British Routes to India (London, 1928), 85‐9; Lord Palmerston (foreign secretary) to Murray (consul general in Egypt), Feb. 8, 1847, Public Record Office (PRO) Foreign Office (FO) 97/411. Use of Crown copyright records in the Public Record Office by kind permission of the Controller of H. M. Stationery Office.6. J. C. McCoan, Egypt as It Is (N.Y., 1877), 227‐33 and 248‐52.7. Herbert Feis, Europe the World's Banker, 1870‐1914 (New Haven, 1930), 133‐4.8. Landes, Bankers, 116.9. Pellissier (French consul in Egypt) to Decazes, Nov. 28, 1875, Correspondence politique (CP), égypte Vol. 56, folio 440, Copyright Archives Françaises, Ministere des affaires étrangeres. Charles Lesages, Ľinvasion anglaise en égypte. L'achat des actions de Suez (Paris, 1906), 35‐53.10. Feis, Europe, 146.11. Charles Rivers Wilson to Disraeli, April 1, 1876, Beaconsfield Papers (BP) B/XXI/W/410. Property of the National Trust. The Economist, Dec. 2, 1876, 1401.12. Feis, Europe, 147.13. Lesage, Ľinvasion, 33‐53.14. George Earle Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (London, 1920), V, 411‐3.15. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, Nov. 18, 1875, ibid., 443.16. Ibid., 445‐6.17. Gavard (the Chargé in London) to Decazes, Nov. 20, 1875, CP, Angleterre Vol. 770, folios 202‐3.18. Lesage, Ľinvasion, 61‐2.19. Derby to Stokes, Dec. 6, 1875, PRO FO 78/2540.20. Shares without dividend coupons probably carried no votes at all, no shareholder (regardless of the size of his holding) enjoyed more than ten total votes, and election to the board likewise was not linked directly to the number of shares held. John Marlowe, The Making of the Suez Canal (London, 1964), 307‐8.21. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, Nov. 19, 1875, Buckle, Disraeli, V, 443.22. Bouvier, “Les intérěts,” 88.23. Northcote to Disraeli (passed on to Derby), April 18, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet, Beaconsfield 1876. Cited with the kind consent of the Earl of Derby.24. Disraeli to Derby, Nov. 26, 1875, Derby Papers, Cabinet, Beaconsfield 1874 and 1875.25. Landes, Bankers, 227 n. 2; Malet (a later consul in Egypt) to Salisbury, Feb. 11, 1880, PRO FO Confidential Print (FOCP) 407/17, 119‐20 #143.26. Northcote to Disraeli, April 18, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet, Beaconsfield 1876.27. Stanton (the consul in Egypt) to Derby, Nov. 6 and 27, 1875, PRO FO 78/2404.28. Stanton to Derby, Feb. 6, 1876, Royal Archives (RA) 012/185. Cited with the gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen.29. Derby to Cave, Dec. 6, 1875, PRO FO 78/2538.30. A copy is in McCoan, Egypt, 372‐92.31. Ibid., 384; Stanton to Derby, Feb. 6, 1876, RA 012/185.32. Elliot to his son‐in‐law, Parkinson, who conveyed the letter to the foreign office, Jan. 6, 1876, PRO FOCP 407/7, 18 #42; Cave to Derby, Jan. 21, 1876, RA 012/171.33. For instance, The Times, Nov. 26, 1875, 7; for French views, see Decazes to Outrey, Jan. 12, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 57, folio 14.34. Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1921), II, 79‐80; Carnarvon to Disraeli, Nov. 29, 1875, A. Hardinge, The Life of Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon, 1831‐1890 (Oxford, 1925), II, 92.35. Northcote to Derby, March 18, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet, Northcote 1874‐1878.36. Bouvier, “Les intérěts,” 84.37. The Economist, March 4, 1876, 274‐5.38. Lesage, Ľinvasion, 144‐50; Lyons (ambassador in Paris) to Derby, March 23, 1876, PRO FOCP 407/9, 5‐6 #4.39. Bouvier, “Les intérěts,” 85.40. Cave to Derby, Jan. 25, 1876, RA 012/174.41. Outrey to Decazes, Feb. 11, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 57, folios 118‐9.42. Lyons to Derby, Feb. 29, 1876, PRO FOCP 407/7, 71‐2 #129.43. Hardinge, Carnarvon, II, 93; Derby to Stanton, March 3 and 8, 1876, PRO FO 78/2498, #s 47 and 50.44. Lyons to Decazes, March 30, 1876, CP, Angleterre, Vol. 771, folio 338.45. Tenterden minute on a Stanton to Derby dispatch, March 4, 1876, PRO FO 78/2501, folio 15.46. Ponsonby (the queen's private secretary) to Queen Victoria, Feb. 28, 1876, RA 012/201.47. Northcote to Wilson, Feb. 10, 1876, in Charles Rivers Wilson, Chapters from My Official Life (London, 1916), 84‐5.48. Sir Julian Pauncefote (assistant undersecretary at the foreign office) to Tenterden, March 13, 1876, PRO FO 78/2498.49. Northcote to Derby, March 18, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet Northcote 1874‐1878.50. Sanderson (Derby's secretary) to Derby, March 16, 1876, Derby Papers, Miscellaneous 1876.51. Wilson to Disraeli, April 1, 1876, Beaconsfield Papers B/XXI/W/410.52. Derby to Stanton, March 13, 1876, PRO FOCP 407/7, 81.53. Northcote to Disraeli (copy to Derby), April 18, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet Beaconsfield 1876.54. Derby to Lyons, Nov. 19, 1875, Derby Papers, Lyons Drafts 1874‐1875; Derby to Lyons, Nov. 19, 1875, Lord Newton, Lord Lyons (London, 1913), II, 87.55. ĎHarcourt (ambassador in London) to Decazes, Nov. 19, 1875, CP, Angleterre Vol. 770, folio 229; Gavard to Decazes, Dec. 19, 1875, ibid., folio 302.56. Derby to Lyons, March 22, 1876, Derby Papers, Lyons Drafts 1876; Derby to Northcote, April 19, 1876, ibid., Northcote Drafts 1874‐1878.57. Wilson, Chapters, 86; Wilson to Northcote (precis to Derby), April 7, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet Northcote 1874‐1878.58. Robert W. Seton‐Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question (London, 1935), 40‐42; Disraeli to Lady Bradford, Sept. 6, 1875, Buckle, Disraeli, VI, 13.59. B. H. Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, 1870‐80 (London, 1937), 55‐6.60. Dwight Lee, Great Britain and the Cyprus Convention Policy of 1878 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), 21‐2.61. McCoan, Egypt, 393‐401.62. ĎHarcourt to Decazes, May 12, 1876, CP, Angleterre Vol. 772, folio 44; The Economist, May 20, 1876, 592‐3, and Aug. 26, 1876, 1005.63. Pellessier to Decazes, May 19, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 58, folio 140.64. Baron des Michels, Souvenirs de Carriere (Paris, 1901), 110, 115 and 131.65. Derby to Vivian, Aug. 2, 1876, Egypt #2 (1879), 8 #15; Michels to Decazes, Nov. 26, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 58, folio 443.66. Michels, Souvenirs, 123‐5.67. Derby to Vivian, Aug. 2 1876, Egypt #2 (1879), 8 #16.68. Arthur D. Elliot, The Life of George Joachim Goschen, First Viscount Goschen, 1831‐1907 (London, 1911), I, 173.69. McCoan, Egypt, 401‐410, presents the decrees.70. The Moukabala, a fiscal device typical of Ismail, constituted a forced loan; landowners paid taxes years in advance, receiving in return a substantial reduction on taxes thereafter and a more secure title to their land.71. Michels to Decazes, Nov. 9, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 58, folio 359; Northcote to Derby, Nov. 15, 1876, Derby Papers, Cabinet, Northcote 1874‐1878.72. Pierre Crabités, Ismail the Maligned Khedive (N.Y., 1933), 245.73. Lawrence Zetland, Lord Cromer (London, 1932), 55‐6.74. Dictionary of National Biography, (London, 1921), XVII, 177.75. Dictionary of Indian Biography (London, 1906), 275.76. Ibid., 295.77. McCoan, Egypt, 104.78. Dictionary of Indian Biography, 147.79. Who Was Who, 1897‐1916 (London, 1919), 110‐111.80. Michels to Decazes, Nov. 18 and 23, 1876, CP, égypte Vol. 58, folios 373‐4 and 420; Vivian to Derby, Jan. 10, 1877, PRO FO 78/2631, folios 373‐4.81. Blignieres to Freydnet (subsequently foreign minister), May 30, 1880, CP, égypte Vol. 66, folio 270.82. Vivian to Derby, Jan. 10, 1877, PRO FO 78/2631, folios 373‐4.83. Lyons to Derby, Feb. 25, 1877, Derby Papers, France, Lyons 1877‐8. Certainly Goschen's original project favored British financial interests much more heavily than the one finally devised; see Vivian to Derby, Oct. 15, 1876, PRO FOCP 407/9, pp. 98‐100 #160.Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard A. AtkinsThe author is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of California, Riverside.