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Turkish media and sport coverage: marking the boundaries of national identity

2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 13; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/1066992042000189715

1473-9666

Hasan Kösebalaban,

Sport and Mega-Event Impacts

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes * Hasan Kösebalaban is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of Utah. CitationBenedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991). CitationE. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 143. CitationNeil Blain, Raymond Boyle and Hugh O'Donnell, Sport and National Identity in the European Media (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), p. 80. CitationJohn Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, eds., Hosts and Champions: Soccer Cultures, National Identities and the USA World Cup (Aldershot, Vermont: Arena‐Ashgate, 1994), p. 8. CitationAllen L. Sack and Zeljan Suster, 'Soccer and Croatian Nationalism: A Prelude to War,' Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 24, no. 3 (2000): 306. Schlesinger, Media, State, and Nation: Political Violence and Collective Identities, p. 174. CitationPhilip Schlesinger, Media, State, and Nation, Political Violence and Collective Identities (London: Sage, 1991), p. 172. CitationStuart Hall, 'Introduction: Who Needs "Identity"?,' in Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay, eds., Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), p. 4. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. CitationRaymond Boyle and Richard Haynes, Power Play: Sport, the Media and Popular Culture (Harlow: Longman, 2000), p. 148. CitationJoao N. Coelho, 'On the Border: Some Notes on Football and National Identity in Portugal,' in Adam Brown, ed., Fanatics! Power, Identity, and Fandom in Football, (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 161. CitationJames Davis, 'Turkey's World Challenge Born in Germany,' The Observer, 28 April 2002. CitationJoseph Maguire, Emma Poulton and Catherine Possamai, 'Weltkrieg III? Media Coverage of England Versus Germany in Euro 96,' Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23, no. 4 (2000): 451–52; and CitationJoseph A. Maguire and Emma K. Poulton, 'European Identity Politics in Euro 96: Invented Traditions and National Habitus Codes,' International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33, no. 1 (1999): 17–30. Coelho, 'On the Border,' p. 162. Taha Akyol, Milliyet, 18 May 2000. Sami Kohen, Milliyet, 19 May 2000. Oktay Eksi, Hürriyet, 18 May 2000. 'Avrupa Dizçöktü' [Europe kneeled!], Milliyet, 26 August 2000. See my earlier discussion on the lack of positive identification with Europe in the Turkish secularist establishment, CitationHasan Kösebalaban, 'Turkey's EU Membership: A Clash of Security Cultures,' Middle East Policy, 9, no. 2 (2002): 130–46. 'Fatihler Döndü!' [Conquerors return home], Milliyet, 19 May 2000. 'Avrupa Fatihi Galatasaray Havaalaninda Coskulu Sekilde Karsilandi' [Galatasaray, Conquerors of Europe, Get Exuberant Welcome at the Airport], Yeni Safak, 27 August 2001. 'Tivoli Meydan Savasi' [Tivoli Open Field Battle], Milliyet, 18 May 2000. 'Ahlaksiz Fransiz,' Milliyet, 14 March 2001. Oktay Eksi, 'Onlar Budur' [This is how they are], Hürriyet, 15 March 2001. 'Tarih Böyle Yazilir' [History is written this way!], Hürriyet, 15 November 2001. Hürriyet, 'Medeniyet Dersi,' [Lesson of Civilization], 30 June 2002. Ismet Berkan describes the same event 'a lesson of humanity' in Radikal, 'Bir Insanlik Dersi,' 30 June 2002. Milliyet, 'Dünya Bizi Konusuyor!' [The world is speaking of us], 18 June 2002; Milliyet, 'Tarih Yazdilar, Dünya Bizi Alkisladi' [They wrote history; the entire world applauded us], 29 June 2002; Cumhuriyet, 'Uzak Dogu'da Tarihe Gectik,' [History Recorded us in the Far East], 30 June 2002; Milli Gazete, 'The world spoke of us again,' 23 June 2002. For Galatasaray's earlier achievement, Zaman uses a similar headline: 'Dünya Alkisladi' [The world applauded], 18 May 2000. Cetin Altan, 'Turkiye'deki Evrensel Bir Basari Acligi' [A craving for an international success in Turkey], Milliyet, 5 June 2002. Etyen Mahcupyan, 'Azinliklar Milli Takimi Tutar mi?' [Do the minorities support the national team?], Zaman, 11 June 2002. (In Turkish political vocabulary, 'minorities' refers to religious minorities as recognized in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. Mahcupyan employs the concept in a constructivist sense to include all those who feel themselves to be minorities; personal e‐mail communication to the author, 9 August 2002.) Ahmet Turan Alkan, Zaman, 27 June 2002. Taha Akyol, 'Diyarbakir'da Milli Mac' [International Match in Diyarbakir], Milliyet, 14 June 2002. CitationHobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism. Zaman, 18 May 2000. 'Milli Takimin Basarisi Iran'da da Sevincle Karsilandi,' [The success of the national team was received with joy in Iran], Milliyet, 22 June 2002. Kurdish Observer, 30 November 2000. 'Azinliklar millileri izlerken agladi' [Minorities cried while watching the national team], Zaman, 28 June 2002, and reprinted at www.bolsohays.com, the website of Istanbul's Armenians. Ibid. 'Atam Iste Genclik ve Spor: Kutlu Olsun' [Atam (literally, 'my father,'i.e., Atatürk): Here is the youth and sport: Congratulations], Milliyet, 19 May 2000. Milliyet, 29 October 2003. Cumhuriyet, 'Ali Sami Yen'de Tarihi Gece, Taraftar 10. Yil Marsi'yla Costu,' [Historic Night in Ali Sami Yen, Spectators overjoyed with the 10th Anniversary anthem], 15 November 2001. Chanting the 10th Anniversary anthem venerating the first decade of the Republican era has been the most sacred ritual of radical secularism particularly in recent years. 'Inandik ve Kazandik: Muhtesem' [We believed and we won], Yeni Safak, 23 June 2002. For more on Fethullah Gülen's movement, see CitationM. Hakan Yavuz and John L. Esposito, eds., Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gulen Movement (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2003). 'Fethullah Sorgusu' [The Question of Fethullah (Gülen)], Milliyet, 13 September 2002. Ibid. Tuncay Özkan, 'Milli Takimda Namaz Olayi' [The prayer incident in the National Team], Milliyet, 16 June 2002; see also 'Alman Suyun Damlasini Soruyor, Bizimkine Ucakla Imam Gidiyor' [Germans question a drop of water, we bring an imam by airplane], Hürriyet, 17 June 2002. Tuncay Özkan, 'Duanin Gücü, Namazin Kerameti ve Milli Takim,' [The power of supplications, the miracles of prayers, and the national team], Milliyet, 14 June 2002. CitationSteve Byrant, 'Debt‐laden Galatasaray Empire needs Reform‐chairman,' ESPN Soccernet, September 12 2002, http://www.soccernet.com/europe/news/2002/0912/20020912galatasaray.html, accessed 15 September 2002. 'Who is in Charge of Turkish Team: Coach or Islam?' Citation Christian Science Monitor , 25 June 2002. For an excellent outsider comment on the headscarf issue, see CitationMolly Moore, 'The Problems of Turkey Rest on Women's Heads,' The Washington Post, 29 October 2000. 'Salonlarda tekbir sesi' [Sounds of Islamic slogans in the halls], Radikal, 15 May 1999. 'Avrupa'ya Fasizm Ihrac Ediyoruz' [We export Fascism to Europe!], Yeni Safak, 15 May 1999. 'Who is in Charge on Turkish Team: Coach or Islam?,' Citation Christian Science Monitor , 25 June 2002. CitationM. Hakan Yavuz, 'Cleansing Islam from the Public Sphere,' Journal of International Affairs, 54, no. 1, (2000): 21–42. The term 'White Turks' generally refers to members of the political and intellectual establishment. However, the term has begun to be accepted and used by some members of these circles to refer to themselves because of their self‐attributed urban characteristics. Fehmi Koru, 'Beyaz Türkler Kac Kisi?' [How crowded are White Turks?], Yeni Safak, 12 August 2002. CitationMuhittin Ataman, 'Özalizm: Türkiye'de Yeniden Yapilanma Tesebbüsü,' Liberal Düsünce Dergisi, 5, no. 19 (2001): 53–63. Fehmi Koru, 'Gönül dolusu sükran' [Heartfelt thanks], Yeni Safak, 17 June 2002. Serdar Turgut, 'Cok sey ögrendim,' [I learned a lot], Hürriyet, 24 July 2000. Serdar Turgut, 'Hakim Benim!' [I am the judge!], Hürriyet, 28 September 1998. 'Senegal'in Hakkindan I.Mansiz Geldi,' [literally, I(lhan) Mansiz dealt with Senegal], Milliyet, 23 June 2002.