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Analyzing Authoritarian Regime Legitimation: Findings from Morocco

2010; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 19; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/19436149.2010.514475

1943-6157

Julie Pruzan-Jørgensen,

Islamic Studies and History

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 M. Weber (Citation1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 124–126. 2 M. Ottaway (Citation2003) Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), p. 17. 3 M. C. Hudson (Citation1977) Arab Politics. The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 2. 4 See notably A. Bank (Citation2004) Rents, Cooptation, and Economized Discourse: Three Dimensions of Political Rule in Jordan, Morocco and Syria, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 14(1), pp. 155–179; O. Schlumberger & A. Bank (Citation2001/2002) Succession, Legitimacy and Regime Stability in Jordan, Arab Studies Journal, Fall/Spring, pp. 50–72; and H. Albrecht & O. Schlumberger (Citation2004) 'Waiting for Godot': Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East, International Political Science Review, 25(4), pp. 371–392. 5 M. Weber (Citation1978) Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 215. 6 Albrecht & Schlumberger, 'Waiting for Godot,' pp. 376–377. See also Bank, who along somewhat similar lines suggests a typology that comprises rent-seeking and allocation; politics of participation; and politics of symbolism; Bank, Rents, pp. 159–161. 7 Albrecht & Schlumberger, 'Waiting for Godot,' pp. 376–377. See also Bank, who along somewhat similar lines suggests a typology that comprises rent-seeking and allocation; politics of participation; and politics of symbolism; Bank, Rents, p. 159. 8 H. Beblawi & G. Luciani (Citation1987) The Rentier State (London: Croom Helm), p. 76. 9 Weber, Economy and Society, p. 953. 10 Hudson, Arab Politics, p. 2. 11 Schlumberger & Bank explain this by pointing to the difficulties of gaining quantifiable data in the region where data on popular support or discontent are unavailable: Schlumberger & Bank, Succession, p. 51. See also Bank, who argues that the only viable research avenue hence remains the top-down study of the ruler's strategies of legitimation: Bank, Rents, pp. 158 and 175. In my view, this explanation mixes up two separate arguments. Whereas the argument that reliable quantifiable sources on perception of regime legitimacy are indeed difficult to obtain in the Arab Middle East (and, arguably, also elsewhere)—this does not mean that studies of popular perceptions of regime legitimacy are impossible altogether. Rather, they demand a more qualitative empirical approach, such as the one proposed in the present analysis. 12 S. Huntington (Citation1991) The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), p. 48. 13 J. Habermas, quoted in J. Kostiner (2000) Introduction, in: J. Kostiner (ed.) Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder: Lynne Rienner), p. 2. 14 Albrecht & Schlumberger, 'Waiting for Godot,' p. 387. 15 Here and in the following text, I spell Moudawana the way it usually is spelled out in Morocco. 16 J. Pruzan-Jørgensen (Citation2009) Liberalizing Autocracy at Work: Intra-Oppositional Dynamics and Regime Legitimation during the Moroccan Moudawana Reform, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Copenhagen. 17 L. Buskens (Citation2003) Recent Debates on Family Law in Morocco: Islamic Law as Politics in an Emerging Public Sphere, Islamic Law and Society, 10(1), pp. 70–131; A. Roussillon (Citation2004) Rformer la Moudawana: Statut et conditions des marocaines, Maghreb-Machrek, 179, pp. 79–99; J-P Bras (Citation2007) La rforme du code de la famille au Maroc et en Algrie: quelles avances pour la dmocratie? Critique Internationale, 37, pp. 93–125. 18 Moroccan State Secretariat for Employment, Social Protection, Family & Children (Citation1999) The National Action Plan for the Integration of Women in Development (Rabat). 19 For excellent discussions of the opposing arguments, see also M. Benradi (Citation2004) Genre et droit de la famille: Les droits des femmes dans la Moudawana. De la rvision de 1993 la rforme de 2003, in: F minin. Masculin. La marche vers l' galit au Maroc 1993 2003 (Rabat: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Maroc), pp. 17–89; and Buskens, Recent Debates. 20 J. CitationPruzan-Jørgensen (forthcoming) Islam, Gender and Democracy in Morocco: Making of the Moudawana Reform, in: M. Badran (ed.) Islam and Gender in Africa (Stanford University Press). 21 Aper u des principales avanc es r alis es par le nouveau Code de la Famille, comparativement au texte en vigueur (2004), dossier prepared by the CitationRoyal Cabinet in Rabat (Rabat). 22 Pruzan-Jrgensen, Liberalizing Autocracy, pp. 162–163. 23 Mohammed VI (Citation2003) Discours de SM Le Roi Mohammed VI l'ouverture de la deuxime anne lgislative de la 7i me lgislature, October 10, 2010. Available at http://www.map.ma/mapfr/discours/dis-parlement-Oct-2003.htm (the author's translations of this and all following quotations). 25 Mohammed VI (Citation1999) Discours du 46me Anniversaire de la Rvolution du Roi et du Peuple, Vendredi 20 aot 1999. Available at http://www.map.ma/mapfr/discours/revoluti.html. 24 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Official statement by Mohamed Moaatassim quoted by the MAP. Available at http://www.mincom.gov.ma/French/generalites/codefamille/Reactions.html 29 http://maec.gov.ma/en/moudawana/message-usa.htm 28 http://www.maec.gov.ma/en/moudawana/message_ue.htm 30 In March 2004, the United States and Morocco concluded an extensive bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA); in October 2008, Morocco was the first neighbor to be granted so-called 'advanced status' with the EU. 31 Author interview with parliamentarian from le Parti du Progrs et du Socialisme (PPS), Rabat, Spring 2005. 32 Author interview with liberal figure close to the l'Association Dmocratique des Femmes du Maroc (ADFM), Rabat, Spring 2005. 33 Author interview with PPS parliamentarian, Rabat, Spring 2005. 34 Author interview with ADFM activist, Casablanca, Spring 2005. 35 Author interview with activist from l'Union de l'Action Fminine (UAF), Rabat, Spring 2005. 36 Author interview with PJD parliamentarian, Fes, Spring 2005. 37 Author interview with PJD parliamentarian, Rabat, Spring 2005. 38 Interview with Nadia Yassine in Aujourd'hui le Maroc, October 13, 2008. Available at http://www.aujourdhui.ma/couverture-details2239.html. 39 Official statement by Istiqlal. Available at http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/generalites/codefamille/Reactions.html. 40 Author interview with alim and former member of royal commission, Fes, Spring 2005. 41 Author interview with adul, Casablanca, Spring 2005. 42 Author interview with adul, Casablanca, Spring 2005 43 L. Anderson (Citation2000) Dynasts and Nationalists: Why Monarchies Survive, in: J. Kostiner (ed.) Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder: Lynne Rienner), pp. 53–69.