Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

How the East Influenced Drug Prohibition

2013; Routledge; Volume: 35; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/07075332.2013.820769

1949-6540

James Windle,

American Constitutional Law and Politics

AbstractIn much of the academic literature drug prohibition is often described as an American, or at least a Western, construct. This paper shows how prohibitions were enforced in Asian countries while the United States and Western Europe were routinely trading opium. The concept of prohibition being a distinctly American construct is, therefore, flawed. Furthermore, Western missionaries to China are often credited as important actors in the formulation of Western prohibitions. These missionaries may, however, have been influenced by the prohibitionist ideals of the peoples they were trying to convert to Christianity. This paper does not dispute the importance of American pressure on the global spread of prohibition but rather seeks to add balance to its historiography, by elucidating how Western prohibitions were pre-dated, and possibly influenced, by Eastern prohibitions.Keywords: prohibitionopiumChinamoral entrepreneursmissionaries Notes1. P. Andreas and E. A. Nadelmann, Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations (Oxford, 2006).2. M. Woodiwiss and D. Bewley-Taylor, The Global Fix: The Construction of a Global Enforcement Regime (Amsterdam, 2005), 5.3. K. Bruun, L. Pan, and I. Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club: International Control of Drugs and Alcohol (London, 1975); E. Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society', International Organization, xliv, no. 4 (1990), 479–526 (511).4. Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes', 511.5. Ibid. See also Bruun et al., The Gentlemen's Club.6. Andreas and Nadelmann, Policing the Globe; Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes'.7. D. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control, 1909–1997 (London, 1999).8. K. Lodwick, Crusaders against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874–1917 (Lexington, 1996); W. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: An International History (Oxford, 2000).9. Lodwick, Missionaries.10. J. B. Brown, 'Politics of the Poppy: The Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, 1874–1916', Journal of Contemporary History, viii, no. 3 (1973), 97–111. This remains the broad theoretical argument in favour of supply reduction: K. Murji, 'Drug Enforcement Strategies', The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, xxxii, no. 3 (1993), 215–30.11. Cited in Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes'.12. G. Blue, 'Opium for China: The British Connection' in T. Brook and B. T. Wakabayashi (eds), Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952 (London, 2000).13. Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes', 524. In a similar process abolotionists used the writtings of witnesses of the slave trade in Africa to lobby the public to support the prohibition of slavery.14. J. Windle, 'Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy: A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan', Asian Journal of Criminology, vii, no. 1 (2012), 55–74.15. Ibid.16. 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