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Advantage Receiver: Australia and Japan's Return to the Davis Cup after World War II

2014; Routledge; Volume: 31; Issue: 17 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09523367.2014.918105

ISSN

1743-9035

Autores

Ai Kobayashi,

Tópico(s)

Sport and Mega-Event Impacts

Resumo

AbstractThis article investigates Japan's readmission into the International Lawn Tennis Federation after World War II and its return to the Davis Cup in 1951. In seeking readmission, the Japanese Tennis Association sought support from Australia, where the animosity resulting from recent wartime conflict was particularly strong. The article examines particularly the ways in which the Council of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia dealt with the proposal for Japan's readmission, and indicates how its strong opposition was initially respected by other national tennis bodies but ultimately mediated by their desire to readmit former enemy countries. The article suggests that tennis relations between Australia and Japan in the early post-war period provided a useful means for the respective governments to promote goodwill between the two countries once the diplomatic relationship was resumed and were an important facet of the history of Australia–Japan relations after World War II.Este artigo investiga a readmissão do Japão ne Federação Internacional de Tênis de Grama (FITG) após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e seu retorno à Copa Davis e, 1951. Ao buscar sua readmissão, a Associação japonesa de Tênis buscou o apoio da Austrália, onde a animosidade resultante dos recentes conflitos da guerra era particularmente forte. O artigo examina, em especial, os modos com que o Conselho da Associação de Tênis de Grama da Austrália lidou com a proposta de readmissão do Japão, e indica como sua forte oposição foi inicialmente respeitada por outras organizações de tênis nacionais, mas ao final foi mediada por seu desejo de readmitir os antigos países inimigos. O artigo sugere que as relações entre Austrália e Japão no tênis durante o período pós-guerra forneceu um meio útil para que seus respectivos governos promovessem a boa vontade entre os dois países, uma vez que as relações diplomáticas foram retomadas, e foram uma faceta importante da história das relações entre Austrália e Japão após a Segunda Guerra Mundial.Este artículo analiza la readmisión del Japón en la International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y su regreso a la Copa Davis en 1951. La Federación de Tenis de Japón buscó el apoyo de Australia a su petición de readmisión, a pesar de que la hostilidad australiana, derivada del reciente periodo bélico, era especialmente elevada. El artículo examina en particular la manera como el Consejo de la Lawn Tennis Association of Australia lidió con la petición de readmisión del Japón, y revela que su fuerte oposición inicial fue inicialmente respetada por las otras federaciones nacionales de tenis, aunque finalmente se suavizó a causa de su deseo de readmitir a antiguos países enemigos. El artículo indica que la relaciones tenísticas entre Australia y el Japón en la inmediata posguerra supusieron un vehículo útil para los respectivos gobiernos en la tarea de promover la buena voluntad entre ambos países, una vez reestablecidas las relaciones diplomáticas, y fueron una faceta relevante de la historia de las relaciones Australia-Japón tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial.Cet article étudie la réintégration du Japon dans l'International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et son retour en Coupe Davis en 1951. Pour sa réintégration, l'Association de tennis japonaise a cherché le soutien de l'Australie, avec laquelle l'animosité résultant d'un temps de guerre encore récent, était particulièrement forte. Cet article analyse particulièrement les voies par lesquelles le conseil de l'Association de lawn tennis australienne négocie la proposition de réintégration du Japon, et révèle comment sa forte opposition a été initialement suivie par d'autres fédérations nationales de tennis mais finalement dépassée par leur désir de réintégrer les anciens pays ennemis. L'article suggère que les relations liées au tennis entre l'Australie et le Japon dans le début de l'après-guerre fournit un message utile pour ces gouvernements respectifs pour promouvoir la bonne volonté des deux pays, une fois que les relations diplomatiques ont reprise, et étaient une importante facette de l'histoire des relations Australie-Japon après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.Dieser Artikel untersucht Japans Wiederaufnahme in die International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und seine Rückkehr in den Davis-Cup im Jahr 1951. Im Streben nach Wiederaufnahme bemühte sich der Japanische Tennisverband um Unterstützung von Australien, wo die Feindseligkeit, die aus dem letzten Kriegskonflikt resultierte, besonders stark war. Der Artikel untersucht vor allem die Art und Weise, in der das Council der Lawn Tennis Association of Australia sich mit dem Vorschlag für Japans Wiederaufnahme befasste, und zeigt, wie seine starke Opposition zunächst von anderen nationalen Tennisgremien respektiert wurde, aber letztlich durch ihren Wunsch, ehemalige Feindstaaten wiederzuzulassen, vermittelt wurde. Der Artikel legt nahe, dass die Tennisbeziehungen zwischen Australien und Japan in der frühen Nachkriegszeit ein nützliches Mittel für die jeweiligen Regierungen darstellten, Wohlwollen zwischen den beiden Ländern zu fördern, sobald die diplomatischen Beziehungen wiederaufgenommen worden waren, und ein wichtiger Aspekt der Geschichte von Australien-Japan-Beziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg waren.本文考察了日本在第二次世界大战后被国际草地网球联合会（ILTF）重新接纳及其在1951年后重返戴维斯杯的过程。为重新获得接纳，日本网球协会寻求澳大利亚南的支持，但在澳洲方面战时冲突所造成的仇恨却特别强大。本文特别探讨了澳大利亚草地网球协会理事会处理重新接纳日本的方式，以及是如何在最初强烈反对而经其他国家网球协会的调停后最终接受之前的敌国加入该协会。本文认为，战后早期澳大利亚和日本之间网球运动的来往为各自政府在外交关系恢复后提供了一个有益的方式来发展了两国的友好关系，并成为战后澳日关系史上一个重要的方面。本稿では、第二次世界大戦後の日本の国際ローンテニス連盟（ILTF）への再加盟と、１９５１年のデイビス杯への復帰について扱う。日本テニス協会は、再加盟を求める中で、戦争中の対立に起因する敵意がとりわけ強かったオーストラリアに援助を求めた。本稿では特に、オーストラリアローンテニス協会の諮問委員会が日本の再加盟の提案をどのように扱ったかを検討し、当初はオーストラリアローンテニス協会による強い反発が他国のテニス団体から尊重されていたこと、しかし最終的にはかつての敵国を再加盟させたいという他国の望みによってその反発が緩和されたことを指摘する。本稿は、戦後すぐのオーストラリアと日本の間におけるテニスを通じた関係が、国交回復後の両政府にとって両国間の友好を促進するための有効な手段であったこと、そしてその関係が第二次世界大戦後の日豪関係史の重要な一面であったことを指摘するものである。Keywords:: Australia–Japan relationstennisAustralian historyinternational relationsJapanese history AcknowledgementsThe author thanks Stuart Macintyre for his valuable comments and suggestions on the drafts of this article. The author also thanks Ann West for allowing access to the records of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia held at Tennis Australia, and Akiko Oda and Kuniko Okada for providing voluntary assistance for her research at the Japan Tennis Association. The constructive feedback of the anonymous referees is much appreciated.Notes 1. The Davis Cup had been held between the USA and Britain and a few European countries before the ILTF was established in 1913. It was not until in 1923 that the USA joined the ILTF. Thus, in the early period, affiliation to the ILTF was not a prerequisite to play in the Davis Cup. 2.CitationBowers, The International Tennis Federation, 22. 3. Ibid., 106. 4.CitationKinross-Smith, “Lawn Tennis”. During the 1900s and the 1910s, the Australasian team won the Davis Cup several times, and Australia staged the Challenge Round accordingly; the finals of the Davis Cup were held in the country that had won the tournament in the previous year. Australia and New Zealand played together as Australasia until 1920. See also CitationFewster, “Advantage Australia.” 5.CitationHill, “Prologue,” 4; CitationBooth, “Sports Policy in Australia,” 1–3. 6.CitationGuttmann and Thompson, Japanese Sports, 79–80. 7. For the USA support for Japan's participation, see, for example, Zenzo Shimizu, “Tenisu niyoru Kokusai Yūkō,” Tennis, no. 1, January 1950, 3. 8.CitationMatsuo, “Tsushima Sensei to Tenisu,” 331–3. 9.CitationNihon Tenisu Kyōkai, Nihon Tenisu Kyōkai 60nensi, 33.10.CitationGekidō no Shōwa Supōtsushi 8, 46; Seizo Ikeda, “Makkasā Gensuihai ni tsuite,” Tennis Monthly, August 1947, 2–5.11.CitationGuttmann and Thompson, Japanese Sports, 163–4.12. From January 1950, the title of the magazine was changed to Tennis. Three issues of the magazine were published during that year in January, July and December.13. See, for example, Sadao Yamabe, “Dehai eno Kanshin,” Tennis Monthly, June 1948, 5–6; “Tenisu no Sekai,” Tennis Monthly, July 1948, 6; Jun Tanaka, “Dehai Sanka Tōkaraji,” Tennis Monthly, January 1949, 2–3; Kyūto Kobayashi, “Dehai Monogatari,” Tennis Monthly, February 1949, 38; and Tamio Abe, “Nihon no Tenisu to Dehai,” Tennis, No. 2, July 1950, 2–3.14.CitationInoue, Eikō no Davis Cup, 198; Tanaka, “Dehai Sanka Tōkaraji,” Tennis Monthly, January 1949, 2.15.CitationGuttmann and Thompson, Japanese Sports, 193.16. See, for example, Tanaka, “Dehai Sanka Tōkaraji,” Tennis Monthly, January 1949, 2; CitationNihon Teikyū Kyōkai, Nihon Teikyū Nenkan, 4.17. “Norman Brookes – Back in Sydney,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 9, 1931, 11.18.CitationBaltzell, Sporting Gentlemen, Figure 15 (no page number).19.CitationOsmond, “‘Lively Little Visitors’,” 534–5.20. Shimizu to Brookes, April 26, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”21.CitationInoue, Eikō no Davis Cup, 198; CitationSakai, Gekidō no Supōtsu 40nenshi, 23–4.22. See, for example, CitationBall, Japan – Enemy or Ally?23. For the list of the Council members during the period, see Annual Report and Financial Statements of the LTAA, for the years between 1948 and 1951, kept at Tennis Australia.24. Norman Brookes wrote to Chifley, May 12, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”25. E.W. Tonkin to John Burton, May 19, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”26. Burton to McIntyre, May 20, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.” Burton was a strong internationalist.27. Chifley to Brookes, June 7, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2.28. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, June 20, 1949, Tennis Australia.29.Annual Report and Financial Statements of the LTAA, for the year 1949–1950, 13, Tennis Australia.30. “Nihon no fukki mitomezu – Gōshū teikyū kyōkai kyōkō,” Asahi, June 22, 1949. [My translation.]31. Tanaka, “Dehai Sanka Tōkaraji,” Tennis Monthly, January 1949, 2. [My translation.]32. “US Tennis President Not Opposed to Japan,” New York Times, June 30, 1949, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”33. Ibid.34. “U.S. Gives No Instruction on Japan in Tennis,” Canberra Times, June 24, 1949, 1; “Lawn Tennis – Re-Entry Of Japan?” West Australian, June 30, 1949, 22.35. “U.S. Gives No Instruction on Japan in Tennis,” Canberra Times, June 24, 1949, 1.36. Memo for Mr Shaw, dated June 29, 1950, “Japan's Readmission on Davis Cup,” NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup”; Deputy High Commissioner, London, to Menzies, June 27, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”37. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, June 20, 1949, Tennis Australia.38. “‘Japs’ or ‘No Japs’ in Davis Cup?” Australian Gallup Polls: Australian Public Opinion Polls, Nos. 619–630, September–October 1949, State Library of Victoria.39. Ibid.40.CitationBeed et al., Australian Opinion Polls 1941–1990.41. “Japs Not Wanted at Melb Olympics,” Australian Gallup Polls: Australian Public Opinion Polls, Nos. 645–661, January–February 1950, State Library of Victoria.42. Ibid.43. Ibid.44.CitationBowers, The International Tennis Federation, 30–40.45. Ibid.46. See, for example, Rijikai, “Nihon Teikyū Kyōkai wa Nani o Suruka,” Tennis, No. 1, January 1950, 36; Inoue, “Taigai Shiai o Kise!” Tennis, No. 2, July 1950, 1.47. Inoue, “Taigai Shiai o Kise!” Tennis, No. 2, July 1950, 1.48. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, May 15, 1950, Tennis Australia.49. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, June 19, 1950, Tennis Australia.50. “No Choice for Australia but to Accept Japs in Davis Cup,” Melbourne Herald, July 13, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”51. “Japs May Set Davis Cup Poser,” Melbourne Herald, May 17, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”52. Ibid.53.CitationTrengove, The Story of the Davis Cup, 144.54. “Japs ‘Shocked’ at Cup Decision,” Canberra Times, May 17, 1950, 3.55. Ibid.56. Ibid.57. Ibid.58. Deputy High Commissioner, London, to Menzies, June 27, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2.59. An exception was made when permission was granted in March 1950 for the visit of Bishop Yashiro to Australia after his attendance at an Anglican Church Congress in New Zealand. See, for example, “Japanese Bishop Wants Kangaroo,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 28, 1950, 3.60. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, July 17, 1950, Tennis Australia.61. Deputy High Commissioner, London, to Menzies, June 27, 1950.62. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, April 17, 1950 and July 17, 1950, Tennis Australia.63. Memo for Mr Shaw, June 29, 1950, “Japan's Readmission on Davis Cup”.64. “Seiki no Kyōei – Marshall to Furuhashi,” Asahi Weekly, August 13, 1950, 14.65. As the Japan Swimming Federation had been expelled from the International Swimming Federation until June 1949, Furuhashi's earlier ‘world’ records had not been officially recognised.66. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, dated July 17, 1950, 3, Tennis Australia.67. Menzies to Brookes, July 7, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”68.CitationBooth, “Sports Policy in Australia,” 1–3.69. Deputy High Commissioner to Menzies, June 27, 1950.70. “Japan, Germany in Davis Cup in 1951,” Japan News, July 14, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”71. Minutes of meeting of the Council of LTAA, June 19, 1950, Tennis Australia.72. “No Choice for Australia but to Accept Japs in Davis Cup,” Melbourne Herald, July 13, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”73. Ibid.74. Ibid.75. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, September 18, 1950, Tennis Australia.76. “LTAA Awaits Japan Report,” Age, July 18, 1950, NAA A1838 480/1/3/2, “Japan – Davis Cup.”77. “Japan in Davis Cup Challenge,” Canberra Times, December 8, 1950, 2.78. “Participation in the Davis Cup,” Asahi Weekly, January 28, 1951, 22. [My translation.]79.Gekidō no Supōtsu 40nenshi Vol.8, 25.80. Ibid.81. Ibid.82. Okazaki to Nishi, February 9, 1953, Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, “Tenisu Kankei,” I'-0015.83. Minutes of meeting of the Council of the LTAA, April 20, 1953, Tennis Australia.84. Casey to Walker, June 16, 1953, NAA M1129/0, “Walker, Dr Sir Edward Ronald [diplomat].”85. Walker to Casey, June 25, 1953, NAA M1129/0, “Walker, Dr Sir Edward Ronald [diplomat].”86. Juichi Tsushima, “Gōshū senshu o mukaete: Teikyūkai saiken no kouki tarashimeyo,” Asahi, September 11, 1953, 3.87. “Hageshii rarī no ōshū – Nichigō tenisu Tokyo taikai hiraku,” Asahi, September 12, 1953, 3.88. “Gō ryōsenshu myōgi o furuu,” Asahi, September 13, 1953, 7. [My translation.]89. “Gōshū senshu sōbetsu tenisu,” Asahi, September 18, 1953, 7.Additional informationFundingThe research was made possible by the Australian Research Council's Discovery Early Career Researcher Award [grant number DE120102132].Notes on contributorsAi KobayashiAi Kobayashi is a Research Fellow in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at the University of Melbourne, supported by an ARC Discovery Early Career Researcher Award. She is the author of W.Macmahon Ball: Politics for the People and is currently working on the history of Australia–Japan relations after World War II.

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