Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 13; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13563460802302693

1469-9923

Marcel Heires,

World Trade Organization Law

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Niels Brunsson, Bengt Jacobsson & Associates, A World of Standards (Oxford University Press, 2000). ISO, ISO in Figures for the Year 2007 (ISO, 2008), http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_in_figures_2007.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). During its General Assembly in September 2007, ISO hosted a special event on 'International Standards and Public Policies' to underscore its intentions to proceed further in this direction. ISO, Using and Referencing ISO and IEC Standards for Technical Regulations (ISO, 2007), http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_for_technical_regulations.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). See Annex 3 of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement, 'Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards'. A list maintained by ISO and IEC lists currently 51 other international standards organisation in their field of activity: World Standard Services Network, http://www.wssn.net/WSSN/listings/links_international.html (accessed 4 February 2008), see also World Trade Organization (WTO), World Trade Report 2005 (WTO, 2006), p. 76. JoAnne Yates & Craig N. Murphy, 'Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO', MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4638-07, 2007, http://ssrn.com/abstract = 962455. Jay Tate, 'National Varieties of Standardization', in Peter A. Hall & David Soskice (eds), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Competitive Advantage (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 442–73. ISO, ISO in Figures for the Year 2007. ISO, ISO in Brief 2006 (ISO, 2006), http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_in_brief_2006.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). Loya and Boli note: 'The technical environment and extraordinary expertise of all members virtually eliminates nontechnical factors from the standards process'. Thomas A. Loya & John Boli, 'Standardization in the World Polity: Technical Rationality Over Power', in John Boli & George Thomas (eds), Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875 (Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 169–97. For some examples, though not from ISO's work, see Carl Shapiro & Hal R. Varian, 'The Art of Standards Wars', California Management Review, Vol. 41, No. 2 (1999), pp. 8–32. See Marc Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and The World Economy Bigger (Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 127–50. 'Software Wars: Microsoft Must Lear from its Ugly Fight over Standards', Financial Times, 4 April 2008. Reto U. Schneider, 'Was die Welt zusammenhält', NZZ Folio, February 2005. Permanent membership in the Council is determined by an internal raking of ISO members that weights these two criteria. Details of this ranking are not made public. ISO, ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the Technical Work, p. 27, http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func = ll&objId = 4230455&objAction = browse&sort = subtype (accessed 4 February 2008). Personal interview with developing country representative at ISO's General Assembly, Geneva, 19 September 2007. Personal interview with developing country representative at ISO's General Assembly, Geneva, 19 September 2007. Pacific Institute, Who Develops ISO Standards? A Survey of Participation in ISO's International Standards Development Processes (Pacific Institute, 2004), http://www.pacinst.org/reports/iso_participation/iso_participation_study.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). For a detailed analyses of these differences see, Tim Büthe & Jan Martin Witte, 'Product Standards in Transatlantic Trade and Investment: Domestic and International Practices and Institutions', Report by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, John Hopkins University, 2003. Personal interview with US delegate at ISO's General Assembly, Geneva, 19 September 2007. See also Susan Raines, 'Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy in International Management Standards: The Impact of the Participation Gap', Global Environmental Politics, Vol.3, No.3 (2003), pp. 47–73. ISO, ISO Action Plan for Developing Countries (ISO, 2005), www.iso.org/iso/actionplan_2005.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). ISO/TC207 NGO Task Group, A Guide for NGO Participation in ISO/TC 207 (ISO, 2002), http://www.ecologia.org/ems/iso14000/ngoinvolve/taskgroup/NGOGuideTC207.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). Bruce J. Farquhar, Governance in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (Consumers International 2005). ISO, ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1, p. 19. ISO/TC207 NGO Task Group, A Guide for NGO Participation in ISO/TC 207. ISO, The ISO story: Quality Management Standards, http://www.iso.org/iso/about/the_iso_story/iso_story_quality_management_standards.htm (accessed 4 February 2008). ISO, The ISO Survey 2006 (ISO, 2007), www.iso.org/iso/survey2006.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). 'This ideology holds that organizations are manageable and controllable units which can be used by management as instruments for fulfilling predetermined goals, strategies, and visions'. Staffan Furusten, 'The Knowledge Base of Standards', in Brunsson & Associates, A World of Standards, p. 83. Carl Cargill & Sherrie Bolin, 'Standardization: A Failing Paradigm', in Shane Greenstein & Victor Stango (eds), Standards and Public Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 13. ISO, The ISO story: Environmental Management, www.iso.org/iso/about/the_iso_story/iso_story_environmental_management.htm (accessed 4 February 2008). See, for example, Jennifer Clapp, 'ISO Environmental Standards: Industry's Gift to a Polluted Globe or the Developed World's Competition-Killing Strategy?', in Olav Schram Stokke & Øystein B. Thommessen (eds), Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development 2001 (Earthscan, 2001), pp. 000–00; Naomi Roht-Arriaza, 'The International Organization for Standardization: drafting of the ISO 14000 Series', in Richard H. Steinberg (ed.), The Greening of Trade Law: International Trade Organizations and Environmental Issues (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 252–74. Susan Raines, 'Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy'. Aseem Prakash & Matthew Potoski, 'Investing Up: FDI and the Cross-National Diffusion of ISO 14001 Management Systems', International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 3. (2007), pp. 723–44. ISO, The ISO Survey 2006. ISO, Participating in the Future International Standard ISO 26000 on Social Responsibility (ISO, 2006), http://www.iso.org/iso/iso26000_2006-en.pdf (accessed 4 February 2008). ISO, ISO WG/SR Vienna meeting November 2007, annex to draft minutes (ISO, 2007), http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/830949/3934883/3935837/3973638/6462416/N135__Annexes_to_the_draft_minutes_Vienna_November_2007.pdf?nodeid = 7078773&vernum = 0 (accessed 4 February 2008). See Kristina Tamm Hallström, 'ISO Expands its Business into Social Responsibility (SR)', in Marten Boström & Christina Garsten (eds), Organizing Transnational Accountability. Mobilization, Tools, Challenges (Edward Elgar, forthcoming, 2008); Kristina Tamm Hallström, 'International Standardization Backstage – Legitimacy and Competition in the Social Responsibility (SR) Field', paper presented at the Score conference 'Organizing the World – Rules and Rule-Setting among Organizations', Stockholm, Sweden, 13–15 October 2005.