East meets east: foreign relations between India and Poland during the Cold War
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 5; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/19472498.2014.905329
ISSN1947-2501
Autores Tópico(s)Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
ResumoAbstractThis article discusses the objectives, influences, interests and outcomes of foreign relations between India and Poland from the time when India gained independence in 1947 up until the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989. While Indo–Polish interactions and conversations can be traced back to a distant past, the actual contours of their official relationship were determined by the omnipresent communist ideology in Eastern Europe, India's non-alignment and the complexities and intricacies of foreign relations between India, America and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Extensive research with voluminous publications already exist and inform on the various issues related to communism in Eastern Europe, India's non-alignment and India's foreign relations with America and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. However, the existing scholarship on India's foreign relations with the individual members of the Soviet hegemonic eastern bloc is rudimentary, and that on Indo–Polish bilateral relations specifically during the Cold War in the English language non-existent. This essay thus serves as a first step towards exploring a much neglected area of historical investigation. Using official press reports from India and Poland, the narrative begins to examine the political, economic, social and cultural understandings and exchanges between the two countries during the Cold War.Keywords: IndiaPolandnon-alignmentforeign relationsCold War Notes1. 'We Wish for Peace', 22 January 1947, in Jawaharlal Nehru, India's Foreign Policy, 11; and Dixit, India's Foreign Policy, 19.2. Srivastava, NAM and the Soviet Foreign Policy, 9, 11.3. Jain, Global Power, 20; Jha, Domestic Imperatives in India's Foreign Policy, 41–3; and Dixit, India's Foreign Policy, 15.4. Nehru, 'Future Taking Shape', 7 September 1946, in Nehru, India's Foreign Policy, 2.5. Kennedy, International Ambitions of Mao and Nehru, 236; and Ray, India's Foreign Relations, 580.6. Singh, Indian Foreign Policy, 15; and Dixit, India's Foreign Policy, 22.7. Rotter, Comrades at Odds, 214.8. Kundra, Indian Foreign Policy, 221; and Banerjee, When Ambitions Clash, 125.9. Remnek, Soviet Scholars and Soviet Foreign Policy, 7–11; Doctor, Essays on India's Foreign Policy, 48; Banerjee, When Ambitions Clash, 10; Vinod, US Foreign Policy Towards India, 190; and Kapur, The Soviet Union and the Emerging Nations, 112.10. Remnek, Soviet Scholars, 18; and Overstreet, "Soviet and Communist Policy in India," 194.11. Imam, Ideology and Reality in Soviet Policy, 78.12. Bhatia, Jawaharlal Nehru, 129, 136; and Dutt, India's Foreign Policy Since Independence, 64–5.13. The Times of India, Bombay and Delhi, 9 June 1955, 1; and Gupta, "Indo–Soviet Relations," 72.14. Singh, "Brief Survey of Jawaharlal Nehru's Foreign Policy," 138. A particularly scathing critique of Nehru's foreign policy, including Nehru's internationalization of the Pakistani aggression in Kashmir, can be found in Ray, India's Foreign Relations.15. Horn, "Soviet Union and South Asia," 208–27.16. Kapur, The Soviet Union and the Emerging Nations, 48, 58, 59, 64, 111.17. Zycie Warszawy, 27 January 1955, 2; Trybuna Ludu, 12 June 1955, 6; Trybuna Ludu, 21 June 1955, 6; Zycie Warszawy, 22 June 1955, 4; and Gazeta Krakowska, 23 June 1955, 2.18. Zycie Warszawy, 27 January 1955, 2.19. Ibid., 23 June 1955, 1.20. Hindustan Times, Delhi, 27 June 1955, 10; and Trybuna Ludu, 26 June 1955, 1.21. Trybuna Ludu, 28 June 1955, 1.22. Ibid., 24 June 1955, 4; and Gazeta Krakowska, 26 June 1955, 2.23. Rotter, Comrades at Odds, 215; Dixit, India's Foreign Policy, 69; Palmer, United States and India, 23; and Kundra, Indian Foreign Policy, 149–50.24. Trybuna Ludu, 11 June 1956, 1; and Zycie Warszawy, 11 June 1956, 5.25. The Statesman, Calcutta, 25 March 1957, 5.26. For example see Trybuna Ludu, 26 March 1957, 2.27. Trybuna Ludu, 29 March 1957, 1, 2; Zycie Warszawy, 29 March 1957, 2; Zycie Warszawy, 2 April 1957, 2; and Trybuna Ludu, 3 April 1957, 2.28. The Times of India, Bombay, 21 September 1960, 1; The Hindu, Madras, 27 September 1960, 1; and Zycie Warszawy, 9–10 October 1960, 1, 2.29. Hindustan Times, Delhi, 12 October 1961, 1; The Hindu, Madras, 13 October 1961, 1; and Zycie Warszawy, 15–16 October 1961, 1, 2.30. The Hindu, Madras, 15 October 1961, 1; and The Statesman, Delhi, 15 October 1961, 1.31. Trybuna Ludu, 25 August 1962, 8.32. Zycie Warszawy, 15–16 September 1963, 4.33. Gazeta Krakowska, 9 October 1967, 2; and Trybuna Ludu, 13 October 1967, 2.34. The Times of India, Delhi, 11 October 1967, 7.35. The Indian Express, Delhi, 9 October 1967, 1; and The Times of India, Delhi, 11 October 1967, 1, 7, 11.36. Zycie Warszawy, 31 March–1 April 1968, 7; Trybuna Ludu, 9 March 1969, 5; and Trybuna Ludu, 6 February 1970, 8.37. Trybuna Ludu, 1 September 1968, 8; Trybuna Ludu, 29 March 1968, 6; Trybuna Ludu, 9 March 1969, 5; and Trybuna Ludu, 6 February 1970, 8.38. The Times of India, 10 October 1967, 10.39. Mohite, Indo–US Relations, 76; and Paarlberg, Food Trade and Foreign Policy, 142, 144, 168.40. Appadorai and Rajan, India's Foreign Policy and Relations, 279–80.41. Shankar, India and the United States, 389–92.42. Kapur, The Soviet Union and the Emerging Nations, 100–2.43. Trybuna Ludu, 16 June 1970, 2.44. Ibid., 18 October 1970, 6.45. Hindustan Times, 19 June 1970, 12; and Zycie Warszawy, 20 June 1970, 1.46. Zycie Warszawy, 5 January 1972, 1.47. Ibid., 8 January 1972, 2.48. Ibid., 11 July 1972, 1, 2; and Trybuna Ludu, 10 January 1972, 2.49. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4633263.stm50. Desai, India–USA Diplomatic Relations, 81.51. Zubok, A Failed Empire, 217.52. Ojha, Mrs. Gandhi's Foreign Policy Choice, 130, 141, 142.53. Foreign Affairs Record (Hereafter, FAR), Ministry of External Affairs, India, Vol. XXI, No. 1 (January 1975), 17–18.54. The Times of India, 22 January 1977, 11.55. The Indian Express, 25 January 1977, 6; and Trybuna Ludu, 21 January 1977, 1.56. Trybuna Ludu, 21 January 1977, 1, 2; and Zycie Warszawy, 22–23 January 1977, 1.57. Trybuna Ludu, 25 January 1977, 2.58. Hindustan Times, 24 January 1977, 13.59. The Times of India, 24 January 1977, 4.60. Trybuna Ludu, 22–23 January 1977, 2; and Zycie Warszawy, 28 January 1977, 1, 4.61. Trybuna Ludu, 14 June 1979, 1.62. Ibid., 15 June 1979, 2.63. Hindustan Times, 17 June 1979, 1.64. The Hindu, Madras, 18 June 1979, 6.65. For examples, see FAR, Vol. XXVII, No. 1 (January 1981), 31–2; FAR, Vol. XXIX, No. 8 (August 1983), 164–5; FAR, Vol. XXIX, No. 12 (December 1983), 284–7; and FAR, Vol. XXX, No. 11 (November 1984), 351.66. FAR, Vol. XXVII, No. 12 (December 1981), 345.67. Gopal, "India and Russia," 80.68. The Times of India, Bombay, 13 February 1985, 1.69. The Statesman, Calcutta, 8 February 1985, 1; and The Indian Express, Delhi, 17 February 1985, 9.70. Hindustan Times, 12 February 1985, 1; and The Times of India, Bombay, 12 February 1985, 1.71. The Hindu, Madras, 13 February 1985, 1.72. The Times of India, Bombay, 13 February 1985, 1; and Hindustan Times, 14 February 1985, 1.73. The Hindu, Madras, 12 February 1985, 9; and FAR, XXXII, No. 4 (April 1986), 117–18.74. The Hindu, Madras, 8 November 1986, 9.75. The Indian Express, Delhi, 9 February 1985, 8.76. The Hindu, Madras, 10 November 1986, 9.77. Interview with Mr Gurdip Singh Bedi, Former Indian ambassador to Poland, 18 May 2008, Delhi. Mr Bedi had sympathized with the Polish oppositional movement Solidarity, so much so that his residence became a non-aligned meeting place between Solidarity leaders and western governments! But for this he was reprimanded by his superior.78. The Indian Express, Delhi, 15 October 1967, 1; and The Indian Express, Delhi, 16 October 1967, 7.79. Trhlik, Jawaharlal Nehru and the Munich Betrayal, 7, 11–14.80. FAR, Vol. XXII, No. 12 (December 1976), 341–2.81. Appadorai and Rajan, India's Foreign Policy, 293.82. "Relations between Yugoslavia and India," 147–60.83. The Times of India, Delhi, 17 October 1967, 1; The Hindu, Madras, 17 October 1967, 7; The Indian Express, Delhi, 17 October 1967, 5; The Indian Express, Delhi, 18 October 1967, 7; and The Indian Express, Delhi, 22 October 1967, 7.84. Polish Facts on File, No. 268, 16 August 1969, 1.85. Trybuna Ludu, 24 June 1955, 4; Zycie Warszawy, 7 January 1956, 3; and Zycie Warszawy, 22–23 June 1958, 2.86. Zycie Warszawy, 22 June 1955, 4 and 30 April 1961, 3.87. Ibid., 5–6 July 1964, 4.88. Ibid., 8–9 November 1964, 4; and Trybuna Ludu, 4 April 1965, 6.89. Trybuna Ludu, 24–26 December 1956, 8.90. Polish Facts on File, 16 August 1969, 1.91. Ibid., 16–31 December 1966, 8.92. Zycie Warszawy, 5 September 1963, 3.93. The Times of India, Ahmedabad, 19 April 1989, 1.94. The Indian Nation, Patna, 20 April 1989, 6.95. Zycie Warszawy, 11 June 1956, 5.96. Ibid., 17 June 1970, 2.97. Polish Facts on File, July 1970, 4.98. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees of World War II, 128.99. Polish Facts on File, 16 August 1969, 1.100. Zycie Warszawy, 27 June 1955, 2.101. Polish Facts on File, 16 August 1969, 3.102. Zycie Warszawy, 8–9 November 1964, 4; Zycie Warszawy, 17 February 1966, 3; Polish Facts on File, August 16, 1969, 9; and Fikus, Polska Indie, 180.103. Bilateral Treaties and Agreements (BTA), Vol. 1, 1947–1952, 112–19.104. Trybuna Ludu, 23 June 1955, 3; and Trybuna Ludu, 1 September 1956, 6.105. Zycie Warszawy, 22 June 1955, 4; Trybuna Ludu, 24–26 December 1956, 8; Zycie Warszawy, 10–11 January 1965, 4; and Zycie Warszawy, 17 February 1966, 3.106. Zycie Warszawy, 30 April 1961, 4; and Trybuna Ludu, 29 November 1961, 8.107. Trybuna Ludu, 29 January 1964, 8; and Trybuna Ludu, 30 December 1964, 6.108. Zycie Warszawy, 4–5 October 1964, 4.109. Ibid., 1–2 November 1964, 4.110. Ibid., 15 January 1959, 3.111. Ibid., 20–21 December 1959, 4; and Trybuna Ludu, 5 June 1964, 8.112. Interview with Ambassador Gurdip Singh Bedi. Also, Trybuna Ludu, 26 January 1957, 6; Zycie Warszawy, 26–27 January 1964, 4; and Zycie Warszawy, 11–12 January 1970, 6.
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