Philatelic Feminism: The Portrayal of Women on Stamps of Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, and the United States (1893–2006)
2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 40; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00497878.2011.603622
ISSN1547-7045
Autores Tópico(s)Digital and Traditional Archives Management
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1The United States Postal Service maintains a Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee, while in Colombia, for example, a similar function is carried out by a Consejo Filatélico headed by the Minister of Communications but comprised of representatives from the Academia Colombiana de Historia and national philatelic societies. See "Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee" (www.USPS.com/communications/organizaton/csac.htm); Ministerio de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones. 150 años de sellos postales de Colombia (Bogotá, 2009), n. p.; and on the role of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jack Child, Miniature Messages: The Semiotics of Latin American Postage Stamp Designs. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. 18–19. 2These issues comprise numbers 889–894, for Colombia, and 804–834, 2216–2219 for the United States in the Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue published yearly by Scott Publishing Company (Sidney, Ohio; previously New York). As this is the basic philatelic reference work in the United States and several other countries, all catalog numbers cited in the article are taken from it. The catalog numbers of stamps explicitly mentioned in the text will not usually be cited either in the text or in the notes but are given in Table A-1 of the Appendix, where all individuals portrayed on stamps are listed by country. David Bushnell, Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Florida, passed away on September 3, 2010, while this article awaited publication. It is printed here with the permission of his daughter, Cathy Amanti. 3Full disclosure requires adding that Argentina and Colombia are also chosen because each has been one of the author's research specialties, while Cuba is not just the largest of the Caribbean countries but one other focus of his personal stamp collection. With the United States as a non–Latin American comparison, they constitute a manageable number of cases. 4Enciclopedia y Clásicos Cubanos. La enciclopedia de Cuba. 2 ed., 14 vols., San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1975–77, vol. I. 128–129. On the controversy that arose over her españolismo, which really did not lessen her attachment to things Cuban, see Raimundo Lago, Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, la mujer y la poetisa lírica. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1972. 8–10, 12. 5K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Reform, 1898–1940. Durham: Duke UP, 1971, especially chapters 6, 8, and 10. 62006 is the end year of this investigation primarily because the explosion of United States issues in recent years tends to create a forest-and-trees problem, swamping the data from other countries and complicating the task of comparison. However, the patterns discernible in U.S. issues themselves have not significantly changed. 7Such a reading would be in keeping with the "conservative" branch of the Colombian suffragist movement. Cf. Lola G. Luna, El sujeto sufragista, feminismo y feminidad en Colombia, 1930–1957. Cali: Ediciones la Manzana de la Discordia, Universidad del Valle, 2004, especially 146–155. 8Jaime Suchlikim, Historical Dictionary of Cuba. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow P, 2001. 528. 9For this accounting the female members of the Carter Family singers, appearing on Scott no. 2773, are considered just one. (They also appear on Scott no. 2776, but the latter is simply a booklet version of 2773 and is not counted.) 10The painter Mary Cassatt, though pictured on only one stamp, receives the unusual tribute of no less than six others that feature her artwork (see Table A-1 in the Appendix). 11Child, Miniature Messages, 31–32. 12Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro. Evita. New York: Norton, 1996. 109 and passsim. 13 Semana (Bogotá), 455 (29 January 1991). 14In Lara's case the apparent assassins were eventually freed on a technicality, but there is no serious doubt that her death was the work of the guerrillas. See "El caso Gloria Lara." Semana (5 August 1985). For Araújo the case is even clearer: "El legado de la Cacica Consuelo Araújo Noguera sigue vigente." Semana 1274 (23 November 2009). 15The stamps do not identify the actresses by name but feature reproductions of film posters for the classic Argentine films in which they starred. For that matter, neither is Queen Nefertari, mentioned above, identified by name on the stamp that depicts her. Unlike national film stars she would have been totally unknown to the great majority of Argentines; but she was identified in publicity concerning the issue. 16 Cromos (Bogotá) 4371 (12 November 2001), 52, 136, and 4372 (19 November 2001), 26–34, 72. On the origins and early development of the Señorita Colombia pageant, see Edgar J. Gutiérrez S., Fiestas: once de noviembre en Cartagena de Indias. Medellín: Editorial Lealon, 2000. 201–210. 17On Montoya, see "Bl. Laura Montoya Upegui," in Catholic Online, www.catholic.org. The work of the Presentationists is discussed in Patricia Londoño Vélez, "La religión en Medellín, 1850–1950." Revista Credencial Historia 70 (October 1995). 18On Lanteri as suffragist, see Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social /Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890–1940. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1995. 280–281, 323. 19Child, Miniature Messages, as cited in note 11.
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