Soviet Hearts‐and‐Minds Operations in Afghanistan
2010; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 72; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00254.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Nikolai Lanine, "We're Still Dying in Afghanistan," Globe and Mail, 30 November 2006, available at http://www.vigile.net/we‐re‐still‐dying‐in‐Afghanistan, accessed 7 January 2010.2. Gregory Feifer, The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan (New York: Harper, 2009), 146.3. For a comment to this effect, see Anton Minkov and Gregory Smolynec, Economic Development in Afghanistan During the Soviet Period, 1979–1989: Lessons Learned from the Soviet Experience in Afghanistan (Ottawa: DRDC Centre for Operational Research and Analysis, 2007), 1.4. It is worth emphasizing that the focus here is exclusively on actions of the Soviet Army, not on similar activity undertaken by Soviet civilians, such as the provision of economic and technical assistance. The latter will form the subject of a separate study.5. Antonio Giustozzi, War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992 (London: C. Hurst, 2000), 41.6. J. Bruce Amstutz, Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1986), 145.7. Martin Ewans, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (New York: Perennial, 2001), 221.8. Mark Galeotti, Afghanistan: The Soviet Union's Last War (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 17.9. Ahmed Rashid, "Graveyard of Analogies," The National, 30 January 2009 (available at: http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090130/REVIEW/458735663/1008, accessed 15 August 2009).10. See A. A. Liakhovskii, Tragediia i doblest' Afgana (Moscow: GPI Iskona, 1995); V. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, 7 vols (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel', 2001–02).11. Interview in Mlada Fronta (Prague), 17 February 1989, 5, as reported in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (henceforth FBIS), International Affairs, FBIS‐SOV‐89‐037, 27 February 1989, 49.12. On the whole Soviet press reports appear reliable, at least in the sense that one can generally verify that the things they say were done actually were done. They mislead less by what they say than by what they do not say. Thus, for instance, if a Soviet press report claims that the Soviets built a power line in Afghanistan, this may create a false impression of progress by not mentioning the many other power lines that had been destroyed, but the basic claim that a power line was built is probably true.13. "Editorial: Lessons From Soviets in Afghanistan," Washington Times, 18 February 2009 (available at: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/18/lessons‐from‐soviets‐in‐afghanistan, accessed 10 September 2009).14. Mao Zedong, On Guerilla Warfare, trans S.B. Griffith (Champaign, IL: U. of Illinois P., 2000; original Chinese edition: 1937), 93.15. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Counterinsurgency, FM3‐24, Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2006, 1‐1.16. See for example Alexander Marshall, "Turkfront: Frunze and the Development of Soviet Counter‐Insurgency in Central Asia," in Tom Everett‐Heath, ed., Central Asia: Aspects of Transition (New York: Routledge, 2003), 5–29.17. See for example K. Boterbloem, The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948 (Montreal‐Kingston: McGill‐Queen's UP, 2004), 274, 479n177.18. John P. Riordan, Red DIME: Dissecting the Bolshevik Liquidation Campaign in the Ferghana Valley against the Basmachi Resistance (Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies, 2008), 9.19. Mikhail Tukhachevskii, "Iskorenie banditizma," Voina i Revolutsiia 16, 1922, cited in Iuliia Kantor, Voina i mir Mikhaila Tukhachevskogo (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Ogonek, 2005), 264.20. Mikhail Tukhachevskii, "Bor'ba s kontrrevoliutsionnymi vosstaniiami," Voina i Revolutsiia 7, 1926, cited in Kantor, Voina, 257.21. Yuri Zhukov, "Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter‐Insurgency: The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army," Small Wars and Insurgencies 3, 2007, 439–466, 450.22. Ibid., 453.23. Liakhovskii, Tragediia, 163–4.24. V.I. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, vol. 5, 203. The April or "Saur" Revolution brought the PDPA to power in April 1978.25. Ibid, 172–3.26. Anatolii Cherniaev, "The Afghanistan Problem," Russian Politics and Law 5, 2004, 29–49: 38.27. In his memoirs General Gromov strongly expressed his desire to minimize military operations so as to reduce Soviet casualties: B.V. Gromov, Ogranichenyi kontingent (Moscow: Progress, 1994), 174, 196, 219.28. M.A. Gareev, Afganskaia strada (s sovetskimi voiskami i bez nikh), second ed. (Moscow: Insan, 1999), 52.29. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, 113.30. Sovetskaia Rossiia, 12 March 1983, first edition, 3, in FBIS, USSR International Affairs, 17 March 1983, D1.31. Moscow World Service, 11 August 1984, in FBIS, USSR International Affairs, South Asia, 13 August 1984, D3.32. Sovetskaia Rossiia, 12 March 1983, first edition, 3, in FBIS, USSR International Affairs, 17 March 1983, D1.33. "Afganistan, god 1366‐i," Sotsialisticheskaia Industriia, 29 March 1988, 3.34. Svetlana Alexievich, Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from a Forgotten War (London: Chatto & Windus, 1992), 143.35. Giustozzi, War, 41.36. Giustozzi, War, 44.37. The Russian General Staff, The Soviet‐Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost (Lawrence, KS: UP of Kansas, 2002), 296.38. "Vozvrashchenie," Trud, 7 February 1989, 3.39. Giustozzi, War, 44.40. The Russian General Staff, Soviet‐Afghan War, 248.41. Gareev, Afganskaia strada, 333.42. Iurii Sal'nikov, Kandagar: zapiski sovetnika posol'stva (Volgograd: Volgogradskii Komitet po Pechati, 1995), 115.43. Giustozzi, War, 233.44. Interview with Valerii Ivanov by the author, 8 December 2008.45. Anton Minkov, Soviet Counterinsurgency and Development Efforts in Afghanistan: Implications for US Strategy in Iraq (Technical Memorandum TM 2009‐017; Ottawa: DRDC Centre for Operational Research and Analysis, 2009), 13.46. Artyom Borovik, The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan (London: Faber and Faber, 1991), 48.47. TASS, 15 July 1988, in FBIS, International Affairs, FBIS‐SOV‐88‐137, 18 July 1988, 35.48. "Vozvrashchenie," Trud, 7 February 1989, 3.49. Saadet Deger & Somnath Sen, Military Expenditure: The Political Economy of International Security (Stockholm: SIPRI, 1990), 126.50. Data provided by Valerii Ivanov.51. Designated "free aid" to distinguish it from other forms of aid, such as economic and technical assistance, which were paid for by loans, which in theory Afghanistan had to repay, although in practice the Soviet Union regularly rescheduled debt repayments.52. Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations since 2001 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2009), 13.53. Gilles Dorronsoro, Revolution Unending: Afghanistan 1979 to the Present (London: Hurst, 2000), 195.54. Henry S. Bradsher, Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999), 279.55. Dorronsoro, Revolution Unending, 196.56. "Note by USSR Prime Minister Nikolai Ryzhkov to Mikhail Gorbachev, Attaching State Planning Committee (Gosplan) Memorandum on Soviet Expenditures in Afghanistan, January 1988," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 14–15, 2003–4, 255–6.57. Alex Marshall, "Managing Withdrawal: Afghanistan as the Forgotten Example in Attempting Conflict Resolution and State Reconstruction," Small Wars and Insurgencies 1, 2007, 68–89: 73.58. Feifer, Great Gamble, 190.59. Liakhovskii, Tragediia, 268.60. Sal'nikov, Kandagar, 134–6.61. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, 333.62. Ibid., 331.63. Ibid., 332.64. Ibid., 334.65. Giustozzi, War, 296.66. TASS, 20 January 1989, in FBIS, FBIS‐SOV‐89‐013, 23 January 1989, 36.67. Borovik, Hidden War, 240.68. Liakhovskii, Tragediia, 445. The goods were delivered following a 1987 Soviet‐Afghan agreement on "direct ties" between Afghan provinces and Soviet republics and oblasts. They were provided free of charge rather than on credit.69. Barnett Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1995), 171.70. Giustozzi, War, 45.71. Ibid.72. Alexievich, Zinky Boys, 144[o].73. Sal'nikov, Kandagar, p. 115.74. TASS International Service, 21 January 1989, FBIS, FBIS‐SOV‐89‐013, 23 January 1989, 36.75. Bhabani Sen Gupta, Afghanistan: Politics, Economics, Society (Boulder, CO: Lynner Rienner, 1986), 158.76. Ibid, 68.77. See Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, 195. See also pages 171, 173, and 176 for further comments in this regard.78. Interview with LTC John A. Nagl, http://www.opensourcesinfo.org/resource/Interview_20with_20LTC_20John_20A_20Nagl.pdf?fileId=649884.79. Liakhovskii, Liakhovskii, 446–7.80. Feifer, Great Gamble, 166.81. Ibid., 168.82. Gareev, Afganskaia strada, 56.83. Ibid, 62.84. L. B. Aristova, "Sotsial'naia infrastruktura Afganistana," in Iu.V. Gankovskii, ed., Afganistan. Istoriia, ekonomika, kul'tura: sbornik statei (Moscow: Nauka, 1989), 99–106: 101.85. Gareev, Afganskaia strada, 323.86. For instance, Martin Ewans, Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare (London: Routledge, 2005), 150.87. Marshall, "Managing Withdrawal," 70.Additional informationNotes on contributorsPaul RobinsonPaul Robinson is a professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa. His publications include Military Honour and the Conduct of War (London: Routledge, 2006) and The White Russian Army in Exile, 1920–1941 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002). He would like to thank Alfia Sorokina for her excellent work in locating Soviet materials for this article.
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