Can Berlin and Washington Agree on Russia?
2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 32; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/01636600903224746
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)International Relations and Foreign Policy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements The views expressed are personal and solely those of the author. Notes 1. Melana K. Zyla, “The New Ostpolitik: America's German Problem,” The Weekly Standard, February, 16, 2009, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=16132&R=161FF20284. 2. John Vinocur, “German Vote a Turning Point on Russia and Its Energy,” New York Times, March 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/09/world/europe/09iht-politicus.1.20695513.html. 3. Edward Lucas, “Bearhugged by Uncle Vlad,” Standpoint, January 2009, http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/bearhugged-by-uncle-vlad-january-09. 4. Robert Cooper, “The Postmodern State,” Re-ordering the World: The Long-term Implications of September 11th, ed. Mark Leonard (London: The Foreign Policy Center, 2002): 11–20, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/36.pdf; Hanns W. Maull, “Germany and the Use of Force: Still a ‘Civilian Power’?” Survival 42, no. 2 (January 2000): 56–80. 5. See Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1994). 6. See Derek Chollet and James Goldgeier, America Between the Wars: From 11/9 to 9/11 (New York: Public Affairs, 2008). 7. See Daniel Brössler, “Zu Besuch im Aufbruch,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, February 5, 2009 (in German). 8. Compared to the EU average of 12 percent and the U.S. average of 32 percent, 35 percent of Germans were very concerned about Russia's weak democracy. See Transatlantic Trends Key Findings 2008 (Washington, D.C.: Transatlantic Trends, 2008), http://www.transatlantictrends.org/trends/doc/2008_English_Key.pdf. 9. On a thermometer rating, Germans rated Russia at 49 degrees with 0 being cold and unfavorable and 100 being warm and favorable. Americans came in at 48 and the EU-12 (Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom) at 43. See Transatlantic Trends Key Findings 2008, p. 12. 10. See “Confidence in Obama Lifts U.S. Image Around the World,” Pew Global Attitudes Project (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, July 23, 2009), p. 47, http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/264.pdf (hereinafter Pew Global Attitudes Project 2009); Erin Carriere-Kretschmer and Katie Holzwart, “European Worries About Reliance on Russia Energy Were Already High,” Pew Global Attitudes Project (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, January 15, 2009), http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1083/. 11. See Renate Köcher, Das Russlandbild der Deutschen-das Deutschlandbild der Russen (Berlin: Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach, September 18, 2008) (in German) (press conference report for the Petersburger Dialogue) (hereinafter Allensbach Survey). 12. Kretschmer and Holzwart, “European Worries About Reliance on Russia Energy Were Already High.” 13. Transatlantic Trends Key Findings 2008, p. 12. 14. Transatlantic Trends Key Findings 2008, p. 11. 15. Pew Global Attitudes Project 2009, p. 47. 16. “Troubled by Loss of Standing in the World, Americans Support Major Foreign Policy Changes,” Global Views 2008 (Chicago: The Chicago, IL: Council on Global Affairs, 2008), http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/POS_Topline%20Reports/POS%202008/2008%20Public%20Opinion_Foreign%20Policy.pdf. 17. A Pew Center research survey in 2008 found the following: “On the foreign stage, a solid majority of Americans say the country is significantly less respected than in the past–and many of those people see that as a major problem. Many Americans are eager to turn inward to deal with this nation's problems: fully 60% said in September 2008 that domestic policy should be the primary focus of the new president. And a greater percentage than before the Iraq war now say the best way to reduce the threat of terror is to reduce America's military presence overseas, not increase it.” See “Bush and Public Opinion: Reviewing the Bush Years and the Public's Final Verdict,” Pew Center Survey Report (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, December 18, 2008), http://people-press.org/report/478/bush-legacy-public-opinion. 18. Nicholas Kulish, “Germany Aims to Guide the West's Ties to Russia,” New York Times, December 1, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/world/europe/02germany.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all. 19. Alexander Rahr, Russland gibt Gas (Munich: Hanser, 2008), p. 195. 20. Kulish, “Germany Aims to Guide the West's Ties to Russia.” 21. Alexander Rahr, “Germany and Russia: A Special Relationship,” The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 139, http://www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_rahr.pdf. 22. Gazprom is the main investor, and consequently the main owner, of Nord Stream. It will be built with BASF, a chemical company, and EO.N, the world's largest investor-owned power and gas company. 23. “Gas Streit Erreicht Deutschland,” Sueddeutsche.de, January 6, 2009, http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/755/453446/text/ (in German). 24. See Margarete Klein, “Militärische Implikationen des Georgienkrieges,” SWP Aktuell (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik [German Institute for International and Security Affairs], October 2008), http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5320 (in German). 25. During the beginning of the Balkan crisis, former Foreign Minister Hans Dietrich Genscher of Germany was reported to have said in frustration, “Don't they know in which century they are living?” 26. U.S. Census Bureau, “Trade in Goods (Imports, Exports and Trade Balance) with Russia: 2008,” Foreign Trade Statistics, http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c4621.html#2008. 27. For more details on U.S. imports to and exports to Russia see Coalition for U.S.-Russia Trade, Web site, http://www.usrussiatrade.org/; Thorsten Nestman, “U.S.-Russian Economic Relations,” Deutsche Bank Research, July 6, 2009, http://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000243816.pdf. 28. For example, see Alexander T.J. Lennon, Democracy in U.S. Security Strategy: From Promotion to Support, (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, March 2009), http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090310_lennon_democracy_web.pdf. 29. Ellen Berry, “A Crossroad for Russia and America,” New York Times, January 10, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/weekinreview/11barry.html?pagewanted=all. 30. Ellen Berry, “A Crossroad for Russia and America,” New York Times, January 10, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/weekinreview/11barry.html?pagewanted=all Jackson Diehl, “A ‘Reset’ That Doesn't Compute,” Washington Post, February 23, 2009, p. A19, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/22/AR2009022202005.html; Constanze Stelzenmüller, “Germany's Russia Question,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 4 (March/April 2009): 96; Christopher S. Chivvis and Thomas Rid, “The Roots of Germany's Russia Policy,” Survival 51, no. 2 (April–May 2009): 105–122. 31. John Thornhill, “A Russia United by Anti-Westernism,” Financial Times, February 4, 2009, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1dc2a2e8-f213-11dd-9678-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=579372f8-2285-11dd-93a9-000077b07658.html?ftcamp=rss&nclick_check=1. 32. Peter Rudolf, “Toward a Common Transatlantic Strategy in Dealing with Russia?” SWP Comments 22 (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, October 2008), pp. 1–2, http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5361. 33. Peter Rudolf, “Toward a Common Transatlantic Strategy in Dealing with Russia?” SWP Comments 22 (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, October 2008), pp. 1–2, http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5361. 34. See Henry A Kissinger and George P Shultz, “Building on Common Ground With Russia,” Washington Post, October 8, 2008, p. A19, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/07/AR2008100702439.html. 35. Quoted in Gabor Steingart, “How Dangerous is America?,” Spiegel Online, November 20, 2007 http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,518399,00.html. 36. See John Vinocur, “German Vote a Turning Point on Russia and Its Energy,” New York Times, March 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/09/world/europe/09iht-politicus.1.20695513.html. 37. As Rudolf notes, the German “debate stays very much within the broad parameters of a strategy of integration.” See Rudolf, “Toward a Common Transatlantic Strategy in Dealing with Russia?” p. 3. 38. “Merkel and Sarkozy drohen Iran,” Sueddeutsche.de, February 7, 2009, http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/870/457529/text/ (in German); Helene Cooper and Nicholas Kulish, “U.S. Rejects ‘Sphere of Influence’ for Russia,” New York Times, February 7, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/07/world/europe/07iht-07munich.20001384.html?scp=1&sq=U.S.%20rejects%20'sphere%20of%20influence'%20for%20Russia&st=cse. 39. Joseph R. Biden, speech, 45th Munich Security Conference, February 7, 2009, http://www.securityconference.de/konferenzen/rede.php?menu_2009=&sprache=en&id=238&. 40. Bertelsmann Foundation, Transatlantic Briefing Book: Managing Expectations, Expanding the Partnership, Shaping the Agenda for 2009 (Washington, D.C.: Bertelsmann Foundation, 2008), pp. 46–47. 41. See Andrew E. Kramer, “New Biden Criticism Surprises Russia,” New York Times, July 26, 2009, p. A8, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/26/world/europe/26russia.html?ref=europe. 42. Christian Caryl, “The Russians Are Coming?” New York Review of Books 56, no. 2, February 12, 2009, p. 21, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22277. 43. Quentin Peel, “A Wider Order Comes Into View,” Financial Times, April 6, 2009, p. 5, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6d14d88a-220f-11de-8380-00144feabdc0.html. 44. For a similar view, see Alexander Cooley and Lincoln A. Mitchell, “No Way to Treat Our Friends: Recasting Recent U.S.–Georgia Relations,” The Washington Quarterly 32, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–41, http://www.twq.com/09winter/docs/09jan_CooleyMitchell.pdf. 45. Fareed Zakaria, “Ending our Imperial Foreign Policy, Washington Post, March 16, 2009, http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/fareed_zakaria/2009/03/americas_imperial_foreign_poli.html. Additional informationNotes on contributorsStephen F. Szabo Stephen F. Szabo is the executive director of the Transatlantic Academy, an independent research institution that is located at the German Marshall Fund of the United States
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