Western leveraged pedagogy of Central and Eastern Europe: discourses of homophobia, tolerance, and nationhood
2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 21; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0966369x.2013.793656
ISSN1360-0524
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
ResumoAbstractThis article focuses on the relations between the two geo-temporal categories – Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and West/Europe – in discussions about sexual politics, homophobia, tolerance, and nationhood. It contributes to the existing literature about homonationalism and sexual nationalisms by introducing CEE to the debate's geographical loci, so far mostly invested in West/Europe and its relations to Islam. It argues that it is important to consider CEE in sexual nationalism debates because of its framing as the European (homophobic) Other in the emerging discourses of ‘homoinclusive Europe’. This article introduces the concept of leveragedpedagogy, which captures the specificity of the West/Europe – CEE discourses of sexual liberation, advancement, and backwardness. Leveraged pedagogy is a hegemonic didactical relation where the CEE figures as an object of the West/European ‘pedagogy’, and is framed as permanently ‘post-communist’, ‘in transition’ (i.e. not liberal, not yet, not enough), and homophobic. Such ‘taking care of’ CEE, it is argued, is a form of cultural hegemony of the Western EUropean liberal model of rights as the universal.La pedagogía influida por el Occidente de la Europa central y oriental: discursos de homofobia, tolerancia y nacionalidadEste artículo se centra en las relaciones entre dos categorías geotemporales – Europa Central y Oriental (ECO) y Occidente/Europa – en las discusiones sobre la política sexual, la homofobia, la tolerancia y la nacionalidad. Contribuye a la literatura existente sobre el homonacionalismo y los nacionalismos sexuales al introducir ECO a los sitios geográficos del debate, hasta ahora mayormente invertido en Occidente/Europa y sus relaciones con el Islam. Propone que es importante considerar ECO en los debates de nacionalismo sexual debido a su construcción como el Otro Europeo (homofóbico) en los discursos emergentes de una “Europa homoinclusiva”. El artículo introduce el concepto de pedagogía influida (leveraged pedagogy), el cual captura la especificidad de los discursos de liberación, avance y atraso sexual del Occidente/Europa – ECO. La pedagogía influida es una relación didáctica hegemónica donde la ECO aparece como un objeto de la “pedagogía” del Occidente/Europa, y está enmarcada como permanentemente “post-comunista”, “en transición” (esto es, no liberal, no todavía, no lo suficiente), y homofóbica. Esta manera de “cuidar a” ECO, se argumenta, es una forma de hegemonía del modelo UEuropeo occidental liberal de derechos como el universal.西方对中东欧的槓杆教学法：恐同症、容忍和国族论述本文在性政治、恐同症、包容与国族的讨论中，聚焦两个地理时间范畴——中东欧（CEE）以及西方／欧洲之间的关係。本文透过将中东欧引介至目前大幅关注西方／欧洲与伊斯兰关係之辩论的地理所在地，对既有的同性国族主义与性国族主义文献做出贡献。本文主张，在性国族主义的辩论中考量中东欧是相当重要的，因为它们在浮现的 “接纳同性恋的欧洲” 论述中，被框架为（恐同的）欧洲他者。本文引入槓杆教学法之概念，以此捕捉 “西方／欧洲—中东欧” 中性解放、进步与落后论述的特殊性。槓杆教学法是一组霸权的训育关係，其中中东欧被描绘成西方／欧洲 “教育” 的对象，并被永久地设想为处于 “后社会主义” 、 “转变中” 的状态（例如：不自由、不太自由，或是不够自由）并且惧怕同性恋者。本文主张，此般 “照顾中东欧” 是西欧视权力为普适性的自由主义模式下的文化霸权形式。Keywords:: leveraged pedagogyhomonationalismsexual nationalismCentral and Eastern EuropeWestEuropean parliamentPalabras claves:: pedagogía influidahomonacionalismonacionalismo sexualEuropa Central y OrientalParlamento Europeo关键词::: 槓杆教学法同性国族主义性国族主义中东欧西方欧洲议会 AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to Alexander Lambevski and Mark Walbank for the inspiration to write this article, to Silvia Posocco for help and advice during the drafting, and the anonymous reviewers for their feedback.Additional informationNotes on contributorsRobert KulpaRobert Kulpa obtained his Ph.D. in Psychosocial Studies from the Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. His thesis explored discourses of nationhood and homosexuality in the context of ‘post-communist transformations’ in Poland. Following on from this, Robert engaged in the study of local and global politics of sexuality, nationhood, and non-normative identities as interlaced with discourses of geography and temporality, concepts of ‘West’/Europe and the ‘Rest’/Central and Eastern Europe, ‘modernity’, ‘progress’, and ‘backwardness’. He is particularly interested in the cultural translation of queer studies, and in examining the use of post-colonial theories and methodologies to the study of ‘post-communism’ and the idea of ‘Europe’. Together with Joanna Mizielinska, Robert edited the book De-Centring Western Sexualities: Central and Eastern Perspectives (Ashgate 2011), as well as various articles and book chapters. For further details about Robert's research and publications, please visit www.robertkulpa.com or write to Email: roberto@kulpa.org.uk
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