British Intelligence through the Eyes of the Stasi: What the Stasi's Records Show about the Operations of British Intelligence in Cold War Germany
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 27; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/02684527.2012.621594
ISSN1743-9019
Autores Tópico(s)European history and politics
ResumoAbstract The German parliament's Law on the Stasi Records, passed in 1991, extended the principle of freedom of information to the records of a Communist security service. By so doing, it has given historians, former targets of Stasi intelligence collection and others an unprecedented insight into the operations of such a service. Enough records of the Stasi's trials department have been made available to reconstruct a picture of the work of British intelligence agencies in the years 1945–61, and above all the work of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). They show that SIS was a very skilful service which obtained the high-grade intelligence it sought. However, SIS's work in East Germany was undone in the late 1950s by the treason of the KGB's penetration agent in it, George Blake. Notes *Email: maddrell.paul@gmail.com1His initial title was the ‘Special Commissioner’ (Sonderbeauftragte). My thanks go to Frau Ursula Sigmund, of the BStU, who made most of the documents referred to in these notes available to me, for all her hard, efficient work on my application. 2The law is set out in full and in English at: (accessed 3 June 2010). For more on it, see Paul Maddrell, ‘The Revolution Made Law: The Work since 2001 of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic’, Cold War History 4/3 (2004) pp.153–62. 3Section 13, Stasi-Unterlagen-Gesetz (StUG). 4Section 32, StUG. 5Section 44, StUG. 6Section 37(1)(3)(d), StUG. 7 (accessed 3 June 2010). 8H. Müller-Enbergs, ‘Kleine Geschichte zum Findhilfsmittel namens “Rosenholz”’, Deutschland Archiv no. 5 (2003) p.751. 9Valuable academic works have been written which include information on British intelligence operations in Cold War Germany. These draw heavily on British intelligence records (records of agencies other than SIS) released as part of the Waldegrave Initiative on Open Government. The leading such works are R.J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand (London: John Murray 2001); R.J. Aldrich (ed.), Espionage, Security and Intelligence in Britain, 1945–1970 (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1998); and P. Maddrell, Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany, 1945–1961 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006). Memoirs such as George Blake's No Other Choice (London: Jonathan Cape 1990) supplement these academic works. 10See K. Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949 (London: Bloomsbury 2010). 11On these records, see P. Maddrell, ‘Western Espionage and Stasi Counter-espionage in East Germany, 1953–1961’, in T.W. Friis, K. Macrakis and H. Müller-Enbergs (eds.) East German Foreign Intelligence: Myth, Reality and Controversy (Abingdon: Routledge 2010) pp.19–33. 12On the HA IX, see R. Sélitrenny, Doppelte Überwachung: Geheimdienstliche Ermittlungsmethoden in den DDR-Untersuchungshaftanstalten (Berlin: Links Verlag 2003); and the chapters by Engelmann, Vollnhals, Joestel and Beleites in R. Engelmann and C. Vollnhals (eds.) Justiz im Dienst der Parteiherrschaft (Berlin: Links Verlag 2000). For a self-serving account of its work by former Stasi officers, see K. Coburger and D. Skiba, ‘Die Untersuchungsorgane des MfS (HA IX im MfS/Abt. IX der BV)’ in R. Grimmer, W. Irmler, W. Opitz and W. Schwanitz (eds.) Die Sicherheit: Zur Abwehrarbeit des MfS, vol. 2 (Berlin: edition ost, 2002) pp.426–94. 13K.-D. Henke, S. Suckut, C. Vollnhals, W. Süß and R. Engelmann (eds.), Anatomie der Staatssicherheit: Geschichte, Struktur und Methoden - MfS Handbuch (Berlin: BStU 1995). 14For a fuller discussion of the reliability of the HA IX's records, see Maddrell, ‘Western Espionage and Stasi Counter-espionage in East Germany’, pp.23–4. 15The STIB's archive is held at The National Archives (TNA), Kew, London, as DEFE 41. 16T. Bower, The Perfect English Spy (London: Heinemann 1995) p.132; A. Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: HarperCollins 1997) pp.46–7. The cover name under which SIS operated in Germany between 1945 and 1949 was ‘No. 1 Planning and Evaluation Unit’. It was also responsible for the operations of other British intelligence agencies in Germany, such as the Technical Section of Intelligence Division (the Control Commission for Germany (British Element)'s intelligence staff): see P. Maddrell, ‘Britain's Exploitation of Occupied Germany for Scientific and Technical Intelligence on the Soviet Union, 1945–58’ (PhD thesis, Cambridge University 1998) pp.1–2, n.3. Intelligence Division became the British Intelligence Organization (Germany) in 1952. This was dissolved in 1954, when its Technical Section became part of SIS. Thereafter, the British intelligence agencies based in West Germany and West Berlin were SIS, which operated secretly, and those of the British Army of the Rhine (see note 20 below), which had been declared to the government of the Federal Republic. 17TNA, DEFE 41/68, JIC (Germany) Coordinating Committee minutes, 21 July 1947. 18G. Blake, No Other Choice (London: Jonathan Cape 1990) pp.166–9. 19BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Kurz-Analyse, engl. GD’ [Kurz-Analyse, englischer Geheimdienst: ‘Short Analysis, English Secret Service’], p.307. In German: ‘Die Abteilung politisch-ökonomische Spionage des englischen Geheimdienstes Secret Intelligence Service’. See also Blake, No Other Choice, pp.177–8. 20On these organizations and military intelligence collection by the BAOR, see R.J. Aldrich, ‘Intelligence within BAOR and NATO's Northern Army Group’, Journal of Strategic Studies 31/1 (2008) pp.89–122 at 97–9. 21BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Neue Arbeitsmethoden westlicher Geheimdienste’, pp.341–60. 22BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Neue Arbeitsmethoden westlicher Geheimdienste’, pp.347–9; BStU, Außenstelle Leipzig, BVfS Leipzig, Leitung, 00153, minute entitled ‘Protokoll über die Kollegiumssitzung der Leitung der Bezirksverwaltung Leipzig mit der Abteilung II der Bezirksverwaltung am Dienstag, dem 26. 11. 1957’, 27 November 1957, p.39. 23BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11185, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1959, 11 March 1959, pp.4–5. In this case the factory was of particular interest because, according to the Stasi's report, it was owned by the Soviet Union. 24Tom Bower claims that the SIS sub-station in West Berlin maintained a card index of all the service's agents in Germany (The Perfect English Spy, p.262). Both the Stasi and Blake portray a service far too professional and security-minded for such a claim to be plausible. The claim is made even more implausible by the fact that by the late 1950s, when Blake was stationed in West Berlin, SIS's German station (its headquarters) was in the embassy in Bonn. Why would the West Berlin sub-station maintain a card index of all the agents in Germany? 25BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Kurze Einschätzung der im Jahre 1961 erzielten Untersuchungsergebnisse in der Bearbeitung von Spionageverbrechen’, 9 January 1962, p.232. 26On the Joint Intelligence Bureau, see Huw Dylan, ‘The Joint Intelligence Bureau: Economic, Topographic and Scientific Intelligence for Britain's Cold War, 1946–1964’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Aberystwyth University 2010). 27Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, pp.160–70, 178–9, 324–6; Aldrich, Espionage, Security and Intelligence in Britain, pp.192–9. 28On ‘Lyautey’, see P. Maddrell, ‘What We Have Discovered about the Cold War is What We Already Knew: Julius Mader and the Western Secret Services During the Cold War’, Cold War History 5/2 (2005) pp.235–58 at 250–1; Bower, The Perfect English Spy, pp.261–2. 29BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Einschätzung der Spionage- und Wühltätigkeit der imperialistischen Geheimdienste gegen die Deutsche Demokratische Republik’, 21 November 1961, p.266. 30BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Information: Die Spionage im System der ideologischen Diversion’, pp.311–2. 31Michael F. Scholz, Bauernopfer der deutschen Frage: Der Kommunist Kurt Vieweg im Dschungel der Geheimdienste (Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag 1997) p.204. 32BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11174, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1958, 13 March 1958, p.6. 33BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Übersicht - Betr.: Spionage- und Informationssammlung gegen den innerdeutschen Handel und den Außenhandel der DDR (1959/60)’, 7 April 1961, pp.286–8. 34BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11193, Tätigkeitsbericht für Oktober 1959, 9 November 1959, p.4; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Übersicht - Betr. Spionage- und Informationssammlung gegen den innerdeutschen Handel und den Außenhandel der DDR (1959/60)’, 7 April 1961, p.286. 35BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11194, Tätigkeitsbericht für November 1959, 9 December 1959, p.5. 36BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11177, Tätigkeitsbericht für Mai 1958, 7 June 1958, pp.6–7. 37BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11198, Tätigkeitsbericht für März 1960, 11 April 1960, p.4. 38BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Einschätzung der Spionage- und Wühltätigkeit der imperialistischen Geheimdienste gegen die Deutsche Demokratische Republik’, 21 November 1961, pp.264–9; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Information: Die Spionage im System der ideologischen Diversion’, pp.312–3. 39I. Jackson, The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade, 1948–63 (Basingstoke: Palgrave 2001) pp.128–58. 40Aldrich, ‘Intelligence within BAOR and NATO's Northern Army Group’, pp.89–92. 41BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11171, Tätigkeitsbericht für November 1957, 9 December 1957, pp.8–9. Some of these were put on trial in show trials and sentenced to prison terms: for example, see BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11165, Tätigkeitsbericht für Mai 1957, 7 June 1957, pp.14–15. 42BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11201, Tätigkeitsbericht für Juni 1960, 12 July 1960, pp.6–8. 43BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11169, Tätigkeitsbericht für September 1957, 11 October 1957, p.9. 44BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11209, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1961, 7 March 1961, pp.6–7. 45BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11168, Tätigkeitsbericht für August 1957, 9 September 1957, p.6. 46BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11178, Tätigkeitsbericht für Juni 1958, 7 July 1958, pp.18–19. 47BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11159, Tätigkeitsbericht für November 1956, 8 December 1956, pp.5–6. 48Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, p. 417; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p.6. 49Blake, No Other Choice, pp.174–5. 50BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Kurz-Analyse, engl. GD’ [Kurz-Analyse, englischer Geheimdienst: ‘Short Analysis, English Secret Service’], pp.307–8. 51BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11178, Tätigkeitsbericht für Juni 1958, 7 July 1958, pp.4–5. 52BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11208, Tätigkeitsbericht für Januar 1961, 7 February 1961, pp.4–5. 53BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11201, Tätigkeitsbericht für Juni 1960, 12 July 1960, pp.6–8. 54BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11206, Tätigkeitsbericht für November 1960, 12 December 1960, pp.6–7. 55BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11195, Tätigkeitsbericht für Dezember 1959, 12 January 1960, pp.5–6. For other cases in which the HA IX concluded that East Germans were spies collecting military intelligence for British intelligence agencies, see: BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11184, Tätigkeitsbericht für Januar 1959, 6 February 1959, p.5; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11209, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1961, 7 March 1961, pp.5–6; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11211, Tätigkeitsbericht für April 1961, 6 May 1961, pp.5–6; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11214, Tätigkeitsbericht für Juli 1961, 10 August 1961, p.5. 56BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11172, Tätigkeitsbericht für Dezember 1957, 10 January 1958, p.6. 57See Maddrell, Spying on Science, pp.89–97. 58On these, see P. Maddrell, ‘British–American Scientific Intelligence Collaboration during the Occupation of Germany’ in D. Stafford and R. Jeffreys-Jones (eds.) American–British–Canadian Intelligence Relations 1939–2000 (Ilford: Cass 2000) pp.74–94. 59BStU, BVfS Leipzig, Leitung 00208/02, report entitled ‘Bericht: Betr.: Feindtätigkeit in den Objekten der Abteilung VI’, BV Leipzig, Abteilung VI, 29 November 1957, p.84. 60Ing. is a German form of address indicating that the person is question is an engineer (Ingenieur). 61‘ABUS’ stood for ‘Ausrüstungen für Bergbau und Schwerindustrie’. 62TNA, DEFE 41/12, STIB Berlin to Director, Scientific and Technical Intelligence Branch (STIB), 14 December 1951; DEFE 41/12, Production Directorate to STIB, 3 December 1951; DEFE 41/12, STIB Berlin to Director STIB, 13 October 1951; DEFE 41/12, STIB Berlin to Director STIB, 3 October 1951; DEFE 41/12, STIB Berlin to Director STIB, 1 October 1951. 63In English: Investigative Committee of Free Jurists. 64Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Haftkartei des Gesamtdeutschen Instituts (prisoners' card index of the Gesamtdeutsches Institut), B285/4561 (Justus Muttray) and B285/4584 (Max Rubens); B. Stöver, Die Befreiung vom Kommunismus: amerikanische ‘Liberation Policy’ im Kalten Krieg, 1947–1991 (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag 2002) pp.281–2. 65TNA, DEFE 41/153, Directorate of Scientific Intelligence Memorandum No. 15, ‘Science in the German Democratic Republic’, 17 May 1952, p.1. 66BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11210, Tätigkeitsbericht für März 1961, 7 April 1961, pp.6–7; Matthias Uhl and Vladimir Ivkin, ‘Operation Atom: The Soviet Union's Stationing of Nuclear Missiles in the German Democratic Republic, 1959’, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 12/13 (Fall/Winter 2001) pp.299–307 at p.306, n.32. 67BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11152, Tätigkeitsbericht für April 1956, 11 May 1956, p.5. 68P. Maddrell, ‘The Scientist Who Came in from the Cold: Heinz Barwich's Flight from the GDR’, Intelligence and National Security 20/4 (2005) pp.608–30 at pp.623 and 629–30, n.63. 69See Maddrell, Spying on Science, pp.247–70. 70BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Information: Die Spionage im System der ideologischen Diversion’, p.310. 71BStU, ZA, MfS-Allg. P. 8086/76. 72See Maddrell, ‘What We have Discovered about the Cold War is What We Already Knew’. 73See D. Murphy, S. Kondrashev and G. Bailey, Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1997). 74The Stasi had made this finding long before: see BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 17811, Schulungsmaterial, Hochschule Potsdam-Eiche, Vorlesung, ‘Die feindliche Tätigkeit der rechten Führer der SPD und des DGB sowie des “Ostbüros der SPD” im Rahmen der politisch-ideologischen Diversion gegen die Deutsche Demokratische Republik’, p.313. 75Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p.50. 76Stöver, Die Befreiung vom Kommunismus, pp.258–9. 77W. Buschfort, Parteien im Kalten Krieg (Berlin: Links Verlag 2000) pp.7, 86–8. 78BStU, ZA, MfS-BdL, Dok. Nr. 529/1859, Dienstanweisung Nr. 20/53, 29 June 1953. For further allegations, of uncertain reliability, that important SPD officials were agents of SIS, see: Oberleutnant Szosta, Lektion: ‘Die Ostbüros als Hilfsorgane der imperialistischen Geheimdienste’, Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, Hochschule Potsdam-Eiche, II. Hochschul-Lehrgang, August 1957; BStU, ZA, Allg. S. 1003/67, Band 6, Auszug aus einem Bericht v. 11. 10. 48, 23 September 1954, pp.92–3. 79BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11150, Tätigkeitsbericht für Januar 1956, p.5. 80BStU, ZA, MfS-BdL/Dok. Nr. 002087, Dienstanweisung Nr. 3/53 zur Sachakte ‘Pest’, 14 January 1953. 81BStU, ZA, Allg. S. 66/68, Band 10, Oberst Schröder, Leiter der Hauptabteilung V, to Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, Bezirksverwaltung Gera, Abteilung IX, Tgb.-Nr. HA V/5/I7875/63, 19 November 1963, pp.59–60. In German: ‘Zur Tätigkeit der VOS ist zu sagen, daß die Aktivität über eine Versammlungstätigkeit nicht hinausgeht. Eine Ausnahme bildete der Landesverband Berlin, wo in früheren Jahren Personen für den engl. Geheimdienst angeworben wurden. Auf Grund von Veränderungen in der Landesgeschäftsstelle Westberlin konnte seit ca. 1960 in dieser Richtung ebenfalls nichts mehr festgestellt werden’. 82C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press 1999) pp.520–1. 83K.W. Fricke and R. Engelmann, ‘Konzentrierte Schläge’: Staatssicherheitsaktionen und politische Prozesse in der DDR, 1953–1956 (Berlin: Links Verlag 1998) pp.42–60. 84BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11174, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1958, 13 March 1958, p.6. 85Another colonel in the East German army (then called the Kasernierte Volkspolizei, or KVP), who reported to a British intelligence agency between early 1953 and early 1956, is to be found in: BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11151, Tätigkeitsbericht für Februar 1956, 6 March 1956, p.7. He worked in the KVP's ‘Verwaltung für Kraftfahrzeugwesen' (Administration for Motor Vehicles). 86This may well be the case referred to in note 35 above (BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11193, Tätigkeitsbericht für Oktober 1959, 9 November 1959, p.4). 87This may well be the case referred to in note 36 above (BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11194, Tätigkeitsbericht für November 1959, 9 December 1959, p.5). 88BStU, ZA, MfS-ZAIG 15753, report entitled ‘Hinweise zum sowjetischen Kundschafter im britischen Geheimdienst, George Blake’, 3 December 1976. 89However, another document indicates that more people were arrested that year on suspicion of spying for British agencies. The report (which is for the whole of 1961) states that HA IX/1 (the division of the department responsible for prosecuting spying cases) had arrested 65 people on suspicion of spying for the major Western secret services in 1961; of these, ten had been arrested on suspicion of spying for British intelligence agencies: see BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, report entitled ‘Jahresabschlußbericht über die Resultate und den Stand der Untersuchungsarbeit’, 8 January 1962, p.246. 90This one spy represents 0.4% of all the spies to have passed through Line IX's hands in the period from 13 August 1961 to 31 December 1965. However, it is clear that more spies for British intelligence agencies were arrested in the same period: a study written by Stasi counter-intelligence officers in 1967 states that 5.5% of all the spies of the major Western secret services (those of the United States, West Germany, Britain and France) arrested in those months were British spies: see BStU, ZA, MfS-JHS 21769, Oberst Werner Grunert & Hauptmann Paul Abisch, Dissertation, ‘Zur wirtschaftlichen Störtätigkeit des staatsmonopolistischen Herrschaftssystems Westdeutschlands gegen die führenden Industriezweige der Volkswirtschaft der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik’, March 1967, p.117. 91See P. Maddrell, ‘The Western Secret Services, the East German Ministry of State Security and the Building of the Berlin Wall’, Intelligence and National Security 21/5 (2006) pp.829–48. This article has also been published in L. Scott and R.G. Hughes (eds.), Intelligence, Crises and Security: Prospects and Retrospects (London: Routledge 2007) pp.177–95. 92BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Einschätzung der Spionage- und Wühltätigkeit der imperialistischen Geheimdienste gegen die Deutsche Demokratische Republik’, 21 November 1961, p.260; BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Neue Arbeitsmethoden westlicher Geheimdienste’, p.341. The latter report has been published as Document 1 in P. Maddrell, ‘Exploiting and Securing the Open Border in Berlin: The Western Secret Services, the Stasi and the Second Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961’, Cold War International History Project Working Paper No. 58. This working paper is available online at: . 93BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11195, Tätigkeitsbericht für Dezember 1959, pp. 6–7. 94BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX, MF-11219, Tätigkeitsbericht für Dezember 1961, 8 January 1962, pp.5–6. 95Interview with Helmut Wagner, formerly an Oberstleutnant in the MfS's Line II, 5 September 2001. Wagner is the author of Schöne Grüße aus Pullach (Berlin: Das Neue Berlin 2001). 96BStU, ZA, MfS-JHS 21769, Grunert & Abisch, ‘Zur wirtschaftlichen Störtätigkeit des staatsmonopolistischen Herrschaftssystems Westdeutschlands gegen die führenden Industriezweige der Volkswirtschaft der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik’, March 1967, p.118. 97G. Möller and W. Stuchly, ‘Zur Spionageabwehr (HA II im MfS/Abt. II der BV)’ in R. Grimmer, W. Irmler, W. Opitz and W. Schwanitz (eds.) Die Sicherheit. Zur Abwehrarbeit des MfS, vol. 1 (Berlin: edition ost 2002) pp.471–4. On recognition, see K. Larres, ‘Britain and the GDR: Political and Economic Relations 1949–1989’ in K. Larres (ed.) Uneasy Allies: British–German Relations and European Integration since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000) pp.63–98. 98Wagner, Schöne Grüße aus Pullach, pp.184–95. 99Otto Bernd Kirchner, Wafer-Stepper und Megabit-Chip: Die Rolle des Kombinats Carl-Zeiss-Jena in der Mikroelektronik der DDR (unpublished PhD thesis, Fakultät Geschichts-, Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Abteilung für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Stuttgart University 2000) pp.121 and 141. 100This statement needs to be qualified in one respect. The HA IX consistently showed casualness in describing the organization of British intelligence (and of other Western intelligence services). As with other Western services, it generally does not distinguish between SIS and other British intelligence agencies: they are all described as ‘der englische Geheimdienst’ (‘the English secret service’). Moreover, a report which otherwise contains obviously reliable factual information maintains that both SIS and the Berlin Intelligence Staff were ‘directly responsible to the Prime Minister’ (‘sie unterstehen direkt dem Premierminister’): see BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Neue Arbeitsmethoden westlicher Geheimdienste’, p.347. SIS is, of course, responsible to the Foreign Secretary. As a military intelligence staff, the Berlin Intelligence Staff will have been responsible to the Secretary of State for Defence. 101BStU, ZA, MfS-HA IX 4350, ‘Information: Die Spionage im System der ideologischen Diversion’, pp.309–20. 102Maddrell, Spying on Science, p.269. 103See E. Schmidt-Eenboom, ‘The Rise and Fall of West German Intelligence Operations against East Germany’ in T.W. Friis, K. Macrakis and H. Müller-Enbergs (eds.) East German Foreign Intelligence, pp.34–47; B. Fischer, ‘Deaf, Dumb and Blind: The CIA and East Germany’, East German Foreign Intelligence, pp.48–69.
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