Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Improving Care for Depression: There's No Free Lunch

2006; American College of Physicians; Volume: 145; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês

10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00013

1539-3704

Lisa V. Rubenstein,

Primary Care and Health Outcomes

Editorials3 October 2006Improving Care for Depression: There's No Free LunchFREELisa V. Rubenstein, MD, MSPHLisa V. Rubenstein, MD, MSPHFrom Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, the RAND Health Program, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 91343.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00013 SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Primary care clinicians know depression well. It steals success and satisfaction from their efforts to improve physical health and robs patients of joy, social networks, productivity, and stable lives. Yet despite their generally reasonable basic knowledge about depression and sense of responsibility for alleviating it (1, 2), primary care clinicians continue to experience diagnostic and treatment failure (3). In answer to the pressing need to do better, the elegant study by Dobscha and colleagues in this issue (4) adds critical information to the existing body of work on improving depression outcomes in primary care, showing that in depression care, there's no free lunch.Since the late 1980s, when researchers recognized that primary care is the major access point for depression care, studies have explored primary care–based interventions for improving depression outcomes. These studies showed that educational interventions alone, including reminders, did not improve depression outcomes (5, 6). High-quality randomized trials, however, showed that organizational interventions based on systematic, standardized approaches, or care models, for managing depression in primary care practices can improve depression outcomes (7, 8). Often termed "collaborative care for depression," these care models feature an infrastructure for depression detection, assessment, triage to mental health specialty care, patient self-management, and treatment completion. The models often incorporate stepped care, meaning that more complex, treatment-resistant patients receive more intensive or specialized treatments (9). The core collaborative care resource is usually a depression care manager, commonly a registered nurse. The care manager fosters collaboration between patients, mental health specialists, and primary care clinicians and bridges the gaps in care through which hopeless, helpless, and side effect–prone patients with depression often fall.Despite collaborative care model successes, few practices nationwide currently use this model routinely. In this sense, the model has failed—but not because it cannot be adopted by diverse practice settings. Successful dissemination requires only minimal direct contact between researchers and practices (10–12). Start-up support is required but at a level similar to that of other chronic illness care quality improvement efforts. With start-up support, small practices can implement care management by using office nurses (13) or by sharing a care management program (10, 11).Failure to disseminate collaborative care models is primarily due to difficulty in achieving financial stability for them, not for lack of cost-effectiveness but because of unreimbursed costs (14). Collaborative care models are as cost-effective as other commonly used outpatient treatments (15–19). Because depression treatment rates are low and major medical expenses (such as hospitalization) attributable to depression are rare, better depression care cannot generate enough short-term cost savings to the medical system to fully offset the expense of collaborative care. The potential economic benefits to medical care providers associated with collaborative care (15) are swallowed by the costs of treating more patients more thoroughly. Inadequate reimbursement is thus a major barrier to dissemination of collaborative care models (14).In Dobscha and colleagues' study, researchers asked whether the collaborative care model could remain effective despite reducing the care manager's effort. To accomplish this, the model put more resources into primary care clinician education and decision support and fewer resources toward direct care manager support for patients, compared with successful programs in the past. For example, the care manager in Dobscha and colleagues' model had only 1 initial direct contact with patients, while the norm in previous studies was monthly contact for up to a year unless the patient was receiving mental health specialty care. Overall, the care manager in Dobscha and colleagues' study spent only 8 hours per week caring for 189 patients, compared with full-time effort for a similar number of patients in previous studies (10, 20).The good news in Dobscha and colleagues' study is that the intervention changed provider behavior. Significantly more patients (10%) in the intervention group received appropriate antidepressants, and 10% more had their antidepressant treatment changed. Patients were more likely to be assessed for depression by their primary care clinicians (93% vs. 77%), and clinicians were more likely to have followed up with a depression-related action (85% vs. 54%). Significantly more patients (14%) received at least 1 mental health specialty visit.Did these improvements in care affect outcomes? The bad news is that depression outcomes didn't change when compared with those for patients of control group clinicians. Depression symptoms at 6 or 12 months were similar, and the overall group means for the 2 depression symptom outcome measures remained in the range of major depression. In comparison, 2 large randomized trials of collaborative care used the same symptom outcome measure as that in Dobscha and colleagues' study and showed a 10% to 20% greater reduction in symptoms for intervention group patients. The final group mean depression scores were in the nondepressed range (11, 20).Why didn't changes in care lead to better outcomes? Some explanations are easily countered. For example, perhaps the changes in process were not large enough to affect the outcomes. The improvements in antidepressant initiation in the study by Dobscha and colleagues, however, are at least as large as those in previous studies that showed effects (10, 11, 20).A second possible explanation is that studies in Veterans Affairs (VA) practices show smaller outcome effects from depression interventions. A multisite study of an effective program (20), however, included 2 VA sites, and these sites showed an outcome response that was equal to or greater than that at non-VA sites.Could the patients in Dobscha and colleagues' study have been too chronically ill or complex to benefit from a primary care–based intervention? Study populations in other studies that did show improved depression care process outcomes had equal (11) or only slightly lower (20) baseline symptom severity. Many patients in these studies, like those in Dobscha and colleagues' study, had chronic disease, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety (10, 11, 20).These 3 explanations do not account for the different results of Dobscha and colleagues' study compared with those of previous studies. Two potentially important alternative explanations are the lack of care manager follow-up and incomplete stepped care in Dobscha and colleagues' model. The absence of care manager follow-up visits is the greatest difference from previous models and is most likely to have resulted in suboptimal outcomes. Frequent, ongoing patient support by care managers seems to be critical for many patients. In addition, if stepped care based on patient needs is fully applied, care managers proactively guide patients into more intensive treatments when needed, including psychotherapy. Increased access to psychotherapy was not a goal of Dobscha and colleagues' study, as in some other studies (10, 20), and evidently it did not occur, because the number of patients receiving more than 3 mental health specialty visits did not increase. The focus on depression care by primary care providers, rather than by mental health specialists, may have limited outcome improvements among some patients. Adding care manager follow-up and a stronger stepped care focus to the excellent provider change strategies used in Dobscha and colleagues' study might increase the effect on depression outcomes. Another refinement would be to determine which depressed patients benefit most from regular follow-up from a care manager, allocating the rest to a single contact.Although Dobscha and colleagues' study is "negative" in one sense, its findings, in the context of previous work, can pave the way for the policy, research, and practice changes that are needed to ensure that patients receive high-quality, effective depression care (21). Currently, practices wishing to improve depression outcomes should adopt a collaborative care model that includes access to 6 to 12 months of care management. The alternative is to continue settling for low-quality depression care and its consequences: ongoing preventable damage to patients' lives. That outcome just isn't acceptable.References1. Meredith LS, Rubenstein LV, Rost K, Ford DE, Gordon N, Nutting P, et al. Treating depression in staff-model versus network-model managed care organizations. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:39-48. [PMID: 9893090] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Gallo JJ, Meredith LS, Gonzales J, Cooper LA, Nutting P, Ford DE, et al. Do family physicians and internists differ in knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported approaches for depression? Int J Psychiatry Med. 2002;32:1-20. [PMID: 12075912] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Charbonneau A, Rosen AK, Ash AS, Owen RR, Kader B, Spiro A, et al. Measuring the quality of depression care in a large integrated health system. Med Care. 2003;41:669-80. [PMID: 12719691] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Dobscha SK, Corson K, Hickam DH, Perrin NA, Kraemer DF, Gerrity MS. Depression decision support in primary care. A cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:477-87. LinkGoogle Scholar5. Rollman BL, Hanusa BH, Lowe HJ, Gilbert T, Kapoor WN, Schulberg HC. A randomized trial using computerized decision support to improve treatment of major depression in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:493-503. [PMID: 12133139] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Thompson C, Kinmonth AL, Stevens L, Peveler RC, Stevens A, Ostler KJ, et al. Effects of a clinical-practice guideline and practice-based education on detection and outcome of depression in primary care: Hampshire Depression Project randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:185-91. [PMID: 10675118] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, Thomas R. Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003;289:3145-51. [PMID: 12813120] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. Gerrity MS, Williams JW, Dobscha SK, Deveau J, Holsinger T, Gaynes BN, et al. Improving depression care: systematic review of multifaceted interventions in primary care settings [Abstract]. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19 Suppl 1 166. Google Scholar9. Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Simon G, Walker E, Unützer J, et al. Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent symptoms of depression: a randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:1109-15. [PMID: 10591288] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. Wells KB, Sherbourne C, Schoenbaum M, Duan N, Meredith L, Unützer J, et al. Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:212-20. [PMID: 10634337] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Dietrich AJ, Oxman TE, Williams JW, Schulberg HC, Bruce ML, Lee PW, et al. Re-engineering systems for the treatment of depression in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329:602. [PMID: 15345600] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Rubenstein L, Meredith L, Parker L, Gordon NP, Hickey SC, Oken C, et al. Impacts of evidence-based quality improvement on depression in primary care: a randomized experiment. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 [Forthcoming]. Google Scholar13. Rost K, Nutting P, Smith J, Werner J, Duan N. Improving depression outcomes in community primary care practice: a randomized trial of the quEST intervention. Quality Enhancement by Strategic Teaming. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:143-9. [PMID: 11318908] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. Bachman J, Pincus HA, Houtsinger JK, Unützer J. Funding mechanisms for depression care management: opportunities and challenges. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28:278-88. [PMID: 16814626] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Katon W, Unützer J, Fan MY, Williams JW, Schoenbaum M, Lin EH, et al. Cost-effectiveness and net benefit of enhanced treatment of depression for older adults with diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:265-70. [PMID: 16443871] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Katon WJ, Schoenbaum M, Fan MY, Callahan CM, Williams J, Hunkeler E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of improving primary care treatment of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1313-20. [PMID: 16330719] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Schoenbaum M, Unützer J, Sherbourne C, Duan N, Rubenstein LV, Miranda J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of practice-initiated quality improvement for depression: results of a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;286:1325-30. [PMID: 11560537] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Rost K, Pyne JM, Dickinson LM, LoSasso AT. Cost-effectiveness of enhancing primary care depression management on an ongoing basis. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3:7-14. [PMID: 15671185] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. Lo Sasso AT, Rost K, Beck A. Modeling the impact of enhanced depression treatment on workplace functioning and costs: a cost-benefit approach. Med Care. 2006;44:352-8. [PMID: 16565636] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. Unützer J, Katon W, Callahan CM, Williams JW, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, et al. Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2836-45. [PMID: 12472325] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America. Final Report. DHHS publication no. SMA 03-3832. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2003:1-2. Google Scholar Comments0 CommentsSign In to Submit A Comment Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, the RAND Health Program, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 91343.Disclosures: None disclosed.Corresponding Author: Lisa V. Rubenstein, MD, MSPH, VA Greater Los Angeles at Sepulveda, 16111 Plummer Street (152), North Hills, CA 91343. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoDepression Decision Support in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomized Trial Steven K. Dobscha , Kathryn Corson , David H. Hickam , Nancy A. Perrin , Dale F. Kraemer , and Martha S. Gerrity Metrics Cited byThe Fracture of Relational Space in Depression: Predicaments in Primary Care Help SeekingRandomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial of Reciprocal Peer Support in Heart FailureTargeting Primary Care Referrals to Smoking Cessation Clinics Does Not Improve Quit Rates: Implementing Evidence-Based Interventions into PracticeManagement of Chronic Hepatitis C in Veterans: The Potential of Integrated Care ModelsGaps in Depression Care: Why Primary Care Physicians Should Hone Their Depression Screening, Diagnosis, and Management SkillsEffect of Care Setting on Evidence-based Depression Treatment for Veterans with COPD and Comorbid DepressionImproving depression care for ethnic and racial minorities: A concept for an intervention that integrates CME planning with improvement strategies 3 October 2006Volume 145, Issue 7Page: 544-546KeywordsAntidepressantsDepressionOutpatientsPatientsPopulation statisticsPosttraumatic stress disorderPsychiatry and mental healthQuality improvementRandomized trialsTriage ePublished: 3 October 2006 Issue Published: 3 October 2006 PDF downloadLoading ...