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Green Pluralism: Lessons for Improved Environmental Governance in the 21st Century

2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 55; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/00139157.2013.824339

1939-9154

Norichika Kanie, Peter M. Haas, Steinar Andresen, Graeme Auld, Benjamin Cashore, Pamela Chasek, José A. Puppim de Oliveira, Stefan Renckens, Olav Schram Stokke, Casey Stevens, Stacy D. VanDeveer, Masahiko Iguchi,

Sustainability and Climate Change Governance

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. J. Rockström et al. (2009) "A safe operating space for humanity," Nature 461: 472–75 2. F. Biermann, K. Abbot, S. Andresen, K. Bäckstrand, S. Bernstein, M. M. Betsill, H. Bulkeley, B. Cashore, J. Clapp, C. Folke, A. Gupta, J. Gupta, P. M. Haas, A. Jordan, N. Kanie, T. Kluvánková-Oravská, L. Lebel, D. Liverman, J. Meadowcroft, R. B. Mitchell, P. Newell, S. Oberthür, L. Olsson, P. Pattberg, R. Sánchez-Rodríguez, H. Schroeder, A. Underdal, S. Camargo Vieira, C. Vogel, O. R. Young, A. Brock, and R. Zondervan "Navigating the Anthropocene: Improving Earth System Governance," Science 335, no. 6074 (2012): 1306–1307; N. Kanie, M. M. Betsill, R. Zondervan, F. Biermann, and O. R. Young, "A Charter Moment: Restructuring Governance for Sustainability," Public and Administration and Development 32 (2012): 292–304. 3. J. W. Meyer, "The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime," International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 623–51; S. Andresen, T. Skodvin, et al., Science and Politics in International Environmental Regimes (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); N. Kanie and P. M. Haas, eds., Emerging Forces in Environmental Governance (Tokyo, UNU Press, 2004); L. W. Pauly and E. Grande, "Reconstituting Political Authority: Sovereignty, Effectiveness and Legitimacy in a Transnational Order" in L. W. Pauly and E. Grande, ed., Complex Sovereignty (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005); P. M. Haas, "Epistemic Communities," in D. Bodansky, J. Brunnee, and E. Hey, ed., The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 791–806. H. Bulkeley, L. Andonova, K. Bäckstrand, M. Betsill, D. Compagnon, R. Duffy, A. Kolk, M. Hoffmann, D. Levy, P. Newell, T. Milledge, M. Paterson, P. Pattberg, and S. VanDeveer S, "Governing climate change transnationally: assessing the evidence from a database of sixty initiatives," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 30, no. 4 (2012): 591–612; H. Bulkeley, M. J. Hoffmann, S. D. VanDeveer, and V. Milledge, "Transnational Governance Experiments" in F. Biermann and P. Pattberg, eds., Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered (MIT Press, 2012). 4. The term "best" and "worst" here is used in terms of environmental protection outcomes. For more details of the project, see N. Kanie, S. Andresen, P. M. Haas, eds. (forthcoming), Improving Global Environmental Governance: Best Practices for Architecture and Agency (Routledge/Earthscan). 5. M. Howlett, M. Ramesh, and A. Perl, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, 3rd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); W. C. Clark, J. V. Eijndhoven, et al., eds., Social Learning and the Management of Global and Transboundary Risks (MA: MIT Press, 2001); Kanie and Haas (2004) Ibid. 6. J. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy (Boston: Addison Wesley, 1995); Clark and Eijndhoven et al. eds (2001) Ibid. 7. N. Kanie, "Leadership in Multilateral Negotiation and Domestic Policy: The Netherlands at the Kyoto Protocol Negotiation," International Negotiation 8, no. 2 (2003): 339–365. 8. P. M. Haas and D. McCabe, "Amplifiers or dampeners: international institutions and social learning in the management of global environmental risks," in Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks, Vol. 1 (MA: MIT Press, 2001), 323–348 9. S. D. VanDeveer, "Networked Baltic Environmental Cooperation" Journal of Baltic Studies 42, no.1 (2011): 37–55. 10. An epistemic community is a "network of professionals with recognized expertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to policy relevant knowledge within that domain or issue area". (Haas 1992, p.3) 11. Haas (2007) Ibid.; S. Andresen, T. Skodvin, et al. (2000) Ibid.; E. L. Miles, et al., Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory With Evidence (MA: MIT Press, 2002). 12. E. Corell, "NGO Influence on the Negotiations of the Desertification Convention," in M. Michele Betsill and E. Corell, eds., NGO Diplomacy: The Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 101–18 13. Verification means {XE "verification"} assessing the completeness and accuracy of compliance related information and its conformity with pre-established standards for reporting (C. P. Loreti, S. A. Foster, and J. E. Obbagy, An Overview of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Verification Issues [Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2001]). The task of review is to evaluate available behavioral information in light of the legal commitments that states have assumed (UNEP {XE "United Nations Environment Programme"} Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements [Nairobi: UNEP, 2001]). Assistance means enabling or facilitating rule adherence; this can be the appropriate remedy if non-compliance results mostly from lack of capacity to implement international commitments effectively. Sanction refers to the imposition of various costs in response to nonadherence. 14. The Paris MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) on Port States Control commits 27 states bordering on the North Atlantic with respect to the frequency and quality of vessel inspections; similar arrangements are in place in other large maritime regions. 15. S. Oberthür and O. S. Stokke, eds., Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change (MA: MIT Press, 2011) 16. R. Mitchell, M. L. McConnell, A. Roginko, and A. Barrett, "International Vessel-Source Oil Pollution," in O. R. Young, ed., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes: Causal Connections and Behavioral Mechanisms (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 33–90: 59, 67. 17. O. S. Stokke, "Nuclear Dumping in Arctic Seas: Russian Implementation of the London Convention," in D. G. Victor, K. Raustiala and E. B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 475–517. 18. On background and early experiences, see J. M. Shields and W. C. Potter, eds, Dismantling the Cold War: The U.S. and NIS Perspectives on the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998). 19. O. S. Stokke, "Trade Measures and the Combat of IUU Fishing: Institutional Interplay and Effective Governance in the Northeast Atlantic," Marine Policy 33 (2009): 339–349 20. S. M. Machado Carvalho, "Reducing emissions of ozone-depleting substances in Brazil," Global Environmental Change 4, no. 3 (1993): 350–356; J. A. Puppim de Oliveira, Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries (Albany, NY: State University of New York–SUNY Press, 2008); C. Prip, T. Gross, S. Johnston, and M. Vierros, Biodiversity Planning: An Assessment Of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (Yokohama, Japan: United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, 2010). 21. J. Zhao and L. Ortolano, "The Chinese Government's Role in Implementing Multilateral Environmental Agreements: The Case of the Montreal Protocol." The China Quarterly 175 (2003): 708–25. 22. J. A. Puppim de Oliveira, "Bridging The Gap Between Small Firms and Investors To Promote Investments for Green Innovation in Developing Countries: Two Cases in Brazil," Int. J. Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 4, no. 4 (2011): 259–76. 23. Ostrom, Elinor. "Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems." American Economic Review 100, no. 3 (2010): 641–672. 24. M. M. Betsill and E. Corell, eds., NGO Diplomacy: The Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations (MA: MIT Press, 2008); Biermann et al. (2012) Ibid.; P. Chasek, D. Downie, J. W. Brown, Global Environmental Politics, 5th ed. (Westview Press, 2010); Bulkeley (2012) Ibid. 25. Bulkeley (2012) Ibid. 26. J. G. March and J. P. Olsen, "The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders," International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn; 1998): 943–69. 27. D. Griggs, M. Stafford-Smith, O. Gaffney, J. Rockstrom, M. C. Ohman, P. Shyamsundar, W. Steffen, G. Glaser, N. Kanie, and I. Noble, "Sustainable Development Goals for People and Planet" Nature 495 (2013): 305–307.