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Changing Relationship Among Office, Ambulatory, and Home Blood Pressure With Increasing Age

2014; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 64; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04076

1524-4563

George S. Stergiou, Angeliki Ntineri, Αναστάσιος Κόλλιας,

Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

HomeHypertensionVol. 64, No. 5Changing Relationship Among Office, Ambulatory, and Home Blood Pressure With Increasing Age Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplementary MaterialsFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBChanging Relationship Among Office, Ambulatory, and Home Blood Pressure With Increasing AgeA Neglected Issue George S. Stergiou, Angeliki Ntineri and Anastasios Kollias George S. StergiouGeorge S. Stergiou From the Hypertension Center, Third University Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece. , Angeliki NtineriAngeliki Ntineri From the Hypertension Center, Third University Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece. and Anastasios KolliasAnastasios Kollias From the Hypertension Center, Third University Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece. Originally published2 Sep 2014https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04076Hypertension. 2014;64:931–932Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2014: Previous Version 1 See related article, pp 1073–1079In this issue, Conen et al1 reported data showing changing relationship between office blood pressure (OBP) and awake ambulatory BP (aABP) with increasing age. This observation is not new,2–5 but it is largely neglected and ignored and has major clinical implications.BP is known to increase with aging, leading to increasing hypertension prevalence. This applies to BP measurements in and out of the office (Figure).1–3 The problems start here because, as Conen et al confirmed, the range of BP rise with age is much higher (about double) for OBP than aABP.1–3 As a result, a practical problem emerges because the relationship between OBP and aABP is not the same across all the age groups.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Relationship between age and blood pressure assessed by different methods. Dotted horizontal line indicates hypertension threshold based on awake ambulatory blood pressure. Constructed from data reported by Conen et al,1 Ishikawa et al,2 and Stergiou et al.3There is convincing evidence that in children and adolescents the relationship among OBP, aABP, and home BP (HBP) is not the same as in the adults. A comparison of normalcy tables currently recommended for defining hypertension in children and adolescents showed that the corresponding percentiles are consistently lower for HBP than for aABP.5 Moreover, there is a trend for OBP to be lower than HBP and aABP in younger children, yet this difference is progressively eliminated with increasing age. The findings in regard to aABP might be attributed to high level of physical activity of the young individuals during the day (increases aABP), whereas the findings for HBP might be because of inability of the young children to remain still during repeated HBP measurements (increases HBP) (Table). The latter observation is derived from a school-based study (n=765) that showed children aged 6 to 12 years to have higher HBP than OBP and this difference to be eliminated in adolescents.4 As a result of the above-mentioned phenomena, in children and adolescents, the prevalence of masked hypertension detected by aABP or HBP seems to be higher than of white-coat or sustained hypertension,6,7 with uncertain clinical implications.Table. Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Measured by Different Methods in Young and Old Subjects and ImplicationsAgeFactorsEffectsImplicationsYoung↑ Physical activity; job strain↑ Awake ABP↑ Prevalence of masked hypertensionUnable to remain still during repeated home BP monitoring (children)↑ Home BPOld↓ Physical activity; retirement↓ Awake ABP↑ Prevalence of white-coat hypertension↑ Orthostatic hypotension↓ Awake ABP↑ Prevalence of hypertension and thereby of white-coat phenomenon↑ Office BPABP indicates ambulatory blood pressure; and BP, blood pressure.As long as it is known that in young subjects the relationship among OBP, aABP, and HBP is not the same as in the adults, the obvious question is at which age this relationship changes (probably a progressive change) and which factors interfere (Table).In 2011, Ishikawa et al2 published a meta-analysis of 34 studies (n=16 148) investigating the relationship between office and out of office BP with increasing age (Figure). This analysis included untreated normotensives or hypertensives aged from 10 to >90 years with OBP and either aABP or HBP measurements. The conclusion was that systolic OBP increases with age more steeply than aABP and becomes higher than aABP after the age of 50 years. HBP was lower than OBP at all ages and also lower than aABP in younger subjects becoming similar in older ones.In 2010, we reported data from 696 subjects aged 5 to 78 years, all of whom had OBP, aABP, and HBP measurements using the same protocol.3 The main conclusion was that (1) in children and adolescents aABP is higher than HBP and OBP and (2) in older subjects the aABP–HBP difference is eliminated and the aABP–OBP difference is progressively inversed. We recently expanded this data set and performed an updated analysis in 642 untreated subjects aged 5 to 78 years (unpublished data) and confirmed that (1) the crossing age point where aABP becomes higher than OBP is at 21 years and (2) HBP is lower than aABP in children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 40 years, and then tends to have similar values up to 60 years, and later on might be higher than aABP (Figure).The key finding presented by Conen et al1 is that OBP is lower than aABP up to the age of 50 years, and this relation is reversed in older subjects (Figure). This change in the OBP−aABP relationship resulted in low prevalence of white-coat hypertension and high of masked hypertension in young people, and the reverse in old ones. Strengths of this analysis are that (1) it is based on random population studies, (2) included a large sample (n=9550), and (3) all were untreated for hypertension. Limitations are that (1) an incomplete picture of the age spectrum is provided because children and adolescents were not included, (2) there are no HBP data, (3) OBP was based on 2 readings on a single occasion, which is too little information for a measure known to be unstable and poorly reproducible, (4) OBP was obtained at the person's home or at an examination center, whereas the diagnostic HBP threshold is not the same as for OBP; and (5) these findings are based on untreated population samples and may differ in subjects with elevated BP or treated for hypertension.Common in the 3 studies comparing OBP with aABP is the age point of change after which their relationship is reversed with higher OBP than aABP.1–3 This is at 50 years in the data by Conen et al1 and Ishikawa et al2 compared with 21 years in our data set.3 Although this is a major disagreement, it seems to be largely driven and explained by differences in hypertension prevalence (elevated aABP), which was almost double across all the age groups in our study that included subjects attending a BP clinic.3 In the studies by Conen et al1 and Ishikawa et al,2 average systolic aABP of adults was at ≈128 versus 140 mm Hg in our study,3 suggesting large difference in hypertension prevalence, However, at the age point of OBP−aABP difference reversal (50, 50, and 21 years, respectively) aABP was at ≈130 mm Hg in all the 3 studies (Figure).1–3 Thus, the prevalence of hypertension seems to be a key factor for the OBP–aABP relationship, because it is accompanied by increased prevalence of the white-coat phenomenon. In other words, the greater increase in OBP than aABP with aging is because of increased hypertension prevalence, which induces the white-coat phenomenon.Diagnostic disagreement is inevitable when using >1 BP measurement methods in clinical practice and getting around this problem is a challenge. Moreover, in the individual patient the OBP–aABP relationship is unpredictable. OBP is based on 2 to 3 measurements taken in an artificial setting, whereas aABP is based on 30 to 50 readings taken in the individual's usual environment and activities. Therefore, it is not a surprise that ABP is a much stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than OBP, and in case of diagnostic disagreement between them (white-coat or masked hypertension), the risk is dictated by ABP.8 For these reasons a straightforward approach would be to retain OBP for wide scale screening, but when ABP is available to base decisions exclusively on this method and ignore OBP.9 As for the diagnostic ABP threshold, indeed this has been derived from outcome studies in adults aged >50 years.8 In young people such studies are not feasible and distributional criteria have been used to define ABP thresholds in children and adolescents.5 Defining ABP normalcy through its relationship with preclinical organ damage (left ventricular mass) is a sensible approach for young subjects that needs to be addressed in future studies.DisclosuresNone.FootnotesThe opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Correspondence to George Stergiou, Hypertension Center, Third University Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, 152 Mesogion Ave, Athens 11527, Greece. E-mail [email protected]References1. Conen D, Aeschbacher S, Thijs L, et al. Age-specific differences between conventional and ambulatory daytime blood pressure values.Hypertension. 2014; 64:1073–1079.LinkGoogle Scholar2. Ishikawa J, Ishikawa Y, Edmondson D, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE. Age and the difference between awake ambulatory blood pressure and office blood pressure: a meta-analysis.Blood Press Monit. 2011; 16:159–167.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Stergiou G, Destounis A, Kollias A, Nasothimiou E, Tzamouranis D, Evangelou I, Roussias L. Changing relationship between clinic, home and ambulatory blood pressure with increasing age.J Hypertens. 2010; 28(suppl A);e76.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Stergiou GS, Rarra VC, Yiannes NG. Changing relationship between home and office blood pressure with increasing age in children: the Arsakeion School study.Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21:41–46.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Stergiou GS, Karpettas N, Panagiotakos DB, Vazeou A. Comparison of office, ambulatory and home blood pressure in children and adolescents on the basis of normalcy tables.J Hum Hypertens. 2011; 25:218–223.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Lurbe E, Torro I, Alvarez V, Nawrot T, Paya R, Redon J, Staessen JA. Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth.Hypertension. 2005; 45:493–498.LinkGoogle Scholar7. Stergiou GS, Rarra VC, Yiannes NG. Prevalence and predictors of masked hypertension detected by home blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study.Am J Hypertens. 2009; 22:520–524.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. O'Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, et al; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.J Hypertens. 2013; 31:1731–1768.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Stergiou GS, Parati G. Home blood pressure monitoring may make office measurements obsolete.J Hypertens. 2012; 30:463–465.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Zeniodi M, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Servos G, Moyssakis I, Destounis A, Harokopakis A, Vazeou A and Stergiou G (2020) Home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children, adolescents and young adults: comparison, diagnostic agreement and association with preclinical organ damage, Journal of Hypertension, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002396, 38:6, (1047-1055), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2020. Ha D, Tran O, Nguyen H, Chiriboga G, Goldberg R, Phan V, Nguyen C, Nguyen G, Pham H, Nguyen T, Le T and Allison J (2020) Conquering hypertension in Vietnam—solutions at grassroots level: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial, Trials, 10.1186/s13063-020-04917-8, 21:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Kollias A, Papadatos S, Dominiczak A, Parati G, Stergiou G, Demerouti E, Voulgaris D, Papadakis I, Karsanidis A, Triantafillou A, Garzonis S, Gourgoulis G, Trikalinou A, Karidas P, Savvalas D, Aggelopoulos T, Alevizos A, Moraiti A, Rosmarakis E, Chatzigeorgiou G, Antonakis V, Alexandropoulou-Tsirka A, Markaki I, Astrinakis S, Roilidis V, Polymeros S, Chariatis E, Panageas V, Kontoriga A, Patsioura M, Kleftaki-Manta A, Kalantaridou A, Kourouklis S, Papakonstantinos G, Barouni P, Grekidou E, Sklaveniti A, Kolovou I, Antoniadis A, Pelekanos I, Zervaki Drakou N, Tikka-Zoumpou K, Dalaklidou V, Menti A, Christofeli A, Androutsakos T, Doulgerakis D, Oikonomopoulou I, Moschos M, Koutras D, Skias I, Boutsikos P, Matsaggoura-Sameli M, Riga M, Sainis P, Mitilinaiou-Karakozi E, Mainas K, Nikolaou K, Chatziparaskevas S, Ozai O, Vogiatzis G, Lilis L, Plaskas D, Chatzizisi S, Gianasmidis A, Petrovitsos E, Koykoyfikis G, Pittas A, Rovithis D, Ioannidis A, Dalamaga E, Kladas G, Afthonidis N, Pourou E, Katainidis S, Gavrilidou M, Kourtidou P, Tsamopoulos L, Kairis K, Arampatzi S, Basoukos C, Daskalakis K, Megianis V, Simintiridou D, Christoforidis T, Lafazanis G, Chatzioannidis L, Stephopoulos C, Karanika-Chandolia K, Teneketzi E, Mellidis C, Tsepelis P, Louspas C, Biternas M, Xionis T, Tsantilas D, Kosmanou M, Gougousis I, Chatzi F, Vassos A, Bitchavas S, Dalaveris E, Spiroulias G, Anastasopoulos I, Karlis D, Chiotis D, Christodoulou G, Arfanakis D, Psarogianni-Sinou V, Kokkinos S, Anifantis I, Alogogianni P, Michas A, Oikonomou A, Charalampous A, Papadopoulos P, Philipoiou Kotsoni M, Dragonas P, Laskari E, Tsiamtsiouri G, Kritsova-Avgerou V, Tiligadas T, Vrettos N, Vernardos N, Melessanakis M, Melidoniotis A, Liodakis E, Manousakis A, Galanakis C, Lampousakis I, Vyzoukakis E, Strimpouli G, Patramanis I, Chatziliadou D, Nioti K, Koynalakis D, Tserkis I, Androutsopoulou C, Liavvas C and Karaoglanidou D (2020) Automated office blood pressure measurements in primary care are misleading in more than one third of treated hypertensives: The VALENTINE-Greece Home Blood Pressure Monitoring study, Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.hjc.2019.01.005, 61:3, (174-177), Online publication date: 1-May-2020. 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Ntineri A, Stergiou G, Thijs L, Asayama K, Boggia J, Boubouchairopoulou N, Hozawa A, Imai Y, Johansson J, Jula A, Kollias A, Luzardo L, Niiranen T, Nomura K, Ohkubo T, Tsuji I, Tzourio C, Wei F and Staessen J (2016) Relationship between office and home blood pressure with increasing age: The International Database of HOme blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDHOCO), Hypertension Research, 10.1038/hr.2016.32, 39:8, (612-617), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2016. Reynolds K, Bowling C, Sim J, Sridharan L, Harrison T and Shimbo D (2015) The Utility of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Diagnosing White Coat Hypertension in Older Adults, Current Hypertension Reports, 10.1007/s11906-015-0599-0, 17:11, Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015. Stergiou G, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Destounis A, Nasothimiou E and Roussias L (2015) Changing relationship among clinic, home, and ambulatory blood pressure with increasing age, Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 10.1016/j.jash.2015.04.002, 9:7, (544-552), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2015. Saklayen M and Deshpande N (2016) Timeline of History of Hypertension Treatment, Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00003, 3 November 2014Vol 64, Issue 5 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04076PMID: 25185136 Originally publishedSeptember 2, 2014 PDF download Advertisement SubjectsDiagnostic TestingHypertension