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Playing the Same Game: North Korea's Coercive Attempt at U.S. Reconciliation

2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 32; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/01636600903221924

1530-9177

Narushige Michishita,

Korean Peninsula Historical and Political Studies

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. The missile issue did not become a major topic in the Six-Party Talks although the North Korean side actually suggested it be one. North Korea proposed a “package solution” in 2003. According to the proposal, the United States would conclude a nonaggression treaty with the DPRK, establish diplomatic relations with it, guarantee economic cooperation between the DPRK and Japan and between two Koreas, and compensate North Korea for the loss of electricity caused by the delayed provision of light-water reactors and complete their construction. In return, North Korea would not make nuclear weapons, accept nuclear inspections, eventually dismantle its nuclear facilities, freeze missile tests, and stop missile exports. See “Keynote Speeches Made at Six-way Talks,” Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), August 29, 2003, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200308/news08/30.htm. 2. Kim Young Sam Daetongryeong Yeonseolmunjip, Vol. 1, February 25, 1993–January 31, 1994 (Seoul: Daetongryeong Biseosil, 1994), p. 59 (given before the National Assembly in Seoul on February 25, 1993). 3. See Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), “Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,” October 21, 2004, http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/AgreedFramework.pdf. 4. “DPRK Foreign Ministry Declares Strong Counter-Measures Against UNSC's ‘Resolution 1874,’” KCNA, June 13, 2009, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200906/news13/20090613-10ee.html. 5. See Yoichi Funabashi, The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Nuclear Crisis (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), pp. 94–95. 6. “Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, September 19, 2005, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t212707.htm. 7. Embassy of the United States in Beijing, “Assistant Secretary of State Christopher R. Hill's Statement at the Closing Plenary of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks,” September 19, 2005, http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/0919p.html (press release). 8. “Spokesman for DPRK Foreign Ministry on Six-Party Talks,” KCNA, September 20, 2005, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2005/200509/news09/21.htm. 9. Joel Stephen Wit, interview by author, Washington, D.C., July 27, 2002 (former U.S. Department of State official); Robert Carlin, e-mail communication with author, February 24, 2008. 10. Yoon Young Chan, “The North Conducted a Taepodong Missile Engine Burn Test in Early Last Month,” Dong-A Ilbo, June 21, 1999, p. 1, http://www.kinds.or.kr/ (in Korean); Koichi Kosuge, “North Korea Conducted a Rocket Burn Test, U.S. Satellites Detected, Thought to be for the Taepodong-2 Missile,” Asahi Shimbun, June 24, 1999, p. 1 (in Japanese). 11. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Easing Sanctions Against North Korea,” September 17, 1999, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/dprk/1999/990917-dprk-wh1.htm; Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Easing Sanctions Against North Korea,” September 17, 1999, http://www.fas.org/news/dprk/1999/990917-dprk-wh2.htm (fact sheet); “DPRK Not to Launch Missile,” KCNA, September 24, 1999, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1999/9909/news09/24.htm. 12. “U.S.-DPRK Joint Communiqué,” Washington, D.C., October 12, 2000, http://www.nautilus.org/archives/pub/ftp/napsnet/special_reports/US-DPRK_Joint_Communique.txt. 13. Madeleine K. Albright, press conference, Pyongyang, October 24, 2000, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB164/10_24_00%20Albright%20press%20conference%20in%20North%20Korea.pdf. 14. Madeleine Albright, Madam Secretary: A Memoir (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), p. 465; Michael R. Gordon, “How Politics Sank Accord on Missiles With North Korea,” New York Times, March 6, 2001, p. A1, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/06/world/06MISS.html; Nam Mun Hee, “North Korea Promised to Abandon No Dong Missile Development,” Sisa Jeonal, no. 597 (April 5, 2001), http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=21895# (interview with National Assembly National Defense Committee Chairman Chun Yong Taek) (in Korean). 15. Gordon, “How Politics Sank Accord on Missiles With North Korea.” 16. “KCNA on DPRK's Successful Launch of Satellite Kwangmyongsong-2,” KCNA, April 5, 2009, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200904/news05/20090405-11ee.html. 17. “Successful Launch of First Satellite in DPRK,” KCNA, September 4, 1998, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9809/news09/04.htm#1. 18. See “Principled Stand of KPA to Defend Socialist Country as Firm as Iron Wall Clarified,” KCNA, January 17, 2009, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200901/news17/20090117-10ee.html. 19. “DPRK Delegate on UN Peace-keeping Operations,” KCNA, March 3, 2009, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200903/news03/20090303-02ee.html. 20. Yoo Yong Won, “The North Intensifies Gun Fire and Fighter Aircraft Sorties by Two to Six Times Near Baengnyeongdo and Yeonpyeongdo,” Chosun Ilbo, May 9, 2009, http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/05/09/2009050900052.html (in Korean). 21. Public Affairs Office, United States Forces Korea, “UN Command and North Koreans Hold Talks,” 090302-1, March 2, 2009, http://www.usfk.mil/usfk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=184 (press release). 22. “Our Republic Will Be Faithful to the Cause of Global Independence, Says Head of DPRK Delegation at 48th Session of UNGA,” Pyongyang Times, October 16, 1993, p. 8. 23. “FM Urges U.S. to Respond to DPRK's Peace Proposal,” Pyongyang Times, May 7, 1994, pp. 1 and 3. 24. “Three Point Proposal for Peace Mechanism,” Pyongyang Times, March 2, 1996, p. 1. 25. Lee Jong-seok, “Debate on Establishing the Peace Regime on the Korean Peninsula: Issues and the Search for Alternatives,” Sejong Jeongchaek Yeongu 4, no. 1 (2008): 20, http://www.sejong.org/Pub_st/PUB_ST_DATA/k7.PDF (in Korean). 26. “Special Communiqué of KPA General Staff,” KCNA, September 2, 1999, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1999/9909/news09/02.htm. 27. Stephen Bosworth, testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 11, 2009, http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2009/BosworthTestimony090611p.pdf (hereinafter Bosworth testimony). 28. Hillary Rodham Clinton, “U.S. and Asia: Two Transatlantic and Transpacific Powers” (remarks, Asia Society, New York, February 13, 2009), http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/02/117333.htm. 29. Stephen W. Bosworth, “Remarks at the Korea Society Annual Dinner,” Washington, D.C., June 9, 2009, http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2009/06/124567.htm. 30. Bosworth testimony. 31. Siegfried S. Hecker, “Report of Visit to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK): Pyongyang and the Nuclear Center at Yongbyon,” Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, February 12–16, 2008, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22146/HeckerDPRKreport.pdf. 32. Siegfried S. Hecker, “Report of Visit to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK): Pyongyang and the Nuclear Center at Yongbyon,” Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, February 12–16, 2008, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22146/HeckerDPRKreport.pdf p. 3. 33. See Blaine Harden, “North Korean Nuclear Blast Draws Global Condemnation,” Washington Post, May 26, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/25/AR2009052501672.html. See also United States Geological Survey (USGS), “Magnitude 4.3 - North Korea,” October 9, 2006, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2006/ustqab/; USGS, “Magnitude 4.7 - North Korea,” May 25, 2009, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009hbaf.php. 34. Lt. Gen. Michael D. Maples, “Annual Threat Assessment,” statement before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, March 10, 2009, p. 26, http://www.dia.mil/publicaffairs/Testimonies/statement_31.pdf. 35. Japanese Ministry of Defense, “Summary Press Meeting With Minister Nukaga,” September 15, 2006, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/kisha/2006/09/15.html (in Japanese). 36. For the details of the launch, see Japanese Ministry of Defense, “On the North Korean Missile Launch,” May 15, 2009, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/library/bmd/20090515.html (in Japanese). 37. Japanese Ministry of Defense, Defense of Japan 2008 (Tokyo: Urban Connections, 2009), p. 36. 38. Brig. Gen. Patrick O'Reilly, “Missile Defense Program Overview for the Washington Roundtable on Science and Public Policy” (presentation, Missile Defense Agency, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., January 29, 2007), p. 4, http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/495.pdf; Brig. Gen. Patrick J. O'Reilly, speech, George C. Marshall Institute on U.S. Missile Defense, Washington, D.C., January 29, 2007, http://video.aol.com/video-detail/george-c-marshall-institute-on-us-missile-defense/161178968. 39. Shigeru Ishiba, testimony before the House of Councilors Budget Committee, March 5, 2003, http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/cgi-bin/KENSAKU/swk_dispdoc.cgi?SESSION=24405&SAVED_RID=2&PAGE=0&POS=0&TOTAL=0&SRV_ID=8&DOC_ID=7213&DPAGE=1&DTOTAL=13&DPOS=13&SORT_DIR=1&SORT_TYPE=0&MODE=1&DMY=25188 (director general of the Defense Agency) (in Japanese). 40. International Crisis Group, “North Korea's Missile Launch: The Risks of Overreaction,” Asia Briefing, no. 91 (March 31, 2009), p. 5. 41. For the details, see Japanese Ministry of Defense, “Summary of the Defense Minister's Press Conference,” July 6, 2009, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/kisha/2009/07/06.html (in Japanese). 42. Bosworth testimony. Additional informationNotes on contributorsNarushige MichishitaNarushige Michishita is an assistant professor of the Security and International Studies Program at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) in Tokyo. A specialist in strategic and Japan/Korea studies, he is author of North Korea's Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966–2008(Routledge, September 2009)