THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN EDUCATION UNESCO INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR, ATHENS, 1954
1956; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 8; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1468-0033.1956.tb00293.x
ISSN1468-0033
Autores Tópico(s)Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. . International Seminar on the Role of Museums in Education (14 September‐12 October 1932, Brooklyn, New York, US A.). Paris, 5 April 1954, Unesco/ CUA/54, 34 p. 27,5 cm. [Report by Douglas A. Allan, D.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Director of the Seminar, Director of the Royal Scottish Museum,. Edinburgh.] See also: Museum, Volume VI (1953), No. 4, Google Scholar and the documents prepared for the seminar and produced during it, on file at Unesco House.2. . Work Group on Museums and Education, U.S. National Commission Meeting (Minneapolis, 13–17 September 1953). School‐Museum Relations, Conference of the Joint Committee on School‐Museum Relations of the U.S. Office of Education, National Education Association and American Association of Museums, Washington, 3 June 1955, see Note, p. 215.3. . Countries represented at both seminars: Austria, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Iraq, Jordan, Netherlands, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (England and Scotland), United States of America.Countries represented for the first time, at Athens: Brazil, Greece, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Norway, Poland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom (Cyprus and Malta), Yugoslavia.4. . Principal museums in Greece visited by the seminar: Athens (National Museum of Archaeology, Benaki Museum, Byzantine Museum, Museum of Decorative Arts, Art Museum and Zappeion Gallery, Acropolis Aluseum, Agora Museum, University Museums of Anthropology, of Botany, of Palaeontology and Geology, of Petrology and Mineralogy, of Zoology); Corinth, Epidaurus, Delphi, Nauplia, Patras, Olympia.5. . In his remarks preceding the visit to his own museum, Mr. C. Karousos, Director of the National Museum of Archaeology, Athens, emphasized the importance of museums for education and pointed out how his new installations (based on chronology, with labels on the objects, and, on occasion, illustrations of their use or their location on discovery) attempted to meet the needs of educators and interested visitors. The collection of icons organized according to iconography and the key labels in French as well as Greek at the Byzantine Museum, the model showing the site as it probably looked in ancient times at the Olympia Museum, the carefully prepared charts and labels for the Agora excavations, and the photographs and explanation of problems of cleaning and restoration of paintings in the Art Gallery of the Zappeion were other notable examples of efforts in Greece to give an educational character to exhibitions. The Guide‐book for the Byzantine Museum, with a recently published edition in French, August 1955, like the guide‐book in foreign languages issued before the war by the National Museum of Archaeology, recognizes the need of providing information of an educational type for foreign visitors.6. . In addition to the museums and site museums listed, the seminar visited sites and monuments: Aegina, Mycenae, Sunion, Tiryns, Daphni and Kaisariani.7. . Among them should be mentioned: Professor George Pantazis, Vice‐President of the Greek National Commission, who took charge of arrangements for the seminar; and who provided advice and guidance during its operation; Spiridon Mari‐natos, Honorary Associate Director, who assisted with advice; and Emmanuel Hadjidakis, Director of the Benaki Museum and Anne Hadjinicolaou, Curator of the Byzantine Museum, Honorary Assistant Associate Directors, who attended seminar sessions and served as guides for the group on visits to museums and sites.8. . In addition to the Greek archaeologists who introduced members of the seminar to sites, members of the American and French archaeological missions in Greece received the seminar at the sites where they were working and gave introductory talks and answered questions.9. . The working documents of the seminar, reports on museums and education in their own countries by all participants, special reports on Greek museums by Anne Hadjinicolaou and on fundamental education by specialists in the subject from Sirs‐el‐Layyan and from Unesco, and the reports produced by the working groups and committees of the seminar, are on file at Unesco House.The Official Report, by the director of the seminar, has appeared (unesco/cua/64, Paris, 21 November 1955).10. . For those unacquainted with Unesco's international seminars, Unesco selects, at the direction of a General Conference, a subject to be studied for a period, usually a month, by a group of qualified experts. Member States are invited to send participants and pay their travel expense to the place selected for the meeting. There Unesco provides modest lodging and a staff composed of Director and Group Leaders to direct the professional work, and Secretariat members and locally recruited secretarial personnel to care for technical. details. The Member State which has invited the seminar and acts as host contributes meeting place, services and professional help on a generous scale.11. . Mr. Al Ouche had also stated during the seminar how valuable the material produced by the Brooklyn seminar, and the various publications by Unesco on museum techniques, had been for the National Museum of Damascus.12. . The National Museum of Damascus's garden, in which antique sculpture is displayed, adjoins the Fair Grounds. At the time of the International Fair, the Museum opened these gardens to the Fair visitors to provide direct access for them to its galleries. It had notable success in attracting a large and interested audience for its important collections of antiquities of the region and of Moslem art and architecture, handsomely displayed according to contemporary installation techniques.[See: "Archaeological Finds of 1952 on Exhibition "in the Damascus Museum", Museum, Volume VII (1954), p. 37–43; Google Scholar "The New Department of Moslem Art in the National Museum, Damascus", Museum, Volume VIII (1955), p. 44–49. Google Scholar]13. . Final recommendations of the seminar directly applicable to education may" be summarized: (1) each museum should have one or more specialists in education with curatorial rank on its staff; (2) liaison should be close between museums and schools in order to assure co‐operation in museum use; (3) teacher training should include training in museum use; (4) museums should provide rooms for educational activity; (5) museums should provide travelling exhibitions; (6) museums should consider loans outside the museum when they have value for education; (7) schools should include space for exhibitions.14. . In the effort to help museum workers of every kind to understand the viewpoint of the school system in regard to museum use, a committee of the educators was encouraged to formulate the points that seemed important to them: (a) why museums must play an increasingly important role in education; (b) what educators desire from museum workers; (c) division of responsibility between educators and museum workers in use of museums; (d) utilization of the museum by the school educator; (e) contribution of the museum to the general public (adult and general cultural education).15. . The points were formulated as the result of techniques employed in their own countries on which participants reported; and of observations and discussions in Greece, or they were summed up by Georges Henri Rivière, observer at the seminar for icom, who served as expert on presentation.16. . See: "Museums and Circulating Exhibitions", Museum, Volume III (1950), p. 261–323; Google Scholar "Museums and Temporary Exhibitions", Museum, Volume IV (1951), p. 1–62; Google Scholar "Recent Developments in Mobile Units", Museum, Volume V (1952), p. 186–195. Google Scholar and Museum Volume VII (1954), p. 127–140. Google Scholar See also: Manual of Travelling Exhibitions. Paris, Unesco, 1953. 112 p., 18 diagrams, 70 illustr. 21.5 cm. [Series Museums and Monuments, V.]17. . A report on the museum arranged as an adjunct to a total training and field work programme in fundamental education for the Arab States Fundamental Education Centre, at Sirs‐el‐Layyan, with sections on crafts—local and those of comparable groups elsewhere—on techniques applicable to education in the Arab States, and on examples of improvements in food techniques, agriculture, etc., was an important contribution to the seminar's work on this subject. (Cf.: "The Rural Museum of the Arab States Fundamental Education Centre", Museum, Volume VII (1954), p. 218–224.) The importance of teaching by things as well as by the written word, in fundamental education was brought out by the report of the expert from Unesco. Both reports are on file at Unesco House.18. . Drawn up by a committee at Athens, distributed to participants at the end of the seminar and on file at Unesco House.19. . It should be noted that many of the recommendations for archaeological site museums are applicable to historical sites and to monuments as well.20. . Cf. Grösel, Anton. "Unesco‐Seminar: Museum und Erziehung", Padagogische Mitteilmigen. Beil. z. Verordnungsblatt des Bundesministcriums für Unterricht, Wien, 1955, Nr. 5, p. 67–74.21. Hadjinicolaou, Anna, Paideia Kai Zoe, Athens, 1st Dec. 1954, p. 265–270 [Greek].22. Harrison, Molly, and O'Dea, W. T. "Athens 1954", The Museums Journal (The Museums Association). London, December 1954, p. 242–244, p lates xl‐xlhi.23. MacDermot, Elizabeth. "Unesco Seminar on the Role of Museums in Education ", Bulletin of the Canadian Museums Association. Ottawa, December 1954, P‐ 3–5.24. "Report on Unesco's Museum Educational Seminar at Athens" (Theodore L. Low, Director, Department of Education, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Md.). The 50th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. 1–3 June 1955. The Museum News, Washington, 1 May 1955, p. 4.25. Van de Waal, H. "Onderwijs en Museum, Conclusies en Suggesties naar aanleiding van de Unesco‐Seminars te Brooklyn (1952) en Athene (1954)", O. K. W. Medelingen, Department van Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 's‐Graven‐hage, Volume 19 (1955), Nr 9, p. 172, Nr 12, p. 220, Nr 13, p. 236.26. Ward, Lauriston. "Old World Archeology and Prehistory", Yearbook of Anthropology, 1955, New York, N.Y., Volume 1, 1955, p. 82. (Wenner‐Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Inc., ed. William L. Thomas, Jr. and Jean S. Stewart; Guest Editorial: Julian S. Huxley.)
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