Revisão Revisado por pares

Positive and Negative Selection of Antibody Repertoires during B‐Cell Differentiation

1994; Wiley; Volume: 137; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00659.x

ISSN

1600-065X

Autores

Alf Grandien, Yves Modigliani, António A. Freitas, Jan Andersson, António Coutinho,

Tópico(s)

Immune Cell Function and Interaction

Resumo

Immunological ReviewsVolume 137, Issue 1 p. 53-89 Positive and Negative Selection of Antibody Repertoires during B-Cell Differentiation Alf Grandien, Alf Grandien Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Department of Immunology. BMC, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.Search for more papers by this authorYves Modigliani, Yves Modigliani Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Freitas, Antonio Freitas Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJan Andersson, Jan Andersson Department of Immunology. BMC, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Coutinho, Antonio Coutinho Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this author Alf Grandien, Alf Grandien Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Department of Immunology. BMC, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.Search for more papers by this authorYves Modigliani, Yves Modigliani Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Freitas, Antonio Freitas Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJan Andersson, Jan Andersson Department of Immunology. BMC, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Coutinho, Antonio Coutinho Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRA URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00659.xCitations: 27AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Abbas, A. K. & Klaus, G. G. B. (1977) Inhibition of antibody production in plasmacytoma cells by antigen. Eur J. Immunol. 7, 667. Abbas, A. K. & Klaus, G. G. B. (1978) Antibody-antigen complexes suppress antibody production by mouse plasmacytoma cells in vitro. EUK J. Immunol. 8, 217. Amsbaugh, D. F., Hansen, C. T., Prescott, B., Stashak, P. W., Barthold D. R. & Baker, P. J. (1972) Genetic control of the antibody response to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccaride in mice. I. Evidence that an X-linked gene plays a decisive role in determining responsiveness. J Exp. Med. 136, 931. Andersson, J., Bullock W. W. & Melchers, F. (1974) Inhibition of mitogen stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by antimouse immunoglobulin antibodies. I. Mode of action. Eur. J. Immunol 4, 715. Andersson, J., Coutinho, A., Lernhardt W. & Melchers, F. (1977) Clonal growth and maturation to immunoglobulin secretion in vitro of growth-inducible B lymphocyte. Cell 10, 27. Andrade, L., Huetz, F., Poncet, P., Thomas-Vaslin, V, Goodheart, M. & Coutinho, A. (1991) Biased VH gene expression in CD5 murine B cells results from age-dependent cellular selection. Eur J. Immunol. 21, 2017. Avrameas, S. (1991) Natural autoantibodies. Immunol. Today 12, 154. Benner, R., Hijmans, W. & Haaijman, J. J. (1981) The bone marrow: The major source of serum immunoglobulins, but still a neglected site of antibody formation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 46, 1. Benner, R., Rijnbeek, A. M., Bernabé, R. R., Martinez, -A. C. & Coutinho, A. (1981) Frequencies of background Ig-secreting cells in mice, as a function of organ, age and immune status. Immunobiology 158, 225. Carlsson, L., Övermo, D. & Holmberg, D. (1992) Selection against N-region diversity in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions during the development of pre-immune B cell repertoires. Eur J. Immunol. 11, 71. Chomczynski, P. & Sacchi, N. (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by guanidine thyocyanate-phenol-chloroforme extraction. Analyt. Biochem. 162, 156. Collins, L. S. & Dorshkind, K. (1987) A stromal cell line from myeloid long-term bone marrow cultures can support myelopoiesis and B lymphopoiesis. J. Immunol. 138, 1082. Costa, T. E. F., Heikyung, S. & Nussenzweig, M. C. (1992) Chromosomal position of rearranging gene segments influences allelic exclusion in transgenic mice. Proc. Nail. A cad Sci. USA 89, 2205. Coutinho, A. (1989) Beyond clonal selection and network. Immunol. Rev. 110, 264. Coutinho, A., Bandeira, A., Pereira, P., Portnoi, D., Holmberg, D., Martinez, C. & Freitas, A. A. (1989) Selection of lymphocyte repertoires: the limits of clonal versus network organization. In: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 159. Coutinho, A., Freitas, A. A., Holmberg, D. & Grandien, A. (1992) Expression and selection of murine antibody repertoires. Intern. Rev. Immunol. 8, 173. Cumano, A., Dorshkind, K., Gillis, S. & Paige, C. J. (1990) The influence of SI7 stromal cells and interleukin 7 on B cell development. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 2183. Dexter, C. M. & Cortley, R. B. (1987) Expression of the Fc gamma receptor on Ly-1 + b lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 867. Edelman, G. M., Cunningham, B. A., Gall, W. E., Gottlieb. P. D., Rutishauser, U. & Waxdal, M. J. (1969) The covalent structure of an entire gamma G immunoglobulin molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63, 78. Forni, L. (1990) Extensive splenic B cell activation in IgM-transgenic mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 983. Forni, L., Bernabé, R. R., Martinez, A. C. & Coutinho, A. (1981) Effect of anti-delta antibodies on clonal expansion and maturation of B lymphocytes, Immunobiology 160, 159. Förster, I. & Rajewsky, K. (1987) Expansion and functional activity of Ly-1 + B cells upon transfer of peritoneal cells into allotype-congenic, newborn mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 521. Freitas, A. A., Andrade, L., Lembezat, M. P. &. Coutinho, A. (1990) Selection of VH gene repertoires: differentiating B cells of adult bone marrow mimic fetal development. Int. Immunol. 2, 15. Freitas, A. A., Lembezat, M. P. & Coutinho, A. (1989) Expression of antibody V-regions is genetically and developmentally controled and modulated by the B lymphocyte environment. Int. Immunol. 1, 342. Freitas, A. A., Viale, A. C., Sundblad, A., Heusser, C. & Coutinho, A. (1991) Normal serum immunoglobulins participate in the selection of peripheral B cell repertoires. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88, 5640. Godin, I. E., Garcia-Porrero, J. A., Coutinho, A., Dieterlen-Lievre, F. & Marcos, M. A. R. (1993) Para-aortic splanchnopleura from early mouse embryos contains Bla cell progenitors. Nature 364, 67– 70. Goodnow, C. C., Crosbie, J., Adelstein, S., Lavoie, T. B., Smith-Gill, S. J., Brink, R. A., Pritchard-Briscoe, H., Wotherspoon, J. S., Lablay, R. H., Raphael, K., Trent, R. J. & Basten, A. (1988) Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 334, 676. Goodnow, C. D, Crosbie, J., Adelstein, S., Lavoie, T. B., Smith, G. S., Mason, D. Y., Jorgensen, H., Brink, R. A., Pritchard, B. H. & Loughnan, M. (1989b) Clonal silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse model. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 2, 907. Goodnow, C. C., Crosbie, J., Jorgensen, H., Brink, R. A. & Basten, A. (1989a) Induction of self-tolerance in mature peripheral B lymphocytes. Nature 342, 385. Grandien, A., Coutinho, A. & Anderson, J. (1990) Selective peripheral expansion and activation of B cells expressing endogeneous immunoglobulin in m-transgenic mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 991. Grandien, A., Coutinho, A., Andersson, I. & Freitas, A. (1991) Endogenous VH-gene family expression in immunoglobulin-transgenic mice: evidence for selection of antibody repertoires. Int. Immunol. 3, 67. Grandien, A., Coutinho, A., Viale, A. C., Freitas, A., Andersson, J. & Marcos, M. A. R. (1992) On the origin of natural IgM in Immunoglobulin transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 4, 1153. Grandien, A., Coutinho, A. & Andersson, J. (1993b) Development of B cells secreting endogenous or transgene-encoded immunoglobulins in H-chain transgenic mice. Scand, J. Immunol. 38, 142. Grandien, A., Modidgliani, Y., Coutinbo, A. & Andersson, J. (1993a) Suppression of B cell differentiation by ligation of membrane-bound IgM. Eur J. Immunol. 23, 1561. Grosschedl, R., Weaver, D. Baltimore, D. & Costantini, F. (1984) Introduction of a m immunoglobulin gene into the mouse germ line: specific expression in lympoid cell and synthesis of functional antibody. Cell 38, 647. Guéret, R., Grandien, A., Andersson, J., Coutinho, A., Radl, J. & Weksler, M. E. (1993) Evidence for selective pressure in the appearance of monoclonal immunoglobulins during aging: studies in M54 μ-transgenic mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1735. Hartley, S. B., Crosbie, J., Brink, R., Kantor, A. B., Basten, A. & Goodnow, C. C. (1991) Elimination from peripheral lymphoid tissues of self-reactive B lymphocytes recognizing membrane-bound antigens. Nature 353, 765. Haytakawa, K., Hardy, R. R., Herzenberg, L. A. & Herzenberg, L. A. (1985) Progenitors for Ly-1 B cells are distinct from progenitors from other B cells. J. Exp. Med. 161, 1554. Hayakawa, K., Hardy, R. R. & Herzenberg, L. A. (1986) Peritoneal Ly-1 B cells: genetic control, autoantibody production, increased lambda light chain expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 16, 450. Hayakawa, K., Hardy, R. R., Parks, D. R. & Herzenberg, L. A. (1983) The "Ly-1 B" cell subpopulation in normal, immunodefective, and autoimmune mice. J. Exp. Med. 157, 202. Herzenberg, L. A., Braun, S. A. M., Weaver, D., Baltimore, D., Herzenberg, L. A. & Grosscheld, R. (1987) Depletion of the predominant B-cell population in immunoglobulin u heavy-chain transgenic mice. Nature 329, 71. Herzenberg, L. A. & Stall, A. M. (1989) Conventional and Ly-1 B-cell lineages in normal and mu transgenic mice. In: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. C. S. H. L. Press, C. S. H. L. Press. Cold Spring Harbor , 219. Herzenberg, L. A., Stall, A. M., Lalor. P. A., Sidman C., Moore, W. A., Parks D. R. & Herzenberg, L. A. (1986) The Ly-1 B cell lineage. Immunol. Rev. 93, 81. Holmberg, D. (1987) High connectivity, natural antibodies preferentially use 7183 and QUPC 52 VH families. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 399. Holmberg, D., Forsgren, S., Ivars, F. & Coutinho, A. (1984) Reactions among IgM antibodies derived from normal, neonatal mice. Eur J. Immunol. 14, 435. Huetz, F., Carlsson, L., Övermo, C. & Holmberg, D. (1992) V-region directed selection in differenting B lymphocytes. EMBO J. 12, 1819. Iacomini, J. & Imanishi-Kari, T. (1992) The effect of an immunoglobulin FI transgene on B cell maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 745. Iacomini, J., Yannoutsos, N., Bandyopadhay, S. & Imanishi-Kari, T (1991) Endogenous immunoglobulin expression in m transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 3, 185. Imanishi, K. T., Bandyopadhay, S., Busto, P & Huang, C. A. (1993a) Endogenous Ig production in mu transgenic mice. I. Allelic exclusion at the level of expression. J. Immunol. 150, 3311. Imanishi, K. T. Huang, C. A., Iacomini, J. & Yannoutsos, N. (1993b) Endogenous Ig production in mu transgenie mice- II. Anti-Ig reactivity and apparent double allotype expression. J. Immunol. 150, 3327. Jerne, N. K. (1971) What precedes clonal selection? In: Ciba Foundation Symposium: Ontogeny of acquired immunity. Elsevier, Amsterdam , pp. I. Kenny, J. J., Finkelman, F., Macchiarini, F., Kopp, W. C., Storb, U. & Longo, D. L. (1989) Alteration of the B cell surface phenotype, immune response to phosphocholine and the B cell repertoire in MI67 mu plus kappa transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 142, 4466. Klaus, G. G. B. (1976) B cell tolerance induced by polymeric antigens. IV. Antigen-mediated inhibition of antibody-forming cells. Eur J. Immunol. 6, 200. Kroese, F. G. M., Ammerlaan, W. A. M. & Kantor, A. B. (1993) Evidence that intestinal IgA plasma cells in m,k transgenic mice are derived from B-1 (Ly-1) cells. Int. Immunol. 5, 1317. Lafaille, J. J., DeCloux, A., Bonneville, M., Takagaki, Y. & Tonegawa, S. (1989) Junctional sequences of T cell receptor gamma-della genes: implications for gamma-delta T cell lineages and for a novel intermediate of V-(D)-J joining. Cell 59, 859. Lam, K.-P, Herzenberg, L. A. & Stall, A. M. (1993) A high frequency of hybridomas from M54 m heavy chain transgenic mice initially co-express transgenic and rearranged endogenous m genes. Int. Immunol. 5, 1011. Lamers, M. C., Vakil, M., Kearney, J. F., Langhorne, J., Paige, C. J., Julius, M. H., Mossmann, H., Carsetti, R. & Kohler, G. (1989) Immune status of a m,k transgenic mouse line. Deficient response to bacterially related antigens. Eur. J. Immtmoi 19, 459. Leanderson, T & Forni, L. (1984) Effects of μ-specific antibodies on B cell growth and maturation. Eur J. Immunol. 14, 1016. Leptin, M. (1985) Monoclonal antibodies specific for murine IgM. II. Activation of B lymphocytes by monoclonal antibodies specific for the four constant domains of IgM. Eur J. Immunol. 15, 13. Liou, L.-B., Warner, G.L. & Scott, D. W. (1992) Can peritoneal B cells be rendered unresponsive Int. Immunol. 4, 15. Marcos, M. A. R., Caspar, M. L., Malenchere, E. & Coutinho, A. (1994) Isolation of peritoneal precursors of B-1 cells in the adult mouse. Eur. J. Immunol. (in press). Marcos, M. A. R., Huetz, F., Pereira, P., Andreu, J. L., Martinez, A. C. & Coutinho, A. (1989) Further evidence for coelomic-associated B lymphocytes. Eur J. Immunol. 19, 2031. Mason, D. Y., Jones, M. & Goodnow, C. C. (1992) Development and follicular localization of tolerant B lymphocytes in lysozyme/anti-lysozyme IgM/igD transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 4, 163. Meek, K., Reininger, L., Jaton, J. C., Kofler, R., Tucker, P. W. & Capra, J. D. (1990) Organization of the murine immunoglobulin VH complex: placement of two new VH families (VH10 and VH11) and analysis of VH family clustering and interdigitation. Mot. Immunol 11, 1073. Melchers, F., Braun, V. & Galanos, C. (1975) The lipoprotein of the outher membrane of Escherichia coli: a B cell mitogen. J. Exp. Med. 142, 473. Nathanson, S., Zamfirescu, P., Drew, S. & Wilbur, S. (1977) Two-step separation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes on discontinuous density gradients of colloidal silicapolyvinylpyrrolidinone. J. Immunol. Methods 18, 225. Nemazee, D. A. & Buerki, D. (1989a) Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC Class I antibody gene. Nature 337, 562. Nemazee, D. & Buerki, K. (1989b) Clonal deletion of autoreactive B lymphocytes in bone marrow chimeras. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8039. Neuberger, M. S., Caskey, H. M., Pettersson, S., Williams, G. T & Surani, M. A. (1989) Isotype exclusion and transgene down-regulation in immunoglobulin-lambda transgenic mice. Nature 338, 350. Nossal, G. J. V, Pike, B. L. & Battye, F. L. (1979) Mechanisms of clonal abortion tolerogenesis. II. Clonal behaviour of immature B cells following exposure to anti-μ chain antibody. Immunology 37, 203. Okamoto, M., Murakami, M., Shimizu, A., Ozaki, S., Tsuhata, T., Kumagai, S. & Honjo, T. (1992) A transgenic model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J. Exp. Med. 175, 71. Pena-Rossi, C., Pereira, P, Portnoi, D. & Coutinho, A. (1989) MHC-linked and T cell-dependent selection of antibody repertoires. Quantitation of I-E-related specificities in normal mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 1941. Pennell, C. A., Sheehan, K. M., Brodeur, P. H. & Clarke, S. H. (1989) Organization and expression of VH gene families preferentially expressed by Ly-1 + (CD5) B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 2115. Pereira, P., Forni, L., Larsson, E. L., Cooper, M. D., Heusser, C. & Coutinho, A. (1986) Autonomous activation or B and T cells in antigen-free mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 16, 685. Perlmutter, R. M., Kearney, J. R., Chang, S. P. & Hood, L. E. (1985) Developmentally controlled expression of immunoglobulin VH genes. Science 227, 1597. Peterson, P. A., Cunningham, B. A., Berggard, I. & Edelman, G. M. (1972) Beta2-micro-globulin - a free immunoglobulin domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1697. Pettersson, S., Sharpe, M. J., Gilmore, D. R., Surani, M. A. & Neuberger, M. S. (1989) Cellular selection leads to age-dependent and reversible down-regulation of transgenic immtinoglobulin light chain genes. Int. Immunol. 1, 509. Phillips, C. & Klaus, G. G. B. (1992) Soluble anti-μ monoclonal antibodies prime resting B cells to secrete immunoglobulins in response to intcrleukins-4 and -5. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 1541. Pike, B. L., Boyd, A. W. & Nossal, G. J. V. (1982) Clonal anergy: The universal anergic B lymphocyte. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2013. Portnoï, D., Freitas, A., Bandeira, A., Holmberg, D. & Coutinho, A. (1986) Immunocompetent autoreactive B lymphocytes are activated cycling cells in normal mice. J. Exp. Med 164, 25. Rabin, E., Yingzi, C. Imanishi-Kari, T. & Wortis, H. H. (1992) Production of 17.2.25 μ transgenic and endogenous immunoglobulin in X-linked immune deficient mice. Eur J. Immunol. 22, 2237. Reth, M., Imanisbi-Kari, T. & Rajewsky, K. (1979) Analysis of the repertoire of anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibodies in C57BL/6 mice by cell fusion. II. Characterisation of idiotopes by monoclonal anti-idiotope antibodies. Eur J. Immunol. 9, 1004– 1013. Roes, J. & Rajewsky, K. (1991) Cell autonomous expression of IgD is not essential for the maturation of conventional B cells. Int. Immunol. 12, 1367. Rusconi, S. i & Kohler, G. (1985) Transmission and expression of a specific pair of rearranged immunoglobulin m and k genes in a transgenic mouse line. Nature 314, 330. Sastry, L. M., Alting-Mees, W. D., Huse, J. M., Short, J. A., Sorge, B. N., Hay, B. N., Janda, K. D, Benkovic, S. J. & Lerner, R. A. (1989) Cloning of the immunological repertoire in Escherichia Coli for generation of monoclonal catalytic antibodies: construction of a heavy chain variable region-specific cDNA library. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5728. Sedgwick, J. D. & Holt, P. G. (1983) A solid-phase immunoenzymatic technique for the enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells. J. Immunol. Methods 57, 301. Smith-Gill, S. J., Hamel, P. A., Lovoie, T. B. & Dorrington, K. J. (1987) Contributions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains to antibody specificity for lysozyme and two haptens. J. Immunol. 139, 4135. Stall, A. M., Kroese, F. G. M., Gadus, F. T., Sieckmann, D. G., Herzenberg, L. A. & Herzenberg, L. A. (1988) Rearrangement and expression of endogenous immunoglobulin genes occur in many murine B cells expressing transgenic membrane IgM. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 85, 3546. Storb, U., Pinkert, C. Arp, B., Engler, P., Gollahon, K., Manz, J., Brady, W. & Brinster, R. L. (1986) Transgenic mice with m and k genes encoding antiphosphorocholine antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 164, 627. Sultzer, B. M. & Nilsson, B. S. (1972) PPD-tuberculin - a B Cell mitogen. Nature New Biology 240, 198. Sundblad, A., Marcos, M. A. R., Huetz, F-, Freitas, A., Heusser, C., Portnoi, D. & Coutinho, A. (1991) Normal serum immunoglobulins regulates the numbers of bone marrow pre-B and B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 1155. Thomas-Vaslin, V. Andrade, L., Freitas, A. & Coutinho, A. (1991) Clonal persistance of B lymphocytes in normal mice is determined by V-region dependent selection. Eur J. Immunol. 21, 2239. Tonegawa, S. (1983) Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature 302, 575. Vaz, N., Martinez, A. C. & Coutinho, A. (1984) The uniqueness and boundaries of the idiotypic self. In: Idiotypy in Biology and Medicine. H. Köhler P-A. Cazenave & J. Urbain, H. Kohler P.-A. Cazenave & J. Urbain Academic Press. New York , 43. Viale, A. C., Coutinho, A. & Freitas, A. A. (1992) Differential expression of VH-gene families in peripheral B cell repertoires of newborn or adult IgH congenic mice. J. Exp. Med 175, 1449. Viale, A. C., Coutinho, A., Heyman, R. A. & Freitas, A. (1993) V-region dependent selection of persistent resting peripheral B cells in normal mice. Int. Immunol. 5, 599. Viale, A.-C, Freitas, A. & Coutinho, A. (1994) Regulation of VH-gene expression is a cell autonomous but lineage specific developmental marker. Eur. J. Immunol. (in press). Vos. Q. & Hodes, R. J. (1992) Immunoglobulin (Ig) μ, k Transgenic Mice Express Transgenic Idiotype on Endogenously Rearranged IgM and IgA molecules by Secretion of Chimeric Molecules. J. Exp. Med 176, 951. Weaver, D., Constantini, F., Imanishi-Kari, T & Baltimore, D. (1985) A transgenic immunoglobulin m gene prevents rearrangement of endogenous genes. Cell 42, 117. Weaver, D., Reis, M. R., Albanese, C. Constantini, F., Baltimore, D. & Imanishi-Kari, T. (1986) Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene. Cell 45, 3030. Wood, C. & Tonegawa, S. (1983) Diversity and joining segments of mouse Ig H genes are closely linked and in the same orientation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3030. Yancopoulos, G. D., Desiderio, S. V., Paskind, M., Kearney, J. F., Baltimore, D. & Alt, F. W. (1984) Preferential utilization of the most DH-proximal VH gene segments in pre-B cell lines. Nature 311 727. Zöller, M. & Achtnich, M. (1991) Evidence for regulation of naturally activated autoreactive B cells. Fur J. Immunol. 21, 305a. Citing Literature Volume137, Issue1February 1994Pages 53-89 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX