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Italy and Yugoslavia: from distrust to friendship in Cold War Europe

2014; Routledge; Volume: 19; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/1354571x.2014.962261

ISSN

1469-9583

Autores

Karlo Ružičić-Kessler,

Tópico(s)

Italian Fascism and Post-war Society

Resumo

AbstractConsidering the relations of two neighbouring countries with a difficult past and separated by ideological barriers, this article takes a look at the relations between Italy and Yugoslavia in a long perspective during the Cold War. The aim is to portray the development of relations from enmity after the Second World War to good neighbourly relations in Cold War Europe. Including new archival sources of Yugoslav origin, the article shows how mutual relations between Italy and Yugoslavia developed, considering the importance of economic factors, political ambitions, but also the impact of diplomatic agents and political leaders for cooperation on the Adriatic. Taking the international environment into account, the article shows that many developments leading to détente in Europe had indeed their precursors on the Adriatic. This makes the development of relations between Italy and Yugoslavia a success story during the Cold War which has hitherto not been thoroughly acknowledged in historiography.Keywords:: ItalyYugoslaviaCold WarDétenteInternational Notes 1 The stance of the Soviet Union towards Yugoslavia led in October 1954 also to the analysis in an internal document, stating that ‘it seems appropriate to put forward measures for the further development of Soviet–Yugoslav relations that would force the Yugoslav government to come closer to the USSR and the peoples' democracies’. Note of the Head of the IV European Sector of the Foreign Ministry, Zimianin, 21 October 1954, cited in: Edemskii (Citation1998, 138). 2 Informacija o zapadnoevropskoj ekonomskoj saradnji i integraciji, 2.4.1957, A[rhiv]J[ugoslavije], K[abinet] P[redsednika] R[epublike] 837, III-b-2-a, K72a. 3 DSIP-Kabinet druga Crnobrnje, Informacija o zapadnoevropskoj ekonomskoj integraciji, 8.11.1958, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a; DSIP-II odeljenje, Dopuna zabeleške, Zapadnoevropska ekonomska integracija, 8.12.1958, Ibid. 4 Legge 19 dicembre 1956, n. 1588, Approvazione dei Accordi fra l'Italia e la Jugoslavia, conclusi a Roma il 31 marzo 1955 (GU n.32 del 5.2.1957 – Suppl. Ordinario 320); Legge 26 maggio 1965, n. 920, Ratifica ed esecuzione dell'Accordo fra l'Italia e la Jugoslavia per il regolamento del traffico di persone, nonche' dei trasporti e delle comunicazioni terrestri e marittime tra le aree limitrofi, concluso a Udine il 31 ottobre 1962 (GU n.192 del 2.8.1965 – Suppl. Ordinario); Legge 4 ottobre 1966, n. 877 Approvazione ed esecuzione dello Scambio di Note fra l'Italia e la Jugoslavia effettuato a Belgrado il 25 aprile 1964 In relazione all'Accordo del 31 marzo 1955 sugli scambi locali tra le zone limitrofe di Trieste da una parte e di Buje, Capodistria, Sesana e Nuova Gorizia dall'altra e sulle facilitazioni doganali per le merci comprese nelle liste ‘C’ e ‘D’ (GU n.272 del 31-10-1966) (Cattaruzza Citation2006, 331 ff.; Monzali Citation2004, 50). 5 Since Yugoslavia had recognized the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1957, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) cut its diplomatic ties to Belgrade and favoured an economic embargo policy of western Europe towards Belgrade. 6 Ekonomski odnosi sa zapadnom evropom, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a, 4.4.1964. 7 Zabeleška o razgovoru druga Predsednika sa Predsednikom vlade Republike Italije Aldom Morom, 9.11.1965, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-31. 8 Informacija o razgovorima Jugoslavija – Evropska ekonomska zajednica na nivou eksperta, 18.1.1965, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a; Tsakaloyannis 1981, 34. 9 Informacija o vezi Saveznog izvršnog veća o akreditovanju predstavnika SFRJ pri EEZ, 31.5.1968, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a.10 Savezni sekretarijat za spoljnu trgovinu (strogo poverljivo), evropsko ekonomsko-političke integracije, 5.7.1968, AJ, S[avezno] I[zvršno] V[eće] 130, Medunarodni odnosi 1957, 58, 63–70.11 Podsetnik o Italiji i jugoslovensko-italijanskim odnosima (povodom prijema ministra inostranskih poslova Pietra Nenija), 26.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-43.12 Yugoslav exports to the EEC made up 25.6 per cent of overall exports in 1960, while rising to 29.7 per cent in 1967. Moreover, the imports from the common market rose from 32.5 per cent to 38.5 per cent of total imports in the same period. Consequently, the Yugoslav trading deficit with the EEC increased from 1966 to 1967 from 70 million to 285 million dollars. See Državni sekretarijat za inostrane poslove (isključivo za internu upotrebu), Jugoslavija i Evropska Ekonomska Zajednica, 22.5.1968, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a. Moreover, the deficit to Italy alone reached 92.2 million dollars by 1968, see Podsetnik o Italiji i jugoslovensko-italijanskim odnosima (povodom prijema ministra inostranskih poslova Pietra Nenija), 26.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-43. At the same time the commercial figures with the eastern bloc and the non-aligned countries showed a substantial decrease in trade volumes.13 Tito visited the government of Alexander Dubček in early August 1968, showing his support for the Czechoslovak cause. However, Tito favoured a Czechoslovak–Soviet solution and not a complete democratization, whose possible echoes for Yugoslavia were feared by the regime in Belgrade. See Pelikán (Citation2007).14 Podsetnik o Italiji i jugoslovensko-italijanskim odnosima (povodom prijema ministra inostranskih poslova Pietra Nenija), 26.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-43.15 Državni sekretarijat za inostrane poslove (strogo poverljivo, br. 433559/34), Materijal za razgovore prilikom posete predsednika republike Italije Djuzepe Saragata SFR Jugoslaviji Oktobra 1969, 15.9.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-46.16 Državni sekretarijat za inostrane poslove, Uprava za Z. Evropu (br. 439496), Informacija o Italiji i o Stanju Jugoslovensko-Italijanskih odnosa, 25.11.1970, AJ, KPR 837, I-2/48-1.17 Razgovori ‘u četiri oka’ sa Nenijem, DSIP (str. pov. 416157), 27.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-43.18 Ibid.19 Zabeleška o razgovoru Predsjednika Republike sa ministrim inostranih poslova Italije, Pietro Nenni-em, 28.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-43.20 Razgovor izmedju državnih delegacija SFRJ i Republike Italije održanih u zgradi SIV-a, 3.10.1969, AJ, KPR 837, I-3-a/44-46.21 In 1968 alone, Yugoslavia had lost 11 million dollars owing to the EEC's taxation of meat and cattle imports. Moreover, the losses due to the import quotas for Yugoslavia penalized Belgrade's economy. See Kabinet predsednika SIV-a, Stanje izvoza mesa i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda u zemlje Zajedničkog evropskog tržišta, 28.5.1969, AJ, KPR 837, III-b-2-a, K72a.22 Règlement (CEE) No 460/70 du conseil du 6 mars 1970 portant conclusion d'un accord commercial entre la Communauté économique européenne et la république socialiste fédérative de Yougoslavie et arrêtant des dispositions pour son application, Journal officiel des Communautés européennes, no L 58, 13.3.1970, in particular Article VI and Protocol 1 of the treaty.23 A compilation of all Italian parliamentary inquiries as well as Moro's answers in this case has been put together by Yugoslav agencies and can be found in: AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.24 Ibid.25 Informacija o Jugoslovensko-Italijanskim odnosima povodom odlaganja posjete Predsednika Tita Italiji, 9.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.26 Pismo Alda Mora državnom sekreteru za inostran poslove Mirku Tepavcu od 8.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.27 Italijanska reagovanja povodom izjave Moroa i odlaganja posete SFRJ (razgovori Moro-Prica, 12. i 18. decembra), 15.1.1971, AJ, ACKSKJ, IX 48/I-475.28 Odgovor Mirka Tepavca na pismo Alda Moroa, 12.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.29 In Serbia 6,000 persons lost their positions between 1972 and 1973, in Bosnia and Herzegovina another 1,200.30 Informacija o Jugoslovensko-Italijanskim odnosima povodom odlaganja posjete Predsjednika Tita Italiji – sa sastanka Izvršnog biroa Predsedništva SKJ, 9.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.31 Ibid.32 Izjava predstavnika DSIP-a o odnosima sa Italijom na konferenciji za štampu, 10.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475.33 Zabeleška o razgovorima izmedju državnog sekretara za inostrane poslove Mirka Tepavca i m inistra inostranih poslova Alda Mora u Veneciji, Državni Sekretarijat za inostrane poslove, pov. Broj 44878, 15.2.1971, AJ, KPR 837, I-2/48-1.34 Ibid.35 Ibid.36 Zabeleška o razgovoru Predsednika Republike sa Predsednikom Republike Italije G. Saragatom, 25.3.1971, AJ, KPR 837, I-2/48-1.37 Zabeleška o razgovorima Predsednika Tita i Saragata, 26.3.1971, AJ, KPR 837, I-2/48-1. See also Pietro Nenni's account (Citation1983, 578 ff.). It has also to be mentioned that Tito received a delegation of the Slovenian minority in Italy after the official talks. According to Vrhunec (Citation2001, 106 ff.), this meeting could not be arranged as part of the official talks, since the Italian government feared the internal reaction.38 As Italian ambassador Giuseppe Walter Maccotta (Citation1993, 60–62) recalled: ‘After several diplomatic attempts had failed, maybe it was a good idea to let impartial people, who had a rather economic view on the matter, take care of things.’39 Legge 14 marzo 1977, n. 73, Ratifica ed esecuzione del trattato tra la Repubblica italiana e la Repubblica socialista federativa di Jugoslavia, con allegati, nonche' dell'accordo tra le stesse Parti, con allegati, dell'atto finale dello scambio di note, firmati ad Osimo (Ancona) il 10 novembre 1975 (GU n. 77 del 21-3-1977 – Suppl. Ordinario) n. 77 del 21 marzo 1977.40 See the conversations between Tepavac and Moro, as well as Saragat and Tito in the 1960s and 1970s cited above. Moreover, the internal papers from Belgrade suggest a thorough discussion of these questions when Yugoslav–Italian relations were analysed: Informacija o Italiji I jugoslovensko-italijanskim odnosima, 3.12.1970, AJ, KPR 837, I-2/48-1; Informacija sa sastanka Izvršnog biroa Predsedništva SKJ o jugoslovensko-italijanskim odnosima, 9.12.1970, AJ, ACKSKJ 507, IX 48/I-475; Analiza priprema za posetu Predsednika SFRJ Italiji, 19.1.1971, Ibidem; Informacija o nekim pitanjima jugoslaovensko-italijanskih odnosa, 8.9.1971, AJ, KPR 837, I-5b/44-16.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by The Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [grant number P25183-G18].

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