significant sister: autonomy and obligation in Audrey Richards' early fieldwork
1986; Wiley; Volume: 13; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1525/ae.1986.13.2.02a00100
ISSN1548-1425
Autores Tópico(s)Culinary Culture and Tourism
ResumoAmerican EthnologistVolume 13, Issue 2 p. 338-362 Free Access significant sister: autonomy and obligation in Audrey Richards' early fieldwork JO GLADSTONE, JO GLADSTONE Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this author JO GLADSTONE, JO GLADSTONE Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1986 https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1986.13.2.02a00100Citations: 3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Cited M. Barnes, ed. 1952 The Years with Mother. Memoirs of J. J. Hoare. London: Hamish Hamilton. de Beauvoir, Simone 1947 Pour une Morale de l̂Ambiguité. Paris: Gallimard. de Beauvoir, Simone 1965 Prime of Life. Peter Green, transl. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Berger, Eleanor 1974 Labour, Race and Colonial Rule: Copperbelt from 1924 to Independence. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Orr, Boyd John 193637 Food, Health and Income: Report on a Survey of Adequacy of Diet in Relation to Income. London: Macmillan. Orr, Boyd John 1966 As I Recall. London: McGibbon & Kee. Boyd John Orr, and J. L. Gilkes, eds. 1931 The Physique and Health of Two African Tribes. MRC Special Report, Series No. 155. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Caldwell, M. J., and I. C. Enoch 1972 Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid Content of Malaysian Leafy Vegetables. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 1: 309– 313. Corbeil, Father J. J. 1982 Mbusa: Sacred Emblems of the Bemba. Ethnographic Arts & Culture Series 4. Zambia: Moto Museum. Cosgrave, Patrick 1981 R. A. Butler: An English Life. London: Quartet. Faber, Sir Richard 1985 Origins. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 6. Firth, Sir Raymond 1985 Audrey Richards, 1899–1984. Man (NS) 20: 341– 344. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization 1965 Protein Requirements Data, Report 37. Rome: World Health Organization. Meyer Fortes, and Germaine Dieterlen, eds. 1967 African Systems of Thought: An Anglo-French Dialogue. London: Oxford University Press. Griaule, Marcel 1965 Conversations with Ogotemmeli: An Introduction to Dogon Religious Ideas. A. Richards and B. Hooke, transl. Publication of the International African Institute. London: Oxford University Press. Huxley, Elspeth 1985 Out in the Midday Sun: My Kenya. London: Chatto and Windus. Kuper, Adam 1983 Anthropology and the Anthropologists: The Modern British School. 2nd edition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Leach, Edmund R. 1984 Glimpses of the Unmentionable in the History of British Social Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 1– 23. Liddington, Jill 1985 The Life and Times of a Respectable Rebel: Selena Cooper (1864–1946). Garden City, NY: Virago Press. Mair, Lucy 1971 Marriage. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Malinowska-Wayne, Helena 1985a Audrey: Some Recollections. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 14– 17. Malinowska-Wayne, Helena 1985b Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on his Life and Works. American Ethnologist 12(3): 529– 540. McCance, R. A., E. M. Widdowson, and L. R. B. Shackleton 1936 The Nutritive Value of Fruits, Vegetables and Nuts. MCR Special Report, Series No. 213. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. Moorman, Mary 1980 George Macauly Trevelyan: A Memoir. London: Hamish Hamilton. Perham, Marjorie 1974 African Apprenticeship: An Autobiographical Journey. London: Faber. Ann Phillips, ed. 1970 A Newnham Anthology. London: Cambridge University Press. Porter, J. W. G., D. R. Westgarth, and A. P. Williams 1968 A Collaborative Test for Determining Amino-acids. British Journal of Nutrition 22: 347. Richards, Audrey I. 1932a Anthropological Problems in North Eastern Rhodesia. Africa 2: 121– 144. Richards, Audrey I. 1932b Hunger and Work in a Savage Tribe: A Functional Study of Nutrition Among the Southern Bantu. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Richards, Audrey I. 1939 Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia: An Economic Study of the Bemba tribe. London: Oxford University Press. Richards, Audrey I. 1954 Report on Fertility Surveys in Buganda and Buhaya. In Culture and Human Fertility: A Study of the Relation of Cultural Conditions to Fertility in Non-industrial and Transitional Societies. Frank Lorimer, ed. pp. 351– 03. Paris: UNESCO. Richards, Audrey I. 1956 Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. London: Faber. Richards, Audrey I. 1963 Royal Institution Lecture. The Pragmatic Value of Magic in Primitive Societies. Proceedings of the Royal Institution 39(4): 340– 347. Richards, Audrey I. 1974 The ‘Position’ of Women: An Anthropological View. Cambridge Anthropology 1(3): 3– 10. Richards, Audrey I., with Jean Robin 1975 Some Elmdon Families. Elmdon, England: Privately printed. Ridler, Anne 1967 Olive Willis and Downe House: An Adventure in Education. London: Murray. Robson, Anne 1985 Audrey Isabel Richards. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 7, and ms. original. Rossiter, Margaret 1982 Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Rotberg, R. I. 1977 Black Heart: Gore-Browne and the Politics of Multiracial Zambia. Berkeley: University of California Press. Scheoffer 1907 A Grammar of the Bemba Language as Spoken in North-East Rhodesia. J. H. W. Sheane, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Terrill, Ross 1973 R. H. Tawney and His Times. Boston: Harvard University Press. Topley, Marjorie 1976 Chinese Traditional Etiology and Methods of Cure. In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study. Charles Leslie, ed. pp. 243– 271. Berkeley: University of California Press. Werskey, P. G. 1972 British Scientists and ‘Outsider’ Folitics 1931–1945. In Sociology of Science. Barry Barnes, ed. pp. 231– 250. London: Penguin. Whitby, P. 1972 Zambian Foods and Cooking. Unpublished ms. in possession of the National Food and Nutrition Program, Lusaka, Zambia. Widdowson, E. M., and R. A. McCance 1954 Studies on the Nutritive Value of Bread and on the Effect of Variations in the Extraction Rate of Flour on the Growth of Undernourished Children. MRC Special Report, Series no. 287. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1932a Anthropological Problems in North Eastern Rhodesia. Africa 2: 121– 144. 1932b Hunger and Work in a Savage Tribe: A Functional Study of Nutrition Among the Southern Bantu. Preface by Bronislaw Malinowski. London: Routledge. 1935 The Village Census in the Study of Contact Problems. Africa 8: 20– 33. Reprinted in 1938 as “Methods of Culture Contact in Africa,” Africa 9(2); written in collaboration with Edith Widdowson. Incorporated and extended in 1939 in Land, Labour and Diet. See Appendixes II and III for sample work of contemporary nutritionists and nutritional anthropologists, and select references to work that brings this study more up-to-date biologically. 1936 Symposium contribution on “Patterns of Culture. Man 36: 114– 115. 1939 Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia: An Economic Study of the Bemba Tribe. New foreword by Audrey Richards in the 1952 and 1967 editions. London: Oxford University Press. 1939 The Development of Field Work Methods in Social Anthropology. In The Study of Society. F. C. Bartlett et al., eds. pp. 272– 316. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1940 The Political System of the Bemba of North Eastern Rhodesia. In African Political Systems. M. Portes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard, eds. pp. 83– 120. London: Oxford University Press. 1940 Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions. Rhodes Livingstone Institute Paper 4. (The earliest of Richards' principally “sociological” papers.). 1943 Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski. Man 43: 1– 4. Richards' first tribute to her teacher and friend. (Further tributes appeared in 1956 and 1957.). 1944 Practical Anthropology in the Lifetime of the International African Institute. Africa (15): 295– 304. 1944 Pottery Images or mbusa Used at the Chisungu Ceremonies of the Bemba People of North Eastern Rhodesia. South African Journal of Science 41: 444– 458. (Richards' first note on women's nubility rites among the Bemba and the ritual and economic strategies by which village fertility was controlled by the female sector.). 1951 The Bemba of North Eastern Rhodesia. In Seven Tribes of British Central Africa. E. Colson and M. Gluckman, eds. pp. 164– 193. London. An elaboration of 1935 essay in Bantu Studies 9: 225–252, “Preliminary Notes.”. 1954 Report on Fertility Surveys in Buganda and Buhaya. In Culture and Human Fertility: A Study of the Relation of Cultural Conditions to Fertility in Non-industrial and Transitional Societies. Frank Lorimer, ed. pp. 351– 403. Paris: UNESCO. Priscilla Reining co-editored and collected the Buhaya data, Richards the Ganda data. She noted the survey's budget for both sets of samples was £500. Characteristically, 100 percent small-scale sampling was preferred by Richards to a wider and less intensive field strategy. The epidemiological and economic reports of the Institute years were a prelude to a return to her “writing” in 1956. The second report of the year was “Economic Development and Tribal Change: A Study of Immigrant Labour in Buganda,” Cambridge: Heffer's. Literacy among Buganda, women was 50 percent and migration rates were high. The contrast with the Bemba village life of the 1930s was striking. 1956 Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. London: Faber. Reprinted in 1982 with new foreword and introduction by Jean S. La Fontaine (London: Tavistock). The work is dedicated as a memorial to Malinowski. 1957 The Concept of Culture in Malinowski's Work. In Man and Culture: An Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski. Raymond Firth, ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Malinowski's village survey methods, his family long-term history-gathering techniques, and his definition of a “charter” for the initial description of small-scale societies as an integrated whole were viewed critically by Richards. Her review, though dispassionate in these respects, is supportive of his contribution. She had a very high esteem for Malinowski's unifying vision and analytical gifts. Nevertheless, she appears to have acquired her strong distaste for “over-theoretical” fieldwork reports in the 1930s, early in her field experience, possibly as a result of interchanges with him. 1958 A Changing Pattern of Agriculture in East Africa: The Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. Geographical Journal 124(3): 302– 314. (A return to the site of the 1931–33 field surveys and an update on the present 1959 status of nutrition and husbandry in Zambia in transition. A cursory report.). 1962 Chisungu. Problèmes Sociaux Congolais 59: 83– 112. 1966 Review of Interviewing: Its Forms and Functions, by S. A. Richardson, B. S. Dohrenwend, and D. Klein. Man (NS) 1: 262– 263. 1966 The Changing Structure of a Ganda Village: Kisozi (1892–1952). East African Studies Monographs 24. Kenya, Nairobi: East African Publishing House. Richards' copy is in the reference library at the Museum of Mankind, London. 1969 Bronislaw Malinowski. In The Founding Fathers of Social Science. T. R. Raison, ed. London: Penguin. First published in New Society, July 1963. 1974 The “Position” of Women: An Anthropological View. Cambridge Anthropology 1(3): 3– 10. Richards' use of quotation marks in the title of her piece suggests that she was responding to a request for an article rather than initiating the piece. 1975 Some Elmdon Families. With Jean Robin. Dedicated “to the people of Elmdon” and published from her own cottage. Her focus on inter- and intravillage cross-cousin marriage, labor and migration patterns among the principally landless agricultural laboring families of rural north Essex has all her customary flair. This slender publication preceded the full report in the independent volumes by Marilyn Strathern and Jean Robin, Kinship at the Core and Elmdon: Continuity and Change in a North-West Essex Village (1861–1964), Cambridge University Press, 1981. The match of this coverage to the Kisozi, Buganda, monograph is interesting. The field contribution in Elmdon of her Buganda associate, Hilda Kabushenga, on the economic status of Elmdon residents after World War II is acknowledged in the foreword. De Beauvoir's sense of circularity seems here echoed in Richards' fieldwork focus from her own Sussex and northeast Sussex to south Central African cultures. 1977 The Colonial Office and the Organisation of Social Research. Anthropological Forum 4(2): 32– 52, 168–189. 1984 Obituary. The Times, 3 July: 14. 1984 Strathern, Marilyn. Audrey Richards. R.A.I.N. 64 (October): 11– 12. Obituary. 1984 Werbner, Richard P. Audrey Richards: Biographical Supplement to the International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 18, pp. 658– 660. New York: Free Press. 1985 Faber, Sir Richard. Origins. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 7. 1985 Firth, Raymond. Audrey Richards, 1899–1984. Man (NS) 20: 341– 344. Obituary. 1985 La Fontaine, Jean. Audrey Richards: An Appreciation. Africa No. 2. (Published version of address at King's College Chapel, 10 November 1984.). 1985 Malinowska-Wayne, Helena. Audrey: Some Recollections. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 14– 17; see also Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on his Life and Works. American Ethnologist 12(3): 529– 540. 1985 Robson, Anne. Audrey Isabel Richards. Cambridge Anthropology 10(1): 7. Beemer, Hilda 1939 Some Notes on the Diet of the Swazi in the Protectorate. Bantu Studies 13: 199– 236. Bernard, R. J. 1975 Peasant Diet in Eighteenth Century Giraudon. In European Diet from Pre-Industrial to Modern Times. Elborg Fraser, and Roberts, eds. New York (translation of article from Annales E.S.C. 6 (Nov-Dec): 1449–1467, 1969). Orr, Boyd John 1934 The National Food Supply and Its Influence on Public Health. Edwin Chadwick Lecture. London: O. S. King. Orr, Boyd John 1936 Foreword: Problems in African Native Diet: A Note on the General Situation. Journal for the Institute of African Languages and Cultures 9(2): 145– 149. (This volume includes Meyer and S. L. Fortes, “Food in the Domestic Economy of the Tallensi.”). Orr, Boyd John 193637 Food, Health and Income: Report on a Survey of Adequacy of Diet in Relation to Income. London: Macmillan. Orr, Boyd John, and J. L. Gilkes 1931 The Physique and Health of Two African Tribes. MRC Special Report, Series No. 155. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Colson, Elizabeth 1958 Plateau Tonga Diet. Human Problems 24: 51– 67. Firth, Raymond 1934 The Sociological Study of Native Diet. Africa 7: 401– 414. Firth, Rosemary 1943 Housekeeping and Malay Peasants. London School of Economics Monograph on Social Anthropology No. 7. London: London School of Economics. Gluckman, Max 1945 How the Bemba Make Their Living. Human Problems 3: 55– 75. Full-length digest and review of Audrey Richards, 1939. Gore-Browne, Grace 1938 A Rough Record of the Food Supply for 15 Adjacent Villages in North Mpkia District, Babemba Tribe. Report of a Community Survey and Review of the Present Position of Nutrition in Northern Rhodesia. Appendix F. Lusaka: Government Printer. Krige, E. J., and J. D. Krige 1947[1943] The Realm of the Rain Queen. Publication of the International African Institute. London: Oxford University Press. McCance, R. A., E. M. Widdowson, and L. R. B. Shackleton 1936 The Nutritive Value of Fruits, Vegetables and Nuts. MCR Special Report, Series No. 213. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. Paul, A. A., D. A. T. Southgate, and J. Russell 197880 Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's “The Composition of Foods: Amino-acids Mg. per 100 Gm. of Food, Fatty Acids per 100 Gms. of Food.” London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Read, M. A. 1938 Native Standards of Living and Culture Change in the Ngoni Highlands. Memoir of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures 16. Africa XI, Supplement No. 3. Thompson, Betty P. 1954 Two Studies of African Nutrition in an Urban and a Rural Community in Northern Rhodesia. Rhodes Livingstone Paper 24. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. (A continuation of Audrey Richards' work. Bennetta Jules-Rosette has most recently worked intensively on Zambian urban dietaries. Thompson ends with invocatory dietary recommendations.). Widdowson, E. M., and R. A. McCance 1954 Studies on the Nutritive Value of Bread and on the Effect of Variations in the Extraction Rate of Flour on the Growth of Undernourished Children. MRC Special Report, Series No. 287. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Allan, William 1965 The African Husbandman. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. Begum, A., and S. M. Pereira 1977 The Beta-carotene Content of Indian Green Leaves. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 29: 47– 60. Caldwell, M. J., et al. 1972 Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid Content of Malaysian Leafy Vegetables. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 1: 309– 313. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization 1965 Protein Requirements Data, Report 37 (and as updated). Rome: World Health Organization. Harvey, P. W., and P. F. Heywood 1983 Twenty-Five Years of Dietary Change in Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 13: 27– 35. Porter, J. W. G. 1968 A Collaborative Test for Determining Amino-acids. British Journal of Nutrition 22: 347. Silow, Carl Axel 1976 Edible and Other Insects of Mid-Western Zambia. Studies in Ethnoentomology II. Occasional Papers V. Uppsala: Institutione für Allmän och Jämförande Etnografi. (See especially chapter 10.). Whitby, P. 1972 Zambian Foods and Cooking. Unpublished ms. in possession of the National Food and Nutrition Program, Lusaka, Zambia. de Beauvoir, Simone 1947 Pour Une Morale de l'Ambiguité. Paris: Gallimard. de Beauvoir, Simone 1965 The Prime of Life. Peter Green, transl. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. (This memoir is dedicated to Jean-Paul Sartre.). Gladstone, J. 1984 Behind the Lines: Women in the Arts and Sciences in the 1930s. Science, Technology and Human Values 9(2): 73– 77. Liddington, Jill 1984 The Life and Times of a Respectable Rebel: Selina Cooper (1864–1946). London: Virago Press. Lindenbaum, S. 1979 Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield. Mair, Lucy 1971 Marriage. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Marwick, Arthur 1977 Women at War, 1914–1918. London: Fontana. Ortner, Sherry B. 1981 Gender and Sexuality in Hierarchical Societies: The Case of Polynesia: Some Comparative Implications. In Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, eds. pp. 359– 409. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Perham, Margery 1974 African Apprenticeship: An Autobiographical Journey. London: Faber. Ann Phillips, ed. 1970 A Newnham Anthology. Collected Centennial Essays. London: Cambridge University Press. Powdermaker, Hortense 1966 Stranger and Friend: The Way of an Anthropologist. New York: Norton. Ridler, Anne 1967 Olive Willis and Downe House: An Adventure in Education. London: John Murray. (The lively introduction is by the novelist Elizabeth Bowen, who went to school with Richards.). Rossiter, Margaret 1982 Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Citing Literature Volume13, Issue2May 1986Pages 338-362 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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