Multi‐Ethnic Armies in the Aftermath of Civil War: Lessons Learned from Lebanon
2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 7; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14702430601135537
ISSN1743-9698
Autores Tópico(s)Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Ronald D. McLaurin, ‘Lebanon and its Army: Past, Present and Future’, in E. Azar (ed.), The Emergence of a New Lebanon: Fantasy or Reality (New York: Praeger 1984) p.98. 2 Ibid. p.110. 3 Adel Freiha, ‘L’armée et l’Etat au Liban’, PhD diss., University Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris 1980, p.214. 4 McLaurin (note 1) p.106. 5 Elisabeth Picard, The Demobilisation of the Lebanese Militias (Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies 1999) p.29. 6 Iskandar Ghanem, ‘The army’s numbers’ (in Arabic), Revue Al‐Hawadess 1017 (1976) p.14. 7 McLaurin (note 1) p.110. 8 Ronald D. McLaurin, ‘From Professional to Political: The Redecline of the Lebanese Army’, Armed Forces and Society 17/2 (Summer 1991) p.556. 9 André Rondé,‘L’armée libanaise et la restauration de l’Etat de droit’, Revue droit et Défense 2 (1998) p.30. 10 Lebanese generals in discussion with the author, Beirut, July 2004. 11 Sami Rihana, Histoire de l’armée libanaise contemporaine: Les Troupes spéciales du Levant et l’armée de l’indépendance 1926–1946 (Beirut: Editions Visa 1988). 12 Jamil Sayyed, ‘L’intégration dans les Forces Armées Libanaises: une expérience transitoire ou une politique permanente?’, unpublished study for army officers, Beirut 1997. 13 Ibid. 14 Riad Takiedine, Ihya jaych 1988–1994 (in Arabic) (Beirut 1995) pp.198–200. 15 Ibid. p.98. 16 General Elias Farhat in discussion with the author, Yarzé, April 2004. 17 CIA Worldfactbook 2006 on Lebanon ⟨www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/le.html⟩ accessed 11 Sept. 2006. 18 Several recruits in discussion with the author, Beirut, June–Aug. 2004, 19 Mats Berdal, Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflict, Adelphi Paper 303 (London: OUP for IISS 1996). 20 Ahmad Hariri, ‘L’Armée et le pouvoir politique au Liban’, PhD diss., University Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris 1990, p.150. 21 Picard (note 5) p.8. 22 Ibid. p.16. 23 Ibid. p.25 24 Manfred Halpern, ‘Middle Eastern Armies and the New Middle Class’, in J. Johnson (ed.), The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries (Princeton UP 1962) p.292. 25 Dominique Sigaud, ‘L’Armée libanaise: Eclatement ou destin national?’, Cahiers de l’Orient 11 (1988) p.65. 26 Rosita Abla, ‘L’impact psychosocial du service militaire sur les jeunes appelés libanais’, MA diss., University Saint Joseph, Beirut 2002, p.18. 27 Lebanese Army, 2006. Kirass tawjihi. ⟨www.lebarmy.gov.lb/English/Kirras.asp⟩ accessed 15 Jan. 2007. 28 Miles Hewstone and Rupert Brown, ‘Contact is not Enough: An Intergroup Perspective on the “Contact Hypothesis”, in idem, Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1986) p.2. 29 Lebanese Army Information Service, Fifty‐Ninth Anniversary of Independence (Beirut 2003) p.13. 30 ‘Au Liban, des anciens miliciens se reconvertissent dans l’armée’, Libération, 14 April 1995. 31 Abla (note 26). 32 Antoine Messarra, ‘Jeunesse: Intégration ou aliénation?’ in idem, Le Pacte libanais (Beirut: Librairie Orientale 2002) pp.16–17. 33 Abla (note 26) p.46. 34 Recruit Sami in discussion with the author, Beirut, Aug. 2004. 35 Abla (note 26) p.56. 36 Messarra (note 32) p.216. 37 Maurus Reinkowski, ‘National Identity in Lebanon since 1990’, Orient 38/3 (1997) p.508. 38 Theodor Hanf, ‘The Sceptical Nation: Opinions and Attitudes Twelve Years after the End of the War’, in idem, Lebanon in Limbo: Postwar Society and State in an Uncertain Regional Environment (Baden‐Baden: Nomos 2003) p.210. 39 Kamal Salibi, A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered (London: I.B. Tauris 1988) p.222. 40 Najah Abdallah, ‘L’image de l’armée libanaise à travers de la presse quotidienne au Liban en 1984’, PhD diss., University Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux 1992, p.28. 41 Fabiola Azar and Etienne Mullet, ‘Muslims and Christians in Lebanon: Common Views on Political Issues’, Journal of Peace Research 39/6 (2002) p.741 of pp.735–46. 42 Abdallah (note 40) p.27. 43 Omar Khalidi, ‘Ethnic Group Recruitment in the Indian Army: The Contrasting Cases of Sikhs, Muslims, Gurkhas and Others’, Pacific Affairs (Winter 2001/2002) p.545. 44 António de Oliveira Salazar, El pensamiento de la Revolucion Nacional, Elogio de las Virtudes Militares. (Buenos Aires 1938). Salazar was dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, quoted in Samuel Finer, The Man on Horseback : The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Praeger 1962) pp.118–22. 45 Lebanese Army (note 27). 46 Samir Kassir in discussion with the author, Beirut 20 July 2004. 47 General Elias Farhat in discussion with the author, Yarzé, April 2004. 48 Lebanese Army Information Service (note 19) p.10. 49 ‘Lebanese Army may join forces with Hizbullah’, Jerusalem Post, 20 July 2006. 50 CNSNews.com. ‘Lebanese Army openly supports Hizballah’, ⟨www.cnsnews.com/ViewSpecialReports.asp?Page=/SpecialReports/archive/200608/SPE20060802a.html⟩ 2 Aug. 2006 (accessed 11 Sept. 2006). 51 Esther Pan, ‘Lebanon’s Weak Government’, Council on Foreign Relations, 20 July 2006, ⟨www.cfr.org/publication/11135/lebanons_weak_government.html#7⟩. 52 ‘Lebanese break through army cordon with roses’, Daily Star (Lebanon), 1 March 2005; ‘A Beyrouth, les militaires n’ont pas empêché les protestataires d’affluer’, Le Monde, 28 Feb. 2005. 53 Sabine Collmer and Gerhard Kümmel, Ein Job wie jeder andere? Zum Selbst‐ und Berufsverständnis von Soldaten (Baden‐Baden: Nomos 2005). 54 Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie (Tübingen: JCB Mohr 1985) p.822. 55 Anthony Pereira, ‘Armed Forces, Coercive Monopolies, and Changing Patterns of State Formation and Violence’, in Diane Davis and Anthony Pereira (eds.), Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation (Cambridge: CUP 2003) p.388. 56 Takiedine (note 14) p.398. 57 Rana Habib. La vocation des militaires au sein de l’exception démocratique libanaise. MA diss., University Saint Joseph, (Beirut 2002) p.101.
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