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One and the same: integrative taxonomic evidence that B actrocera invadens ( D iptera: T ephritidae) is the same species as the O riental fruit fly B actrocera dorsalis

2014; Wiley; Volume: 40; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/syen.12114

1365-3113

MARK K. SCHUTZE, Khalid Mahmood, Ana Pavasovic, Wang Bo, Jaye Newman, Anthony R. Clarke, Matt N. Krosch, Stephen L. Cameron,

Forest Insect Ecology and Management

Abstract The invasive fruit fly B actrocera invadens D rew, T suruta & W hite, and the O riental fruit fly B actrocera dorsalis ( H endel) are highly destructive horticultural pests of global significance. Bactrocera invadens originates from the Indian subcontinent and has recently invaded all of sub‐ S aharan A frica, while B . dorsalis principally occurs from the I ndian subcontinent towards southern C hina and South‐east A sia. High morphological and genetic similarity has cast doubt over whether B . invadens is a distinct species from B . dorsalis . Addressing this issue within an integrative taxonomic framework, we sampled from across the geographic distribution of both taxa and: (i) analysed morphological variation, including those characters considered diagnostic (scutum colour, length of aedeagus, width of postsutural lateral vittae, wing size, and wing shape); (ii) sequenced four loci ( ITS1 , ITS2 , cox1 and nad4 ) for phylogenetic inference; and (iii) generated a cox1 haplotype network to examine population structure. Molecular analyses included the closely related species, B actrocera kandiensis D rew & H ancock. Scutum colour varies from red‐brown to fully black for individuals from A frica and the I ndian subcontinent. All individuals east of the I ndian subcontinent are black except for a few red‐brown individuals from C hina. The postsutural lateral vittae width of B . invadens is narrower than B . dorsalis from eastern A sia, but the variation is clinal, with subcontinent B . dorsalis populations intermediate in size. Aedeagus length, wing shape and wing size cannot discriminate between the two taxa. Phylogenetic analyses failed to resolve B . invadens from B . dorsalis , but did resolve B . kandiensis . Bactrocera dorsalis and B . invadens shared cox1 haplotypes, yet the haplotype network pattern does not reflect current taxonomy or patterns in thoracic colour. Some individuals of B . dorsalis/ B . invadens possessed haplotypes more closely related to B . kandiensis than to conspecifics, suggestive of mitochondrial introgression between these species. The combined evidence fails to support the delimitation of B . dorsalis and B . invadens as separate biological species. Consequently, existing biological data for B . dorsalis may be applied to the invasive population in A frica. Our recommendation, in line with other recent publications, is that B . invadens be synonymized with B . dorsalis .