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Interactions between Activating Signal Cointegrator-2 and the Tumor Suppressor Retinoblastoma in Androgen Receptor Transactivation

2004; Elsevier BV; Volume: 279; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.m312563200

ISSN

1083-351X

Autores

Young‐Hwa Goo, Soon-Young Na, Hao Zhang, Jianming Xu, SunHwa Hong, JaeHun Cheong, Soo‐Kyung Lee, Jae Woon Lee,

Tópico(s)

Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research

Resumo

Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2), a cancer-amplified transcription coactivator of nuclear receptors and numerous other transcription factors, was previously shown to contain two LXXLL motifs, each of which interacts with a distinct set of nuclear receptors. In this work, we showed that ASC-2 has an indirect, separate binding site for androgen receptor (AR). Interestingly, this region overlapped with the direct interaction interfaces with the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (Rb). Although ASC-2 alone stimulated AR transactivation in cotransfections of HeLa cells, ectopic expression of Rb effected ASC-2 to act as a transcription coactivator of AR in Rb-null Saos2 cells. These results, along with the previous report in which AR was shown to directly interact with Rb (Yeh, S., Miyamoto, H., Nishimura, K., Kang, H., Ludlow, J., Hsiao, P., Wang, C., Su, C., and Chang C. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248, 361-367), suggest that the AR-ASC-2 interactions in vivo may involve Rb. Thus, ASC-2 appears to contain at least three distinct nuclear receptor interaction domains. Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2), a cancer-amplified transcription coactivator of nuclear receptors and numerous other transcription factors, was previously shown to contain two LXXLL motifs, each of which interacts with a distinct set of nuclear receptors. In this work, we showed that ASC-2 has an indirect, separate binding site for androgen receptor (AR). Interestingly, this region overlapped with the direct interaction interfaces with the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (Rb). Although ASC-2 alone stimulated AR transactivation in cotransfections of HeLa cells, ectopic expression of Rb effected ASC-2 to act as a transcription coactivator of AR in Rb-null Saos2 cells. These results, along with the previous report in which AR was shown to directly interact with Rb (Yeh, S., Miyamoto, H., Nishimura, K., Kang, H., Ludlow, J., Hsiao, P., Wang, C., Su, C., and Chang C. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248, 361-367), suggest that the AR-ASC-2 interactions in vivo may involve Rb. Thus, ASC-2 appears to contain at least three distinct nuclear receptor interaction domains. The nuclear receptor superfamily is a group of proteins that regulate, in a ligand-dependent manner, transcriptional initiation of target genes by binding to specific DNA sequences named hormone response elements (reviewed in Ref. 1Mangelsdorf D.J. Thummel C. Beato M. Herrlich P. Schutz G. Umesono K. Blumberg B. Kastner P. Mark M. Chambon P. Evans R.M. Cell. 1995; 83: 835-839Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6087) Google Scholar). Functional analysis of nuclear receptors has shown that there are two major activation domains. The N-terminal domain (i.e. AF-1) contains a ligand-independent activation function, whereas the ligand-binding domain exhibits ligand-dependent transactivation function (i.e. AF-2). The AF-2 core region, located at the extreme C terminus of the receptor ligand-binding domains, is conserved among nuclear receptors and undergoes a major conformational change upon ligand binding (1Mangelsdorf D.J. Thummel C. Beato M. Herrlich P. Schutz G. Umesono K. Blumberg B. Kastner P. Mark M. Chambon P. Evans R.M. Cell. 1995; 83: 835-839Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6087) Google Scholar). This region has been shown to play a critical role in mediating transactivation by serving as a ligand-dependent interaction interface with many different coactivators (reviewed in Ref. 2McKenna N.J. Lanz R.B. O'Malley B.W. Endocr. Rev. 1999; 20: 321-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (1655) Google Scholar). These coactivators, including the SRC/p160 family members, CBP/p300, p/CAF, TRAP/DRIP, activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2) 1The abbreviations used are: ASC-2, activating signal cointegrator-2; AR, androgen receptor; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GFP, green fluorescence protein; RFP, red fluorescence protein; Rb, retinoblastoma; MMTV, murine mammary tumor virus; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation. and many others, bridge nuclear receptors and the basal transcription apparatus and/or remodel the chromatin structures (2McKenna N.J. Lanz R.B. O'Malley B.W. Endocr. Rev. 1999; 20: 321-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (1655) Google Scholar). A distinctive structural feature of the AF-2-dependent coactivators is the presence of LXXLL signature motifs (i.e. NR box) (3Heery D.M. Kalkhoven E. Hoare S. Parker M.G. Nature. 1997; 387: 733-736Crossref PubMed Scopus (1772) Google Scholar, 4Torchia J. Rose D.W. Inostroza J. Kamei Y. Westin S. Glass C.K. Rosenfeld M.G. Nature. 1997; 387: 677-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (1107) Google Scholar). The AF-2 core region (helix 12), upon undergoing a major restructuring upon ligand binding, forms part of a "charged clamp" that accommodates coactivators within a hydrophobic cleft of the receptor ligand-binding domain, through direct contacts with these NR boxes (2McKenna N.J. Lanz R.B. O'Malley B.W. Endocr. Rev. 1999; 20: 321-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (1655) Google Scholar). Interestingly, the N-CoR/SMRT nuclear receptor interaction motifs exhibit a consensus sequence of I/LXXI/HI (i.e. CoRNR box, in which H indicates hydrophobic residues) (5Hu X. Lazar M.A. Nature. 1999; 402: 93-96Crossref PubMed Scopus (526) Google Scholar, 6Perissi V. Staszewski L.M. McInerney E.M. Kurokawa R. Krones A. Rose D.W. Lambert M.H. Milburn M.V. Glass C.K. Rosenfeld M.G. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 3198-3208Crossref PubMed Scopus (425) Google Scholar), which interacts with specific residues in the same receptor pocket required for coactivator binding. Thus, discrimination of the subtle differences between the coactivator and corepressor interaction helices by the nuclear receptor AF-2 core may provide the molecular basis for the exchange of coactivators for corepressors, with ligand-dependent formation of the charged clamp that stabilizes NR box binding and inhibits interaction with CoRNR box helix. ASC-2 (also named AIB3, TRBP, RAP250, NRC, and PRIP), gene-amplified and overexpressed in certain human cancers (7Lee S.-K. Anzick S.L. Choi J.E. Bubendorf L. Guan X.Y. Jung Y.K. Kallioniemi O.P. Kononen J. Trent J.M. Azorsa D. Jhun B.H. Cheong J.H. Lee Y.C. Meltzer P.S. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 34283-34293Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar, 8Tanner M.M. Tirkkonen M. Kallioniemi A. Isola J. Kuukasjarvi T. Collins C. Kowbel D. Guan X.Y. Trent J. Gray J.W. Meltzer P. Kallioniemi O.P. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 3441-3445PubMed Google Scholar, 9Zhu Y. Kan L. Qi C. Kanwar Y.S. Yeldandi A.V. Rao M.S. Reddy J.K. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 13510-13516Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 10Mahajan M.A. Samuels H.H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000; 20: 5048-5063Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, 11Ko L. Cardona G.R. Chin W.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 6212-6217Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 12Caira F. Antonson P. Pelto-Huikko M. Treuter E. Gustafsson J.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 5308-5317Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar), contains two NR boxes (13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). The C-terminal NR box specifically interacts with liver X receptors and the N-terminal NR box binds many different nuclear receptors, including retinoic acid receptor (13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). Transgenic mice overexpressing ASC-2 fragment DN1 (the ASC-2 residues 849-929 containing the N-terminal motif) but not DN1/m in which the LXXLL sequences were mutated to LXXAA to disable the receptor bindings were significantly impaired for many signaling pathways mediated by retinoic acid and other receptors, in which DN1 competitively blocked the interaction of these receptors with the full-length endogenous ASC-2 (14Kim S.-W. Cheong C. Sohn Y.-C. Goo Y.-H. Oh W.J. Park J.H. Joe S.Y. Kang H.-S. Kim D.-K. Kee C.W. Lee J.W. Lee H.-W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002; 22: 8409-8414Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar). Similarly, transgenic mice overexpressing ASC-2 fragment DN2 (the ASC-2 residues 1,431-1,511 containing the C-terminal NR box) were impaired for transactivation by liver X receptors (15Kim S.W. Park K. Kwak E. Choi E. Lee S. Ham J. Kang H. Kim J.M. Hwang S.Y. Kong Y.Y. Lee K. Lee J.W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 3583-3592Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). In addition, single cell microinjection of neutralizing antibodies against ASC-2 abolished transactivation by retinoic acid and other nuclear receptors that interact with ASC-2 (7Lee S.-K. Anzick S.L. Choi J.E. Bubendorf L. Guan X.Y. Jung Y.K. Kallioniemi O.P. Kononen J. Trent J.M. Azorsa D. Jhun B.H. Cheong J.H. Lee Y.C. Meltzer P.S. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 34283-34293Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar). More recently, three different groups demonstrated that transactivation by retinoid X receptor and PPARγ are abolished in mouse embryo fibroblast cells of ASC-2-null mice (16Kuang S.Q. Liao L. Zhang H. Pereira F.A. Yuan Y. DeMayo F.J. Ko L. Xu J. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 45356-45360Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 17Zhu Y.J. Crawford S.E. Stellmach V. Dwivedi R.S. Rao M.S. Gonzalez F.J. Qi C. Reddy J.K. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 1986-1990Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar, 18Antonson P. Schuster G.U. Wang L. Rozell B. Holter E. Flodby P. Treuter E. Holmgren L. Gustafsson J.A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 1260-1268Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). Thus, ASC-2 is likely a bona-fide coactivator molecule of many nuclear receptors in vivo. In this report, we found that ASC-2 has an indirect, separate binding site for androgen receptor (AR). This region, distinct from two previously characterized LXXLL motifs (13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar), overlapped with the newly defined, direct interaction interfaces with the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (Rb). In addition, Rb appeared to be required for ASC-2-mediated transactivation of AR in cotransfections. Along with the previous report in which AR was shown to directly interact with Rb (19Yeh S. Miyamoto H. Nishimura K. Kang H. Ludlow J. Hsiao P. Wang C. Su C. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 361-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar), these results suggest that the AR-ASC-2 interactions in vivo could be mediated by Rb. Overall, these results suggest that 1) ASC-2 is likely an essential coactivator of AR, and 2) ASC-2 contains at least three distinct nuclear receptor-interacting domains. Plasmids—For glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion vectors, PCR-fragments encoding Rb, Rbm1, Rbm2, and Rbm3 were cloned into EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites of pGEX4T (Amersham Biosciences). For VP16 fusion vectors, PCR-fragments for AR and Rb were cloned into EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites of pCMX-VP16. Similarly, a PCR-fragment encoding ASC2-2b was cloned into EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites of pcDNA3-HA-NLS. The mammalian expression vectors for ASC-2, Gal4/ASC2-2, Gal4/ASC2-1, Gal4/ASC2-2, Gal4/ASC2-3.5, Gal4/ASC2-4, Gal4/ASC2-2a, Gal4/ASC2-2b, Gal4/ASC2-2c, AR, and Rb, along with the transfection indicator construct pRSV-β-gal and reporter constructs MMTV-luciferase and Gal4-luciferase, were as previously described (7Lee S.-K. Anzick S.L. Choi J.E. Bubendorf L. Guan X.Y. Jung Y.K. Kallioniemi O.P. Kononen J. Trent J.M. Azorsa D. Jhun B.H. Cheong J.H. Lee Y.C. Meltzer P.S. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 34283-34293Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar, 13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). GST-Pull Down Assays—The GST-fusions or GST alone were expressed in Escherichia coli, bound to glutathione-Sepahrose-4B beads (Amersham Biosciences), and incubated with labeled proteins expressed by in vitro translation by using the TnT-coupled transcription-translation system, with conditions as described by the manufacturer (Promega, Madison, WI). Specifically bound proteins were eluted from beads with 40 mm reduced glutathione in 50 mm Tris (pH 8.0) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography as described previously (20Na S.Y. Kim H.J. Lee S.K. Choi H.S. Na D.S. Lee M.O. Chung M. Moore D.D. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 3212-3215Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). Cell Culture, Transfections, Co-immunoprecipitation, and Immunohistochemistry—HeLa and CV-1 cells were grown in 24-well plates with medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum for 24 h and transfected with 100 ng of LacZ expression vector pRSV-β-gal and 100 ng of an indicated reporter gene, along with indicated amount of various mammalian expression vectors. Total amounts of expression vectors were kept constant by adding pcDNA3. Transfections and luciferase assays were done as described (20Na S.Y. Kim H.J. Lee S.K. Choi H.S. Na D.S. Lee M.O. Chung M. Moore D.D. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 3212-3215Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar), and the results were normalized to the LacZ expression. Similar results were obtained in more than two similar experiments. For co-immunoprecipitation experiments, 293T cells were cotransfected with mammalian expression vectors for Rb, ASC-2, and AR, as indicated. HL60 cells were also employed. Antibody coupling to protein G agarose and immunoprecipitation were executed as previously described (21Lee Y.C. Kim Y.-J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1998; 18: 5364-5370Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). Immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described (22Zhang H. Liao L. Kuang S.Q. Xu J. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 1435-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). Briefly, adult mouse testes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.6) overnight. Paraffin sections (5 μm in thickness) were prepared. Deparaffinized and hydrolyzed sections were incubated overnight with ASC-2 antibody as previously described (22Zhang H. Liao L. Kuang S.Q. Xu J. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 1435-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar) or AR antibody (mouse anti-AR prediluted antibody, Zymed Labaoratories, Inc., San Francisco, CA), followed by secondary biotinylated antibody (22Zhang H. Liao L. Kuang S.Q. Xu J. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 1435-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). Negative control staining was performed with pre-absorbed anti-ASC-2 serum (22Zhang H. Liao L. Kuang S.Q. Xu J. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 1435-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar) or non-immune mouse IgG at 1:200 dilutions (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA). Single-Cell Microinjection Assay—CV-1 fibroblast cells, made quiescent by incubating in serum-free medium for 24 h, were microinjected with either preimmune IgG or the affinity-purified αASC-2 IgG (13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar) along with reporter and indicator constructs (25 μg/ml each). The reporter construct consisted of the MMTV promoter driving the expression of green fluorescence protein (MMTV-GFP), whereas the cytomegalovirus promoter drives the expression of red fluorescence protein in microinjection indicator construct CMV-RFP. About 1 h after injection, cells were stimulated, where indicated, with 0.1 μm of testosterone. After 18 h incubation, cells were examined for GFP and RFP expressions as previously described (23Jhun B.H. Rose D.W. Seely B.L. Rameh L. Cantley L. Saltiel A.R. Olefsky J.M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 7466-7475Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)—HEK293 cells overexpressing AR were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% charcoal-dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum, and were treated with 0.1 μm of testosterone. ChIP assays were essentially done as described (24Shang Y. Myers M. Brown M. Mol. Cell. 2002; 9: 601-610Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (563) Google Scholar). The primers used were 5′-TCTGCCTTTGTCCCCTAGAT-3′ and 5′-AACCTTCATTCCCCAGGACT-3′. ASC-2 as an Essential Coactivator of AR—The nuclear receptor coactivator ASC-2 functions with two steroid receptors (i.e. estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors) via its N-terminal NR box (7Lee S.-K. Anzick S.L. Choi J.E. Bubendorf L. Guan X.Y. Jung Y.K. Kallioniemi O.P. Kononen J. Trent J.M. Azorsa D. Jhun B.H. Cheong J.H. Lee Y.C. Meltzer P.S. Lee J.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 34283-34293Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar, 8Tanner M.M. Tirkkonen M. Kallioniemi A. Isola J. Kuukasjarvi T. Collins C. Kowbel D. Guan X.Y. Trent J. Gray J.W. Meltzer P. Kallioniemi O.P. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 3441-3445PubMed Google Scholar, 9Zhu Y. Kan L. Qi C. Kanwar Y.S. Yeldandi A.V. Rao M.S. Reddy J.K. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 13510-13516Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 10Mahajan M.A. Samuels H.H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000; 20: 5048-5063Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, 11Ko L. Cardona G.R. Chin W.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 6212-6217Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 12Caira F. Antonson P. Pelto-Huikko M. Treuter E. Gustafsson J.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 5308-5317Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar, 13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). To test whether or not the target steroid receptors of ASC-2 extend to AR, we microinjected IgG or monoclonal antibody against ASC-2 into the nuclei of CV-1 cells, along with AR-expression vector as well as CMV-RFP indicator and MMTV-GFP reporter constructs. Notably, this proviral MMTV promoter contains the well characterized cis-elements that are responsive to glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progeseterone, and testosterone (25Truss M. Chalepakis G. Beato M. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1992; 43: 365-378Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). With IgG microinjected, the percentage of green cells (i.e. GFP-positive cells indicative of activated AR) over the total number of red cells (i.e. RFP-positive cells indicative of microinjected cells) increased from 0 to almost 75% upon addition of 0.1 μm of testosterone (Fig. 1A). In the presence of microinjected αASC-2 antibody and testosterone, however, it dropped to less than 20%, indicating that the endogenous ASC-2 in CV-1 cells is important for AR transactivation. To confirm these results, we executed transient cotransfection assays by employing a luciferase reporter construct driven by MMTV proviral promoter (i.e. MMTV-luciferase). As shown in Fig. 1B, increasing amounts of ASC-2-expression vector cotransfected into HeLa cells stimulated testosterone-dependent transactivation by AR in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, ASC-2 had no significant effect on the basal level of transactivation. Finally, we have employed ChIP assays to directly examine whether ASC-2 is recruited to endogenous AR target genes. Indeed, ASC-2 was recruited to the androgen response element in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene (24Shang Y. Myers M. Brown M. Mol. Cell. 2002; 9: 601-610Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (563) Google Scholar) in a testosterone-dependent manner, along with AR itself (Fig. 1C). Taken together, these results strongly suggest that ASC-2 is an essential transcriptional coactivator protein of AR. Indirect Binding of ASC-2 and AR—To understand the mechanistic basis of this ASC-2 recruitment to AR (Fig. 1C), we tried to localize the putative interaction interfaces between ASC-2 and AR. Surprisingly, the mapped AR-interacting region of ASC-2 (ARID in Fig. 2A) did not coincide with either of the two NR boxes. As demonstrated with the mammalian two hybrid tests (Fig. 2B), AR interacted with ASC2-2b that consists of the ASC-2 residues 622-849 (13Lee S.-K. Jung S.Y. Kim Y.S. Na S.Y. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001; 15: 241-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar) in a testosterone-independent manner, whereas it did not interact with other regions of ASC-2 including the N-terminal and C-terminal NR boxes (data not shown). Furthermore, from whole cell lysates of HEK293 cells cotransfected with expression vector for AR, αAR and αASC-2 antibodies co-immunoprecipitated ASC-2 and AR, respectively (Fig. 2C and data not shown). Consistent with the mammalian two hybrid tests, these interactions were also ligand-independent. To further probe the physiological significance of these interactions, we examined whether these two proteins are co-localized within the known target cells of AR in vivo. Indeed, we have found that ASC-2 is co-expressed with AR in the nuclei of Sertoli and Leydig cells, the major target cells of AR in testis (22Zhang H. Liao L. Kuang S.Q. Xu J. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 1435-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar) (Fig. 2D). However, it is important to note that we failed to detect any direct interaction between radio-labeled ASC-2 or ASC2-2b and GST fusion to AR as well as radio-labeled AR and GST-ASC2-2b (data not shown). These results imply that AR likely binds to ASC-2 via other adaptor protein(s) in vivo; i.e. the AR-ASC-2 interactions are indirect. Rb as a Putative Adaptor between ASC-2 and AR—Rb was previously shown to function as a coactivator of AR via direct protein-protein interactions (19Yeh S. Miyamoto H. Nishimura K. Kang H. Ludlow J. Hsiao P. Wang C. Su C. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 361-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). Notably, these interactions were testosterone-independent similar to the indirect interactions of AR and ASC-2 (Fig. 2). Thus, we explored the possibility of Rb being the putative adaptor protein that mediates the AR-ASC-2 interactions in vivo. To test this idea, we transfected 293T cells with expression vectors for ASC-2, AR, and Rb. From the whole cell lysates of these cells, Rb was co-immunoprecipitated by αASC-2 antibody, and αAR antibody readily co-immunoprecipitated Rb in a ligand-independent manner (data not shown), consistent with the reported results (19Yeh S. Miyamoto H. Nishimura K. Kang H. Ludlow J. Hsiao P. Wang C. Su C. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 361-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). Similarly, the endogenous Rb and ASC-2 were co-immunoprecipitated from HL60 cells (Fig. 3A). Indicative of direct protein-protein interactions, radio-labeled ASC-2 readily interacted with GST fusion to Rb in the GST-pull down assays, and these interactions were localized to two independent subregions of Rb (Fig. 3B). We further localized the Rb-interacting region of ASC-2 to ASC2-2b in the mammalian two hybrid tests (Fig. 3C). It is important to note that this region of ASC-2 is identical to the indirect, AR-interacting domain we have localized (Fig. 2B). Taken together, these results suggest that Rb may act as an adaptor protein between AR and ASC-2. Rb Effects ASC-2 to Mediate AR Transactivation—In cotransfections of HeLa cells, overexpression of ASC2-2b suppressed the AR transactivation (Fig. 4A), consistent with the importance of the ASC-2-AR/ASC-2-Rb interactions. Similarly, coexpression of Gal4 fusion to ASC2-2b also inhibited the AR transactivation (data not shown). Moreover, ectopic expression of Rb appeared to effect the ability of ASC-2 to mediate the AR transactivation in Saos2 cells that lack Rb (Fig. 4B). Taken together, these results further suggest that Rb is important for ASC-2 to mediate the AR transactivation. It is also possible that the previously described, AR-coactivator function of Rb (19Yeh S. Miyamoto H. Nishimura K. Kang H. Ludlow J. Hsiao P. Wang C. Su C. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 361-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar) could have resulted from this indirect recruitment of ASC-2 to AR via Rb. Overall, our results strongly suggest that ASC-2 acts as a specific coactivator of AR in conjunction with Rb. We have recently found that ASC-2 exists as a steady-state complex of ∼2 MDa (26Goo Y.H. Sohn Y.C. Kim D.H. Kim S.W. Kang M.J. Jung D.J. Kwak E. Barlev N.A. Berger S.L. Chow V.Y. Roeder R.G. Azorsa D.O. Meltzer P.S. Suh P.G. Song E.J. Lee K.J. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 140-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar). This complex named ASC-2 complex contains ALR-1 and its splicing isoform ALR-2, ALR-like protein HALR, ASH2, the Rb-binding protein RBQ-3, and α/β-tubulins (26Goo Y.H. Sohn Y.C. Kim D.H. Kim S.W. Kang M.J. Jung D.J. Kwak E. Barlev N.A. Berger S.L. Chow V.Y. Roeder R.G. Azorsa D.O. Meltzer P.S. Suh P.G. Song E.J. Lee K.J. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 140-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar). In particular, ALR-1/ALR-2 and HALR exhibit specific histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity toward histone H3-lysine 4, and thus ASCOM represents the first nuclear receptor coactivator complex associated with this important histone modification function (26Goo Y.H. Sohn Y.C. Kim D.H. Kim S.W. Kang M.J. Jung D.J. Kwak E. Barlev N.A. Berger S.L. Chow V.Y. Roeder R.G. Azorsa D.O. Meltzer P.S. Suh P.G. Song E.J. Lee K.J. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 140-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar). Therefore, our working model (Fig. 4C) predicts that a ternary interaction of AR, Rb, and ASC-2 effects the recruitment of this ASC-2 complex/ASCOM to AR. Notably, other proteins such as the Rb-binding protein RBQ-3 (27Saijo M. Sakai Y. Kishino T. Niikawa N. Matsuura Y. Morino K. Tamai K. Taya Y. Genomics. 1995; 27: 511-519Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar) may also provide additional interaction interfaces to stabilize this AR/Rb/ASC-2/ASCOM supracomplex. In turn, ASCOM is expected to exert its yet unknown regulatory functions on AR transactivation, which may involve chromatin remodeling of AR target genes via its histone methylation activities. We have recently established mouse genetic models that specifically inactivate the methylation function of ASCOM, 2D. K. Lee and J. W. Lee, unpublished results. and these mice may provide important insights into the exact regulatory functions of ASC-2/ASCOM with AR and other nuclear receptors. Finally, it should be noted that the ASC-2-Rb interactions we defined in this report may also play an important role with other target transcription factors of ASC-2. In summary, we have found that the nuclear receptor coactivator ASC-2 contains at least three distinct receptor-interacting domains; two LXXLL-type NR boxes and an indirect, AR-interacting region that likely involves Rb as a bridging/adaptor protein. Overall, our results attest to the importance of ASC-2 as a major adaptor unit that a series of different nuclear receptors utilize to recruit the ASC-2 complex (26Goo Y.H. Sohn Y.C. Kim D.H. Kim S.W. Kang M.J. Jung D.J. Kwak E. Barlev N.A. Berger S.L. Chow V.Y. Roeder R.G. Azorsa D.O. Meltzer P.S. Suh P.G. Song E.J. Lee K.J. Lee Y.C. Lee J.W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 140-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar).

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