The Euro-Arab Dialogue and the Limits of European External Intervention in the Middle East, 1974–77
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 50; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00263206.2014.933421
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
ResumoAbstractThe Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD) was established by the European Economic Community in 1974 as a way of improving bilateral relations between Europe and the Arab world in the wake of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the subsequent global energy crisis. This article examines the success of the EAD in its first three years in existence (between 1974 and 1977). It begins with an analysis of the literature on the framework in these years. Much of this material argues that the EAD was a success in achieving its goal of improving relations with the Arab world as well as evidence of the success of the recently established European Political Cooperation (EPC) framework in general. This article challenges this view and instead argues that the EAD, even in its early years, was not a success due to three factors: the first was the failure of the EEC to keep the EAD focused on economic issues and to prevent the politicization of the framework; the second was the Community's inability to come to grips with the deep internal divisions over both the mandate and goals of the EAD; and the third was American hostility towards the EAD from the time of its birth. Notes1. See ‘Interview with Christopher Mayhew, MP’, Middle East International, No.35 (May 1974), p.20. Mayhew, a veteran Arabist and British MP was the first joint chairman of the Parliamentary Association for Euro-Arab Co-operation.2. L. Brahimi, ‘Who is Speaking to Whom in the Euro-Arab Dialogue’, Euro-Arab Dialogue Lectures II (The Hague: The Luftia Rabbani Foundation, 1986), p.15.3. A. Bressand and T. De Montbrial, ‘The Ups and Downs of Mutual Relevance’, Daedalus, Old Faiths and New Doubts: The European Predicament, Vol.108, No.2 (Spring 1979), p.127.4. Euro-Arab Dialogue Minutes, 17 and 22 Dec. 1975, British National Archives (hereafter, BNA)/Foreign & Commonwealth Office (hereafter, FCO) 30/3045.5. EAD-Committee of Permanent Representatives, 19 June 1975, BNA/FCO 30/3031.6. Minutes of meeting of the EAD Coordinating Group, Dublin, 20 June 1975, BNA/FCO 30/3032.7. See L. Tsoukalis, ‘The EEC and the Mediterranean: Is “Global” Policy a Misnomer?’, International Affairs, Vol.53, No.3 (July 1977), pp.422–38.8. See A.R. Taylor, ‘The Euro-Arab Dialogue: Quest for an Interregional Partnership’, Middle East Journal, Vol.32, No.4 (Autumn 1978), p.441.9. M. Palmer, ‘EEC: The Road to Better Political Co-Operation’, The World Today, Vol.32, No.1 (Jan. 1976), pp.25–30.10. J. Bourrinet, Le Dialogue euro-arabe (Paris: Economica, 1979); and M. Benchenane, Pour un dialogue euro-arabe (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1983). See also C. Saint-Prot, ‘Le dialogue euro-arabe’, Revue d’études des relations internationales, No.34 (1981).11. S.A. Al-Mani, The Euro-Arab Dialogue: A Study in Associative Diplomacy (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1983), p.136.12. H.A. Jawad, Euro-Arab Relations: A Study in Collective Diplomacy (Reading, Ithaca Press, 1992).13. S.S. Siddiqui, ‘The European Union in Quest of a Global Power Status’, Pakistan Horizon, Vol.52, No.2 (April 1999), p.69; Roger Tomkys’ review of The Middle East and Europe: An Integrated Communities Approach by Gerd Nonneman, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.21, No.2 (1994), pp.266–7. Even those who opposed a strengthening of Euro-Arab relations as a threat to the fabric of western society indirectly praised the EAD for providing a ‘formidable political and legal superstructure that encompasses the entire Euro-Arab relationship’ and regretted that the framework had ‘established the conditions for a genuine Euro-Arab symbiosis’. B. Ye’or, The Euro-Arab Axis (Madison, WI and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2005), pp.10, 57.14. R. Tomkys, ‘European Political Cooperation and the Middle East: A Personal Perspective’, International Affairs, Vol.63, No.3 (Summer 1987), p.428. Writing in the same journal the year before, Evan Luard had been even blunter. ‘It was’, he argued, ‘fatuous to pretend’ that the EAD had any significant impact on the Middle East. See E. Luard, ‘A European Foreign Policy’, International Affairs, Vol.62, No.4 (Autumn 1986), p.576.15. Document de Travail de la Presidence Dialogue Euro-Arabe, 18 Feb. 1975, BNA/FCO 30/3023.16. Joint Communiqué: Euro-Arab Dialogue, Cairo, 14 June 1975, BNA/FCO 30/3031.17. J. Callaghan, Challenges and Opportunities for British Foreign Policy (London: Fabian Bureau, 1975), p.13.18. US Embassy, Bonn, to Secretary of State, Washington DC, 20 May 1974, Cable: 1974BONN08023_b, https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1974BONN08023_b19. On the EEC's Global Mediterranean policy see Tsoukalis, ‘The EEC and the Mediterranean’.20. General Committee meeting Tunis, 10–12 Feb. 1977 opening Declaration by European Co-Presidency delivered by Richard Faber, Chairman of the European Coordinating Group, BNA/FCO 93/1253.21. R. Miller and A. Mishrif, ‘The Barcelona Process and Euro-Arab Economic Relations: 1995–2005’, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol.9, No.2 (June 2005), http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue2/jv9no2a6.html22. British Embassy, Algiers, to Foreign Office, 20 Jan. 1975, BNA/FCO 30/2022.23. Ibid.24. 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