‘Be Not a Copy if Thou Canst Be an Original’: German Philosophy, Republican Pedagogy, Benthamism and Saint-Simonism in the Political Thought of Gioacchino di Prati
2014; Routledge; Volume: 41; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/01916599.2014.926104
ISSN1873-541X
Autores Tópico(s)Political theory and Gramsci
ResumoSummaryBorn to a noble family in the Italian Trentino, Prati studied philosophy in Austria and Germany. Returning to Italy, he joined the carbonari, a network of revolutionary secret societies. Forced into exile in Switzerland, he worked as an educator alongside Pestalozzi. Following his expulsion from Switzerland, Prati sought refuge in Britain, becoming acquainted with Coleridge, the Benthamite utilitarians, and the Owenites. Following the July Revolution, Prati went to Paris, where he became a Saint-Simonian. Returning to Britain, he sought to convert the British to Saint-Simonism, before undertaking a series of other literary projects. He eventually returned to Italy, where he entered into correspondence with the Roman Catholic philosopher Antonio Rosmini. Prati left behind him a trail of letters, newspaper articles, pamphlets, and books, written in four different European languages. These have been hitherto neglected by scholars, and constitute the basis of the current article.Keywords: Saint-SimonismrepublicanismBenthamRisorgimentoexilePestalozzi Notes1 Max H. Fisch, ‘The Coleridges, Dr. Prati, and Vico’, Modern Philology, 41 (1943), 111–22; Richard K. P. Pankhurst, The Saint-Simonians, Mill and Carlyle (London, 1957), 101–31.2 Richard Haven, ‘Dr. de Prati: A Note and a Query’, Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, 5(2) (1972), 47–50.3 The ‘Autobiography’ appeared in the Penny Satirist between 10 June 1837 and 17 February 1838. There is an abridged Italian translation and a full English edition; see Gioacchino de Prati, Note autobiografiche del cospiratore trentino Gioacchino Prati, edited by Pietro Pedrotti (Rovereto, 1926); Gioacchino de Prati, ‘Autobiography’, edited by Armando Saitta, Annuario dell'istituto storico italiano per l'età moderna e contemporanea, 17–18 (1965/6), 131–314 (hereafter volume I); 19–20 (1967/8), 123–374 (hereafter volume II). As to letters, see Gioacchino de Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino Giovacchino Prati con Antonio Rosmini’, edited by Pietro Pedrotti, Archivio Veneto-Tridentino, VI (1924), 221–62; Gioacchino de Prati, Lettere inedite di Gioacchino Prati, edited by Antonio Monti (Milan, 1929); Gioacchino de Prati, ‘Gioachino Prati e Antonio Rosmini’, edited by Giovanna Giovannini, Studi Trentini di Scienze Storiche, 56(2) (1977), 135–57.4 For a short note identifying a couple of Prati's works, see Luigi Rava, ‘Gioacchino de’ Prati, patriota e cospiratore trentino’, Il nuovo patto, 4 (1921), 203–07. Carlo Francovich summarises those parts of the ‘Autobiography’ that relate to Prati's carbonari activities; see Carlo Francovich, ‘Gioacchino de Prati e la collaborazione fra settari italiani e tedeschi nei primi anni della Restaurazione’, in Die demokratische Bewegung in Mitteleuropa von der Spätaufklärung bis zur Revolution 1848/49, edited by Helmut Reinalter and Anton Pelinka (Innsbruck, 1988), 230–35.5 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 290–91. All translations from the French, German, Italian, and Latin are my own, unless otherwise indicated.6 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 149–54.7 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 169–72.8 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 176–80; Prati, Note autobiografiche, 18.9 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 180–85.10 Prati, ‘Memoriale di Gioacchino di Prati’, Oleggio, 24 May 1852, in Prati, ‘Gioachino Prati e Antonio Rosmini’, 145–51; Gioacchino di Prati to Professor Hefrath, Chur, 31 [month unknown] 1820, T 3957/18, ‘Fonds Joseph Rey’, in Bibliothèque municipale d’étude et d'information, Grenoble. All translations are my own.11 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Origin of Secret Societies’, London Weekly Review, 22 November 1828, 745–746 (745).12 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 185–95.13 Prati, ‘Origin of Secret Societies’, 746; Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Two Months in the Prisons of Ancona’, London Weekly Review, 20 December 1828, 810–11.14 Prati, Note autobiografiche, 29.15 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 203–08.16 Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile (Oxford, 2009), 10–11.17 Valeria Ferrari, Civilisation, Laicité, Liberté: Francesco Saverio Salfi fra Illuminismo e Risorgimento (Milan, 2009), 102–08; Sergio Moravia, Filosofia e scienze umane nell'età dei lumi (Florence, 1982), 312–13, 327–29.18 Francesco Saverio Salfi tra Napoli e Parigi: Carteggio 1792–1832, edited by Rocco Froio (Naples, 1997), 74–75, 195.19 Gioacchino di Prati, In favore dei signori fratelli Giovanni, e Vincenzo Lutti di Riva. Aringa civile. Perorata avanti la Corte di Giustizia civile e criminale redente in Trento, da Gioachino Prati Avvocata presso la Corte d'Appello in Brescia (Trento, 1813), 3–4, 14–16; Gioacchino di Prati, Allocuzione nella causa che sostiene il signor Leopoldo Thunn di Castel Thunn contro i particolari della Villa di Cis (Trento, 1813), 3–6, 7–15, 21.20 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 229–34; Prati, Note autobiografiche, 38–41.21 Prati, ‘Die neue Völkerwanderung’, in Der Bote von Süd-Tyrol, 1st year, no. 26 (3 December 1813), 138–40; Prati, ‘[editorial]’, in Der Bote von Süd-Tyrol, 2nd year, no. 38, 11 March 1814, 167.22 Prati, ‘Two Months in the Prisons of Ancona’, 810–11.23 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 241–45.24 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 245–62.25 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 273–78.26 Kurt Wanner, ‘Orelli in Chur – Spuren der Freundschaft’, in Gegen Unwissenheit und Finsternis: Johann Caspar von Orelli (1787–1849), edited by Michele Ferrari (Zurich, 2000), 89–95.27 Johann Caspar Orelli, Breve esposizione storica della Riforma avvenuta già trecent'anni nella Svizzera e nei Grigioni. Scritta nell'idioma tedesco per ordine del Ven. Consiglio Ecclesiastico Evangelico da G. G. degli Orelli, professore delle scuole cantonali di Coira, volgarizzata dal di lui amico D. Gioachino dei Prati (Chur, 1819), 3–4, 6–7, 12.28 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 303–04.29 Prati, ‘Dem hochlöblichen, hochwohlweissen kleinen Rath des hohen Standes Graübunden’, in Churer Zeitung, 24 October 1820.30 Alois Jost, ‘Dem geehrten Publikum gewidmet’, in Churer Zeitung, 14 November 1820.31 Gioacchino di Prati, Des Herrn Grafen Rudolph Salis von Tiran, auf die vom seligen Feldmarschall Baron Heinrich von Salis-Zitzers hinterlassene Fideicommissar-Erbschaft unwiderstreitbare Rechte. Dargestellt von Joachim von Prati, D. Juris (Chur, 1820), 30–35, 49, 64, 88.32 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 299–301.33 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Letters on Tellurism, Commonly called Animal Magnetism: Letter IX’, The Shepherd, 28 February 1835, 211–14. Jost accused Prati of exploiting ‘the female sex’ through ‘animal magnetism’; see Jost, ‘Dem geehrten Publikum gewidmet’ in Churer Zeitung.34 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 290–91, 304–14. On the secret societies, good starting points are: Arthur Lehning, ‘Buonarroti and His International Secret Societies’, International Review of Social History, 1 (1956), 112–40; Alan B. Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes: The French Carbonari against the Bourbon Restoration (Cambridge, MA, 1971).35 Fragmente aus meinem Leben und meiner Zeit, erster Band, Johannes Wit, Vol. I (Leipzig: Gräfe, 1830), 268–69, 198.36 Prati to Consiglio del Cantone dei Grigioni, Chur, 11 December 1820, in Prati, Note autobiografiche, 113–18.37 Prati to an unidentified correspondent, Chur, undated [early 1821], MS 3258, ‘Autogr. Ott, dei Prati’, Zentralbibliothek, Zurich.38 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 138–49.39 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 304–14.40 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 162–64.41 Johannes Wit, Fragmente aus meinem Leben und meiner Zeit, in Vieweg, second edition (Braunschweig, 1827), 14, 26. However, as Spitzer points out, Wit's testimony is dubious; see Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes, 202–06.42 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 169–74.43 Prati to his father, Yverdon, 14 October 1821, in Prati, Note autobiografiche, 125–26.44 Daniel Tröhler, Republikanismus und Pädegogik: Pestalozzi im historischen Kontext (Bad Heilbronn, 2006), 33–34, 193–97, 230–32, 295–315, 375–87, 401, 434–41, 470–71.45 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 169–74.46 See Wanner, ‘Orelli in Chur’, 89–90.47 See Michele C. Ferrari, ‘Johann Caspar von Orelli und das Mittelalter’, in Gegen Unwissenheit und Finsternis, edited by Ferrari, 159, 179–80.48 Cronichette d'Italia, compliate da Gio. Gasparo degli Orelli. Vi s'aggiunge la vita di Dante Alighieri, scritta da Gioachino dei Prati e Gio and Gasparo degli Orelli, 2 vols (Chur, 1822), I, iii.49 Prati, ‘Vita di Dante’, in Cronichette d'Italia, II, 51.50 Prati to Orelli, Yverdon, 11 August 1821, MS 5/46, ‘FA Orelli’, Zentralbibliothek, Zurich.51 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 134.52 Anonymous ‘Memoriale della Polizia di Parigi sulle societa segrete in Isvizzera’ (1821), in Prati, Note autobiografiche, 142–44; Salvatore Carbone, Fonti per la Storia del Risorgimento italiano negli Archivi nazionali di Parigi (Rome, 1962), 45–44; Armando Saitta, Filippo Buonarroti (2 vols, Rome, 1950–51), I, 58. Prati refers to his imminent departure for Frankfurt in a letter to Francesco Saverio Salfi; see Prati to Salfi, 17 April 1822, in Salfi tra Napoli e Parigi, 195, II, 1950–1951.53 Giovanni Arrivabene, Memorie della mia vita, 1795–1859 (Florence, 1879), 102–03.54 Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi to Prati's father, Yverdon, 17 November 1822, in Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Sämtliche Briefe (Zurich, 1971), XII, 359–60, 14 vols, (Zurich: Orell Fussli, 1946–1995).55 See Romeo Manzoni, Gli esuli italiani nella Svizzera (Milan, 1922), 26–41.56 See Pestalozzi, Sämtliche Briefe, XII, 491–93.57 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 186–202, 233–34; ‘Memoriale di Prati’, in Prati, ‘Prati e Rosmini’, 145–51.58 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Ludwig von Mühlenfels’, London Weekly Review, 1 December 1827, 410.59 A History of the County of Middlesex, edited by William Page, Susan Reynolds, J. S. Cockburn, T. F. T. Baker and C.R. Elrington 13 vols, (London: Institute for Historical Research, 1911–80), VI, 189–99.60 Prati to Ugo Foscolo, London, 3 July 1824, in Ugo Foscolo, Edizione nazionale delle opere di Ugo Foscolo, edited by Mario Scotti (Florence, 1994), XII, 410–11; ‘Memorandum of the Arbiters’, London, 21 July 1824, in Foscolo, Edizione nazionale, XII, 541–42, 22 Vols (Florence: Le Monnier, 1933–1994).61 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 219–36, 263.62 Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile, 114, 127–28, 135–36; Prati to Joseph Rey, London, 1824, T 3957/19, in ‘Fonds Joseph Rey’.63 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 249–57.64 Fisch, ‘The Coleridges, Dr. Prati, and Vico’, 112.65 Henry Crabb Robinson, 16 June 1826 diary entry, Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence of Henry Crabb Robinson, 3 vols, (London: Macmillan & Co., 1869), II, 21–22.66 Annotated presentation copy (to the Italian revolutionary Gioacchino di Prati) of the first edition of ‘Aids to Reflection’ (1825), RP 9727, London: Western Manuscripts, British Library.67 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 245–48.68 Prati to William Bentinck, London, 27 November 1827, Pw Jf 1889, ‘Papers of Lord William H. Cavendish Bentinck’, Nottingham University Library.69 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Political Adventures’, London Weekly Review, 14 June 1828, 371.70 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Poems of Michael Angelo Buonarroti’, Retrospective Review, volume XIII, part II (1826), 251–52.71 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Dante’, Westminster Review, January 1827, 153–55, 166–69.72 He identified himself as the author in a letter; see Prati to Joseph Snow, 27 August 1826, 1/577/2, in ‘Archive of the Royal Literary Fund’, British Library, London (hereafter ARLF); ‘The Works of Martin Luther’, volume X, part II (1824), 242–43, 250, 256, 259–60.73 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Bruder Nelckenbrechers Briefe’, Britannia oder neue englische Miszellen, February 1825, 139.74 ‘Letters on Early Education: addressed to J. C. Greaves, esq. by Pestalozzi’ [review], London Weekly Review, 20 October 1827, 312–13.75 ‘Letters on Early Education: addressed to J. C. Greaves, esq. by Pestalozzi’ [review], London Weekly Review, 20 October 1827, 312–13.76 See Elissa Itzkin, ‘Bentham's Chrestomathia: Utilitarian Legacy to English Education’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 39 (1978), 303–16.77 Pädagogus [Gioacchino di Prati], ‘Das Bell–Lancastrische Schulwesen’, Britannia, April 1825, 29–32.78 Pädagogus [Gioacchino di Prati], ‘Erziehung’, Britannia, June 1825, 224–28.79 Pädagogus [Gioacchino di Prati], ‘An Outline of the System of Education at New Lanark by Robert Dale Owen’, Britannia, March 1825, 267–69.80 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 245–48.81 Pädagogus [Gioacchino di Prati], ‘Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a Manly Character. By S. T. Coleridge’, Britannia, September 1825, 229.82 Gioacchino di Prati, On the Principles and Practice of Education; a Public Lecture Illustrative of the Pestalozzian and Chrestomathic Systems of Education (London, 1829), 6–9, 11–13.83 Prati, On the Principles and Practice of Education, 11–13.84 Prati, On the Principles and Practice of Education, 17, 21.85 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 259–60; Literary Chronicle, 25 August 1827; London Weekly Review, 15 September 1827; Revue encyclopédique, volume XXXVII (1828), 707–08 (by Salfi).86 Gioacchino di Prati, Outlines of an Improved System of Teaching Languages (London, 1827), 4–8, 11–18, 31.87 G. E. Lessing's Fables: In Three Books / G. E. Lessings Fabeln. In Drei Büchern (London, 1829). See also Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 265; La Jérusalem Délivrée du Tasse, Traduction Interlinéaire, par Luneau de Boisjermain; revue et corrigée d'après le système hamiltonien par J. de Prati, LLD (London, 1830).88 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, ‘Notice of a public subscription for Joachim de Prati’, dated February 1829, Loan 96 RLF 1/577/11, Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, Western Manuscripts, British Library, London.89 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 277–88.90 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘History of the Reign of Terror’, London Weekly Review, 31 May 1828, 339.91 Prati to Committee of the Literary Fund, London, 26 May 1830, 1/577/15, in ARLF.92 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 302–17.93 ‘Memoriale di Prati’, in Prati, ‘Prati e Rosmini’, 145–51. On the context, see Alessandro Galante Garrone, Filippo Buonarroti e i rivoluzionari dell'Ottocento (Turin, 1951), 42–49.94 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 329.95 Prati to Giacomo Filippo de Meester, Hastings, 29 September 1830, 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 5, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’, Museo del Risorgimento, Milan.96 Prati to De Meester, Hastings, 26 January 1831, 1/2/18 segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 8, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’. See also Saitta, Filippo Buonarroti, I, 107–26.97 Prati refers to his imminent departure in a letter; see Prati to Luigi Angeloni, London, 11 April 1831, 1/3/2 segn. c. 2, b (3) 2, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.98 See Willy Spühler, Der Saint-Simonismus: Lehre und Leben von Saint-Amand Bazard (Zurich, 1926), 50–60; François-André Isambert, De la Charbonnerie au saint-simonisme: Etude sur la jeunesse de Buchez (Paris, 1966), 104–38; Philippe Regnier, ‘Les saint-simoniennes et la philosophie allemande ou la première alliance intellectuelle franco-allemande’, Revue de Synthèse, 4 (1988), 231–45. See also Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 180–85; II, 334.99 See Le Globe, 21 August 1831.100 Prati to Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, Roveredo, 11 January 1859, 7772/92, in ‘Fonds saint-simonien’, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Paris. See also Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 373.101 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Voyages historiques et littéraires en Italie pendant les années 1826–27 et 28’, Le Globe, 5 September 1831.102 It is also in line with the carbonaro belief in a ‘cosmopolitanism of the nations’; see Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile, 93–96, 104–07.103 In the Globe, Chevalier wrote that ‘Italy is not a land of elections, of parliamentary formulas […] it is the land in which they crown Petrarch and Tasso’ (31 January 1832), and that ‘Italy has the soul of an artist’ (12 February 1832), reprinted in Religion Saint-Simonienne. Politique industrielle et système de la méditerranée (Paris, 1832), 112, 138–39.104 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Le Dante, traduit en vers par J. A. de Gourbillon’, Le Globe, 22 October 1831.105 Le Globe, 4 October 1831; Prati to De Meester, 8 October 1831, 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 9, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.106 Gregorio Fontana-Rava was condemned to death following the unsuccessful uprisings of 1821 in Italy. He then went to Spain where he fought in defence of the liberal constitution in 1823. He then went into exile in Belgium, where he became the proprietor of a bookshop in Antwerp, and a comrade of Buonarroti and the carbonari. See Saitta, Filippo Buonarroti, I, 55.107 Prati to Saint-Simonians, Hastings, 23 July 1833, 7624/97, in ‘Fonds saint-simonien’.108 The Times, 18 October 1833, p. 3.109 The Times, 19 October 1833, p. 3.110 The Times, 22 October 1833, p. 1.111 The Times, 24 October 1833, p. 3.112 The Times, 24 October 1833, p. 2.113 The Times, 29 October 1833, p. 3.114 Prati to Joseph Snow, London, 31 December 1833, 1/577/23, in ARLF.115 Pankhurst, The Saint-Simonians, Mill and Carlyle, 101.116 Editorial, The Times, 31 October 1833, p. 2.117 This was delivered by Prati rather than Fontana, on account of the former's ‘superior knowledge of our language’, according to a report of the lecture in Poor Man's Guardian, 30 November 1833.118 Galante Garrone, Filippo Buonarroti, 64–75.119 Prati and Fontana, Gioacchino di Prati, St. Simonism in London, second edition (London, 1834), 17–18.120 Prati, St. Simonism in London, 28, p. 18.121 Editorial, The Times, 8 November 1833, p. 2.122 The Crisis, and National Co-Operative Trades’ Union and Equitable Labour Exchange Gazette, 16 November 1833; The Destructive, 23 November 1833, 339–40.123 James Elishama Smith, ‘St. Simonians’, Crisis, 28 December 1833.124 Prati and Fontana, ‘To the Working Men and Women of Derby’, The Pioneer, or Trades’ Union Magazine, 11 January 1834.125 Prati and Fontana, ‘Letter to the Editor’, The Pioneer, 8 February 1834.126 Prati and Fontana, ‘Letter to the Editor’ The Pioneer, 8 February 1834.127 John Stuart Mill, ‘Prati and Fontana's St Simonism in London’, The Examiner, 2 February 1834; Mill, [response to a letter from Prati] The Examiner, 23 March 1834.128 Pankhurst, The Saint-Simonians, Mill and Carlyle, 130–31 (misspells as ‘Dundas’).129 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Preface’, in Henri de Saint-Simon, New Christianity; By Henri de Saint-Simon, translated by James Elishama Smith (London, 1834), vii–viii (vii).130 Henri de Saint-Simon, ‘Parable’, translated by Gioacchino di Prati, The Shepherd, 20 December 1834, 135–37.131 Robert Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France (Cambridge, MA, 1968), 79–91, 119–24.132 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Letters on Tellurism, Commonly called Animal Magnetism: Letter VI’, The Shepherd, 7 February 1835, 189.133 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Letters on Tellurism, Commonly called Animal Magnetism: Letter VIII’, The Shepherd, 21 February 1835, 206.134 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Letters on Tellurism, Commonly called Animal Magnetism: Letter X’, The Shepherd, 7 March 1835, 221.135 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Letters on Tellurism, Commonly called Animal Magnetism: Letter XIII’, The Shepherd, 28 March 1835, 242–43.136 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘On Mental Diseases: Letter I’, The Shepherd, 4 April 1835, 254–55.137 Prati to George Dunbar, London, 3 July 1835, 45,920/2, in ‘Bellingham Papers’, National Library of Ireland, Dublin.138 Dunbar to Prati, London, 8 July 1835, in ‘Bellingham Papers’, 45, 920/2.139 Prati to Royal Literary Fund, London, 7 April 1836, 1/577/24, in ARLF.140 ‘Dii tibi, si qua mihi tribuas, in tempore reddant’; see The Times, 15 April 1836.141 Prati to De Meester, 15 June 1836, 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 12, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.142 Henry Ellis to Henry Landon, May 1837, 1/577/25, in Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, Western Manuscripts, British Library, London.143 Prati to De Meester, Avignon, 20 August 1836, 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 15, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.144 Patriote de Saône-Et-Loire, 11 September 1836, clipping in 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 17 bis, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.145 Henry Ellis to Henry Landon, May 1837, Loan 961/577/26, in Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, Western Manuscripts, British Library, London.146 Gioacchino di Prati, Introduction to ‘On the Cultivation of the Human Being, By Schiller’, translated by Gioacchino di Prati, The Shepherd, 22 July 1837, 28.147 ‘On the Cultivation of the Human Being, By Schiller’, 22 July 1837, 28–29.148 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Aesthetic Letters’, The Shepherd, 5 August 1837, 44.149 Gioacchino di Prati, ‘Aesthetic Letters’, The Shepherd, 7 March 1838, 283–85.150 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 360–63.151 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, I, 289.152 Prati to De Meester and Ambrosetti, London, 20 April 1838, 1/2/18. segn. c. 1, b (2) 18, no. 19, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.153 Newspaper clippings, 1/577/29, in ARLF.154 Elishama Smith to Lady Lytton, London, 5 July 1852, cited in William Anderson Smith, ‘Shepherd’ Smith the Universalist (London, 1892), 355–56.155 ‘Memoriale di Prati’, in Prati, ‘Prati e Rosmini’, 145–51.156 Prati to Austrian Foreign Ministry, London, 17 January 1851, in Prati, Note autobiografiche, 209–12.157 Prati to Giulia di Prati, London, 30 March 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 224–25.158 Elishama Smith to Lady Lytton, London, 5 July 1852, cited in Anderson Smith, ‘Shepherd’, 355–56.159 Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 224.160 Prati, ‘Autobiography’, II, 340–41.161 Renato Treves, La dottrina sansimoniana nel pensiero italiano del Risorgimento (Turin, 1931), 20–21, 51.162 Prati to Austrian Foreign Ministry, London, 17 January 1851, in Prati, Note autobiografiche, 209–12.163 Prati to Antonio Rosmini, Locarno, 15 May 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 229–30; Rosmini to Prati, Stresa, 20 May 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 231–32.164 Mario D'Addio, ‘Il concetto di filosofia politica in Antonio Rosmini’, in Filosofia e politica: Rosmini e la cultura della Restaurazione, edited by G. Campanini (Brescia, 1993), 159–76.165 Antonio Rosmini, Philosophy of Politics, cited in Michele Nicoletti, ‘Politica e transcendenza nel pensiero di Antonio Rosmini’, in Filosofia e politica: Rosmini e la cultura della Restaurazione, edited by Campanini, 263–86.166 Prati to Rosmini, Locarno, 7 June 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 240–41.167 Prati to Rosmini, Locarno, no date, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 238–39.168 Prati to Rosmini, Locarno, 22 June 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 242.169 Prati to Rosmini, Locarno, 19 September 1852, in Prati, ‘Carteggio del cospiratore trentino’, 245.170 Prati to unidentified correspondent, Oleggio, 3 July 1855, 1/3/3. segn. c. 2, b (3) 3, no. 1, in ‘Fondo Esuli (De Meester)’.171 Prati to Enfantin, Roveredo, 11 January 1859, 7772/92, in ‘Fonds saint-simonien’.
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