Crisis in Turkish–Israeli Relations (December 2008–June 2011): From Partnership to Enmity
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 48; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00263206.2012.662893
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Global Energy Security and Policy
ResumoAbstract Turkey and Israel had been strategic partners since the 1990s. Yet, there has been an unprecedented crisis between the two countries particularly since the winter of 2009. This article analyses the stalemate in bilateral relations, and argues that the Justice and Development Party's (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AKP) Islamist foreign policy toward the Middle East and the 2003 Iraqi war ended the sources of strategic partnership between Turkey and Israel. Notes Banu Eligür is presently an Assistant Professor at Başkent University at Political Science and International Relations Department in Ankara-Turkey. Eligür, who has written extensively on Turkish domestic and foreign policy, received her Ph.D. in Political Science from Brandeis University, where she taught courses on Political Islam and Civil Society in the Middle East as a Visiting Assistant Professor. The recipient of numerous awards and fellowships, she currently conducts field research on her next book project entitled, Nationalism and the Future of the Turkish State. She is the author of The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Ç. Bir and M. Sherman, 'Formula for Stability: Turkey Plus Israel', Middle East Quarterly, Vol.IX, No.4 (Fall 2002), pp.24–5; M. Altunışık, 'The Turkish–Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.36, No.2 (April 2000), pp.172–91; and E. Inbar, 'Israeli–Turkish Tensions and their International Ramifications', Orbis, Vol.55, No.1 (Winter 2011), p.133. 'İsrail'in yaptığı terör' [Israel is doing terrorism], Milliyet, 14 April 2004. Erdoğan reiterated his remark on Israel in May 2004. See 'Erdoğan: İsrail'in yaptığı devlet terörü' [Erdoğan: Israel is doing state terrorism], Hürriyet, 20 May 2004. 'Prime Minister Erdogan tells ADL that "anti-Semitism has no place in Turkey".' See The Anti-Defamation League's website, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4730_13.htm (accessed 24 April 2011). F. Demirelli, 'Israeli Criticism over Hamas Talks Touches Raw Nerves in Ankara', Turkish Daily News, 18 Feb. 2006; 'Hamas Visit Comes after Turkey Says it's a Terrorist Group', Turkish Daily News, 1 March 2006. Davutoğlu became the Turkish foreign minister in May 2009. A. Davutoğlu, 'Turkey's Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007', Insight Turkey, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan. 2008), p.77. Ibid. Ibid., pp.77–96. Ibid., p.77. Ibid. S. Hersh, 'Plan B', New Yorker, 28 June 2004; G. Younge, 'Israelis using Kurds to Build Power Base', Guardian, 21 June 2004; 'Kürtlerle dans' [Dancing with Kurds], Hürriyet, 22 June 2004; 'İsrailliler Kuzey Irak'ta faaliyette' [Israelis are active in northern Iraq], Radikal, 22 June 2004; 'Şok iddia: İsrail ajanları, Kuzey Irak'ta Kürtleri eğitiyor' [Shocking allegation: Israeli intelligence members are training Kurds in northern Iraq], Tercüman, 22 June 2004; 'Kürtlere İsrail eğitimi' [Israeli training of Kurds], Cumhuriyet, 22 June 2004; and 'Iraklı Kürtlere İsrail çemberi' [Israeli encirclement of Iraqi Kurds], Yeni Şafak, 22 June 2004. 'Kuzey Irak'ta siyonist faaliyet' [Zionist activity in northern Iraq], Milli Gazete, 2 Dec. 2005. See also A. Tal-Shir, 'Israelis Trained Kurds in Iraq', http://www.ynetnews.com, 1 Dec. 2005. See website http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3177712,00.html (accessed 24 April 2011); M. Abdelhadi, 'Israelis Train Kurdish Forces', BBC, 20 Sept. 2006. See website http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5364982.stm (accessed 24 April 2011). O. Ekşi, 'Doğruyu kim söylüyor?' [Who is telling the truth?], Hürriyet, 23 June 2004; M.A. Kışlalı, 'Yalanlanan ne?' [What is being denied?], Radikal, 25 June 2004; H. Cemal, 'Türkiye, İsrail nereye?' [Turkey and Israel, where to?], Milliyet, 25 June 2004; G. Şimşek, 'Kerkük'ten İsrail'e bir yol var' [There is a way from Kerkuk to Israel], Sabah, 23 June 2004; M. Ocaktan, 'PKK-İsrail A.Ş.'nin ayak izleri' [Foot traces of the PKK-Israel Company], Yeni Şafak, 25 June 2004; A. Taşgetiren, 'Türkiye-İsrail' [Turkey and Israel], Yeni Şafak, 25 June 2004; N. Güngör, 'Türkiye-ABD ve PKK' [Turkey, the US, and the PKK], Milli Gazete, 25 Aug. 2005; İ. Karagül, 'Kerkük–Yumurtalık petrol boru hattını Mossad bombalıyor!' [MOSSAD has been bombing the Kirkuk–Yumurtalık petroleum pipeline!], Yeni Şafak, 2 Dec. 2005; and A. Bulut, 'Türkiye'yi yönetenler üzerinden Büyük İsrail!' [Greater Israel with the support of people who govern Turkey!], Yeniçağ, 5 Dec. 2005. 'A Strategic Friendship Cools', Economist, 26 June 2004; Hersh, 'Plan B', New Yorker, 28 June 2004. M. Ünal, 'Iraq, Turkey Gear Up Efforts to Disarm PKK Terrorist Group', Today's Zaman, 25 March 2009; 'Iraq, Turkey, U.S. Accelerate Intel-sharing on PKK', Today's Zaman, 13 April 2009; 'Iraqi Oil Minister Invites Turkish Companies for Reconstruction of Iraqi Oil Fields', Today's Zaman, 21 May 2009; 'Iraqi Kurds Launch "Historic" Oil Export via Turkey', Today's Zaman, 1 June 2009; 'Turkey, Iraq Eye Closer Ties with Deals on Gas, PKK', Today's Zaman, 15 Oct. 2009; M.A. Birand, 'Açılım sürüyor, Ankara Kürdistanı tanıyor…' [Opening continues, Ankara recognizes Kurdistan], Milliyet, 30 Oct. 2009; and 'Barzani: Kurdish Initiative Must Include PKK', Today's Zaman, 27 Nov. 2009. A. Karabat, 'Turkey's Peace Initiative May Expand With New PKK Arrival', Today's Zaman, 21 Oct. 2009; N. Durukan, 'Asker kışlasında Diyarbakırlı meydanda' [Military is in barracks, while people of Diyarbakır are in the city square], Milliyet, 22 Oct. 2009; A. Karabat, 'PM Warns Joyous Reception of PKK Members Might Harm Process', Today's Zaman, 22 Oct. 2009; 'Atalay: Makhmour Camp Refugees Will Return in Groups of 300–400', Today's Zaman, 24 Nov. 2009; and M. Tezkan, 'Açılımı bitiren üç yanlış tahlil!' [Three wrong analyses, which ended the opening!], Milliyet, 15 Dec. 2009. 'Terrorist Attack on a Military Base in Southeastern Turkey', Today's Zaman, 21 Oct. 2009; 'One Soldier Wounded in Provocative Hakkari Attack', Today's Zaman, 22 Oct. 2009; 'Kürt yönetimi: PKK'ya karşı operasyonlarda yer almayız' [Kurdish governance: We do not take part in operations against the PKK], Milliyet, 2 Nov. 2009; A. Karabat, 'In Fear of Losing Strength, PKK Turns to Violence in Cities', Today's Zaman, 2 Dec. 2009; 'Serap Eser, Molotov Cocktail Attack Victim, Laid to Rest', Today's Zaman, 9 Dec. 2009; M. Tezkan, 'Kürt açılımı… Her gün şehit…' [Kurdish opening… Everyday a martyr…], Milliyet, 3 June 2010; and 'Seven Soldiers Injured in Separate Mine Blasts in Southeast', Today's Zaman, 5 April 2011. A. Aydıntaşbaş, 'PKK İsrail'in taşeronu mu?' [Is the PKK Israel's tutelage?], Milliyet, 21 June 2010; E. Yavuz, 'European Countries Provide Most of PKK's Weapons', Today's Zaman, 24 June 2010; M.A. Birand, 'ABD ve İsrail, PKK konusunda çok dikkatliler' [The USA and Israel are very cautious regarding the PKK issue], Milliyet, 8 Sept. 2010; and 'Karayılan'dan İsrail'e ilginç çağrı' [Karayılan's interesting offer to Israel], Milliyet, 10 Sept. 2010. 'Seven Troops Killed in Terrorist Attack', Today's Zaman, 1 June 2010. 'Similarities between PKK, Israel Attack Raise Suspicions', Today's Zaman, 1 June 2010. E. Yavuz, 'Intelligence Report Reveals Links between PKK, Israel', Today's Zaman, 8 March 2011. 'Police Detain Several Turkish Military Generals in New Raids', Hürriyet Daily News, 22 Feb. 2010; '162 Turkish Officers Ordered Jailed in Coup Trial', Hürriyet Daily News, 11 Feb. 2011; 'NATO Delays Returning Turkish Officers to Face Coup Plot Case', Hürriyet Daily News, 24 Feb. 2011; and 'Turkish Court Approves "Sledgehammer" Arrests', Hürriyet Daily News, 2 March 2011. S. Özkoşum, 'As EU Suffers, Turkish Trade Focuses on East', Hürriyet Daily News, 20 June 2010; B. Harvey and M. Bentley, 'New Rich Thrive in Era of Turkey's AKP Rule', Hürriyet Daily News, 15 Sept. 2010; S. Öztürk, 'Increasing Trade with Muslim Countries becomes Turkey's Economic "Oxygen"', Today's Zaman, 30 Jan. 2011; and 'Turkey's Contractors Run Projects in 48 Countries', Hürriyet Daily News, 2 May 2011. Davutoğlu, 'Turkey's Foreign Policy Vision', p.83. The Anatolian Eagle military exercise was held between 2001 and 2008. 'Olmert: Erdoğan iyi arkadaş' [Olmert: Erdoğan is good friend], Milliyet, 15 May 2008. Israel and Syria held four rounds of indirect peace talks in 2008 in Turkey. The talks were put on hold after Olmert announced in July 2008 that he would resign from his post as a result of corruption allegations. In the aftermath of the December 2008 Israeli military operation in Gaza, Syria declared that it would suspend the talks with Israel in response to the Israeli attacks. See Economist, 2 Aug. 2008; R.F. Worth, 'Syria Says Peace Talks have been Postponed as the Israelis Prepare for Elections', New York Times, 5 Sept. 2008; 'Report: Turks Want "Framework" for Direct Israeli–Syrian Talks', Today's Zaman, 25 Dec. 2008; and 'Syria Suspends Indirect Talks with Israel', Reuters, 28 Dec. 2008. 'Israeli Companies get $141 Mln Turkish Deal', Today's Zaman, 27 Dec. 2008. H. Keinon, 'Ahmadinejad Takes Another Swipe at Israel Prior to Turkey Visit', Jerusalem Post, 15 Aug. 2008. 'İsrail, Ahmedinejad'ın ziyaretini protesto etti' [Israel protested Ahmadinejed's visit], Radikal, 8 Aug. 2008; B. Ravid, 'Israel Slams Turkey over Ahmadinejad Plan to Visit', Haaretz, 8 Aug. 2008; and H. Keinon, 'Israel Unhappy with Upcoming Ahmadinejad Trip to Turkey', Jerusalem Post, 8 Aug. 2008. 'Türkiye, İsrail, ABD tatbikatı başladı' [Turkey, Israel, and the US military exercise has started], Radikal, 20 Aug. 2008. 'Erdoğan ve Esad'dan Gazze'ye yardım eli' [Erdoğan and Asad will assist Gaza], Radikal, 28 Nov. 2008. S. Kınıklıoğlu, 'Israel Must Get Used to the New Turkey', Christian Science Monitor, 20 Jan. 2010. U. Çakırözer, 'Tartışmalı konuğa tepki mektubu' [Reaction letter regarding the visitor in question], Milliyet, 20 Jan. 2008; 'Darfur'da insanlık dramı yaşanıyor' [There is a humanitarian crisis in Darfur], Milliyet, 22 Jan. 2008; Ö. Altıparmak, 'El Beşir'in gelişi' [Al-Bashir's arrival], Radikal, 17 Aug. 2008; and 'Soykırımla suçlanan El Beşir İstanbul'da' [Al-Bashir, who is accused of committing genocide, is in Istanbul], Milliyet, 19 Aug. 2008. İ. Yezdani and M. Çelik, 'El Beşir'den şeriatlı savunma' [Al-Bashir's defence by Sharia], Milliyet, 21 Aug. 2008. F. Alirıza, 'Gül Emphasizes Turkey's Growing Regional Leadership Role at OIC Meetings', Hürriyet Daily News, 7 Nov. 2009; 'Sudan lideri Beşir birçok sebepten gelmemiş' [Sudanese leader al-Bashir did not come for many reasons], Radikal, 10 Nov. 2009. B. Bekdil, 'Muslims Don't…' Hürriyet Daily News, 10 Nov. 2009. 'Don't Overshadow Dynamic Elections, Turkish FM Advises Iranian People', Hürriyet Daily News, 22 June 2009. 'Islamists Torch Summer Camp in Gaza' Jerusalem Post, 23 May 2010; 'Yaz kampına ikinci saldırı' [Second attack on the summer camp], Cumhuriyet, 29 June 2010. H. Sherwood, 'Gaza: Sun, Sea, and Resistance', Guardian, 30 July 2010. 'How Israel Plays into Hamas's Hands', Economist, 5 June 2010; 'Gazze'de Hamas kuralları: Kadınlara nargile yasağı' [Hamas rules in Gaza: Smoking ban on women], Cumhuriyet, 19 July 2010. 'Israeli Military Claims Gaza Pullout Complete', Today's Zaman, 22 Jan. 2009. High civilian casualties on the Palestinian side and Israel's use of prohibited phosphorous bombs damaged the country's image in the world. See 'İsrail Gazze'de beyaz fosfor kullanıyor' [Israel uses white phosphorous in Gaza], Radikal, 12 Jan. 2009; 'Gazze'de beyaz fosfor kullanıyoruz' [We use white phosphorous in Gaza], Radikal, 15 Jan, 2009. L. Weymouth, 'We Believe We Can Achieve Something', Newsweek, 9 Feb. 2009. Ibid. For a detailed account of Erdoğan's understanding of democracy see N.B. Criss, 'Dismantling Turkey: The Will of the People?' Turkish Studies, Vol.11, No.1 (March 2010), pp.45–58. A. Entous and A. Rabinovitch, 'Olmert Issues Last-Minute Warning to Hamas', Reuters, 25 Dec. 2008. Ibid. H. Köylü, 'Olmert'in Ankara'da Suriye flörtü' [Olmert's Syria flirt in Ankara], Radikal, 23 Dec. 2008. N. Mughrabi, 'Hamas Holds Fire in Gaza, Open to New Truce', Reuters, 22 Dec. 2008; 'Erdoğan Olmert'e baskı sözü verdi' [Erdoğan promised to put pressure on Olmert], Radikal, 23 Dec. 2008. Wermouth, 'We Believe we Can Achieve Something', Newsweek, 9 Feb. 2009. 'Israeli Air Force Attacks Gaza City – Witness', Reuters, 27 Dec. 2008. 'Dışişlerinden saldırıya kınama' [Foreign Ministry condemned the attack], Yeni Şafak, 27 Dec. 2008. 'Gül: İsrail'in saldırısı büyük sorumsuzluk' [Gül: Israel's offence is a great irresponsibility], Yeni Şafak, 27 Dec. 2008. 'Gazze'deki saldırı barışa yönelik darbedir' [Gaza attack is a blow against peace], Yeni Şafak, 27 Dec. 2008. 'Thousands Take to the Streets to Protest Israel', Today's Zaman, 28 Dec. 2008; 'Gazze'de yapılanlar insanlık suçu' [What is being done in Gaza is a crime against humanity], Radikal, 29 Dec. 2008. Inbar, 'Israeli–Turkish Tensions and their International Ramifications', p.134. 'Erdoğan İsrail'le diplomasi ümidini kesti' [Erdoğan has lost his hope of diplomacy from Israel], Radikal, 27 Dec. 2008. A. Hasan, 'Askeri harekatı derhal durdur' [Cease the military operation immediately], Milliyet, 31 Dec. 2008. 'Erdoğan to Embark on Mideast Tour in Bid for Peace', Today's Zaman, 31 Dec. 2008. 'Erdoğan Seeks to Mobilize Arab States for Gaza Truce', Today's Zaman, 1 Jan. 2009. 'Erdoğan Steps Up Calls for Immediate Cease-fire in Gaza', Today's Zaman, 2 Jan. 2009. S. Tavernise and S. Arsu, 'Turk Raises Eyebrows in Criticism of Israel', New York Times, 11 Jan. 2009. 'Rice Blames Hamas for Cease-fire Break with Israel', Reuters, 27 Dec. 2008; 'EU Calls for Immediate Ceasefire in Gaza', Reuters, 27 Dec. 2008; 'UN's Ban Condemns Israeli, Palestinian Violence', Reuters, 27 Dec. 2008; 'ABD Hamas'a haydut dedi, İsrail'i savundu' [The US, while calling Hamas terrorist, defended Israel], Radikal, 29 Dec. 2008; 'ABD'den Hamas'a: Ateşi kes' [From the US to Hamas: Stop firing], Milliyet, 30 Dec. 2008; 'Yeni AB dönem başkanı Çekya: Haklı olan İsrail' [New EU Chair Chekya: Israel is right], Radikal, 31 Dec. 2008; and 'AB'den İsrail katliamına destek' [The EU supports Israel's massacre], Yeni Şafak, 3 Jan. 2009. 'Syria's Foreign Minister in Turkey for Gaza Talks', Today's Zaman, 5 Jan. 2009; 'Turkey: No Time to Lose for Truce in Gaza', Today's Zaman, 6 Jan. 2009. 'Palestinians Could Have Avoided Gaza Raids – Abbas', Reuters, 28 Dec. 2008. S. Özel, 'Gazze'den sonra, 2' [After Gaza, 2], Sabah, 8 Feb. 2009. 'Israel's Gaza Ground Attack Unacceptable', Today's Zaman, 5 Jan. 2009. 'Şahin: Terörün kaynağı İsrail' [Şahin: Israel is the source of terror], Yeni Şafak, 3 Jan. 2009. See also 'Israel's Gaza Ground Attack Unacceptable', Today's Zaman, 5 Jan. 2009. H. Köylü, 'İran: ABD ile İsrail'e ortak baskı yapalım' [Iran: We should put coordinated pressure on the US and Israel], Radikal, 8 Jan. 2009. 'İsrail'e öfke büyüyor' [Anger toward Israel is increasing], Milliyet, 3 Jan. 2009; 'Diyarbakır'da 50 bin kişi İsrail'i protesto etti' [Fifty thousand people protested Israel in Diyarbakır], Hürriyet, 4 Jan. 2009. See also 'İsrail'e öfke' [Anger toward Israel], Milliyet, 5 Jan. 2009; K. Gürsel, 'AKP diplomasisi ile artık daha Ortadoğuluyuz' [We are more Middle Eastern as a result of the AKP's diplomacy], Milliyet, 22 Jan. 2009. 'Gazze icin Beyazıt'ta eylem' [Gaza protest in Beyazıt] Yeni Şafak, 28 Dec. 2008; 'Hepimiz Filistinliyiz' [We are all Palestinians], Yeni Şafak, 29 Dec. 2008; 'AGD, İsrail elçilik binasi önünde Gazze'deki katliamı protesto etti' [The Anatolian Youth Association protested the Gaza massacre in front of the Israeli embassy], Milli Gazete, 29 Dec. 2008; A.A. Kılıç, 'Turkish Mass Rallies Demand Israeli Boycott', Today's Zaman, 1 Jan. 2009; M. Yapıcı, 'Dalga dalga öfke' [Waves of anger], Yeni Şafak, 1 Jan. 2009; 'Turks Condemn Israel's Ruthless Attacks on Gaza', Today's Zaman, 2 Jan. 2009; '2009'un ilk eylemi İsrail Elçiliği'nde yapıldı' [2009's first protest was done in front of the Israeli embassy], Milli Gazete, 2 Jan. 2009; 'İsrail'e tepki yağdı' [Masses protested Israel], Milli Gazete, 3 Jan. 2009; 'Turkey Condemns Israeli Ground Offensive in Gaza', Today's Zaman, 4 Jan. 2009; 'Milyonlarca kişi İsrail'i lanetledi' [Millions cursed Israel], Milli Gazete, 4 Jan. 2009; 'İsrail'in Gazze'ye saldırıları protesto edildi' [Israel's Gaza attacks were protested], Milli Gazete, 4 Jan. 2009; 'Sokaklarda İsrail'e büyük öfke var' [There is a great anger toward Israel on the streets], Radikal, 4 Jan. 2009; 'Diyarbakır'da 50 bin kişi' [Fifty thousand people in Diyarbakır], Radikal, 5 Jan. 2009; 'İsrail konsolosluğu önünde 24 saat eylem' [Twenty four hours of protest in front of the Israeli consulate], Yeni Şafak, 6 Jan. 2009; 'Beyazıt meydanında İsrail protestosu' [Protest of Israel in Beyazıt], Radikal, 9 Jan. 2009; 'Uşak'ta İsrail protestosu' [Protest against Israel in Uşak], Yeni Şafak, 10 Jan. 2009; 'İsrail protestoları ırkçı gösterilere dönüştü' [Protests against Israel have become racist], Radikal, 17 Jan. 2009; and 'Başkent'te 'Hamas'a selam' mitingi' ['Salute to Hamas' rally in the capital city], Radikal, 19 Jan. 2009. 'Erdoğan: Çocukların ahı yerde kalmaz' [Children's sorrow will not be ignored], Radikal, 5 Jan. 2009. 'Turkish Premier Says Israel Caused Humanity Tragedy by Using Excessive Force', Today's Zaman, 5 Jan. 2009. 'Turkish PM Renews his Call for Israel to Put an End to Bloodshed in Gaza', Today's Zaman, 6 Jan. 2009. 'Erdoğan'dan Filistinlilere yardım çağrısı' [Erdoğan's call for assistance to Palestinians], Radikal, 8 Jan. 2009; 'Diyanet Gazze'ye para toplayacak' [The Directorate of Religious Affairs will gather financial assistance for Gaza], Radikal, 9 Jan. 2009. By the end of January 2009, the amount of assistance, which was gathered by the Turkish Islamist civil society associations, was over 10 million Turkish Liras, while that of the Prime Ministry was 6.4 million Turkish Liras. See 'Turkish Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Tops TL 10 Million', Today's Zaman, 22 Jan. 2009. It should be noted that by directly providing financial assistance to Hamas, Turkish foreign policy diverged from that of the US as the latter gives assistance only to the PA. See S. Tavernise and S. Arsu, 'Abbas Seeks Greater Role for his Palestinian Authority', New York Times, 8 Feb. 2009. 'Okullarda Filistin'de ölenler için bir dakikalık saygı duruşu' [A minute's silence for Palestinians at schools], Radikal, 13 Jan. 2009; H. Şahin, 'Okullarda protesto' [Protest at schools], Radikal, 14 Jan. 2009. It is argued that Israeli officials contacted their Turkish counterparts and informed them of a possible Israeli retaliation by using the Armenian issue against Turkey in Israeli schools. See 'MEB'i İsrail'in misillemesi mi durdurdu?' [Did the Israeli retaliation stopped the Education Ministry?], Radikal, 30 Jan. 2009; 'Bad New Vibrations', Economist, 31 Jan. 2009. 'Bakan saygı duruşunun arkasında' [The minister defends his minute's silence order], Radikal, 21 Jan. 2009. B. Cohen, 'Anti-Semitism roars in Turkey', http://www.jewcy.com, 13 Jan. 2009. See website http://www.jewcy.com/post/antisemitism_roars_turkey (accessed 31 May 2011); O. Bengio, 'Altercating Interests and Orientations between Israel and Turkey: A View from Israel', Insight Turkey, Vol.11, No.2 (April 2009), p.52. K. Atlan, 'Köpekler girermiş, Yahudiler ve Ermeniler giremezmiş!' [Dogs can enter, but Jews and Armenians cannot!], Radikal, 7 Jan. 2009. 'Filede de İsrail tepkisi' [Reaction against Israel in a volleyball match], Radikal, 8 Jan. 2009. On 6 Jan. 2009, a basketball match between Turkey and Israel in Ankara could not be played as a result of anti-Israeli protests. See 'Sporun gündemi de İsrail' [Sports agenda is Israel as well], Radikal, 7 Jan. 2009; D. Zirin, 'Gaza and Basketball', Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Vol.28, No.2 (March 2009), p.27. 'Museviler endişeli' [Jews in Turkey are worried], Milliyet, 16 Jan. 2009; Criss, 'Dismantling Turkey', p.55. 'İsrail'e öldürmeyeceksin diye seslenen Erdoğan ırkçıları da uyardı' [Erdoğan, while calling for Israel not to kill, warned racists], Radikal, 17 Jan. 2009. Ibid.; 'Bad New Vibrations', Economist, 31 Jan. 2009. 'Gül, Erdoğan Lash Out at Israel for Ongoing Gaza Assault', Today's Zaman, 17 Jan. 2009. Pew Research Center, 'The Pew Global Attitudes Project: Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the Increase in Europe', 17 Sept. 2008, pp.9, 13, 16–18. The survey was conducted in Turkey between 31 March and 21 April 2008. See the Pew website, http://pewglobal.org/2008/09/17/unfavorable-views-of-jews-and-muslims-on-the-increase-in-europe/ (accessed 12 Jan. 2011). U. Çakırözer, 'Musevilerden Gül'e İslamcı basın şikâyeti' [Jews complained to Gül about the Islamistpress], Milliyet, 15 Jan. 2008. For the AKP government's relations with the Turkish Islamistmedia see S. İdiz, 'Medeniyet barıştıran Erdoğan'ın, antisemit ırkçılarla ne işi var?' [What is Erdoğan doing with anti-Semitic racists, if he is making peace among civilizations?], Milliyet, 17 Jan. 2008. On 17 January Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire in Gaza and on 20 January it completely pulled its troops out of Gaza. See 'İsrail ordusu Gazze'den çekildi' [Israeli military withdrew from Gaza], Radikal, 21 Jan. 2009. 'Israel's Security Concerns Cannot Legitimize Gaza Offensive', Today's Zaman, 20 Jan. 2009. 'Iran Praises PM's Stance on Gaza', Today's Zaman, 21 Jan. 2009. 'Yahudi lobisinden Erdoğan'a "anti-semitism" uyarısı' [The Jewish lobby's 'anti-Semitism' warning to Erdoğan], Radikal, 23 Jan. 2009. Babacan was the Turkish foreign minister between August 2007 and May 2009. 'Türkiye'siz İsrail'in işi zor olur' [Israel's situation would be difficult without Turkey], Radikal, 29 Jan. 2009. 'Turkish Jews Equal Citizens, Says Gül', Today's Zaman, 4 Feb. 2009. 'İşte AKP'nin sitesinden kaldırdığı anti-semitist yazı' [This is the anti-Semitic article that the AKP withdrew from its website], Radikal, 6 Feb. 2009. 'Turkish PM Erdoğan Storms Out of Heated Mideast Debate', Today's Zaman, 29 Jan. 2009. 'Davos kahramanı İstanbul'a döndü' [Davos hero returned to Istanbul], Radikal, 30 Jan. 2009; S. Arsu, 'Hero's Welcome for Turkish Leader after Davos Walkout', New York Times, 31 Jan. 2009; and 'Televizyonlar gece yarısı Erdoğan için seferberlik başlattı' [TV channels started a campaign for Erdoğan after midnight], Radikal, 31 Jan. 2009. 'Başbakan, Gazze'nin durumunu anlatıp 29 Mart'ta oy istedi' [The prime minister explained the situation in Gaza and demanded votes in the 29 March elections], Radikal, 31 Jan. 2009; 'Davos Resti'ne halktan tam destek' [Full public support for the Davos incident], Yeni Şafak, 2 Feb. 2009. In the 2009 local elections, the AKP could only receive 38.4 percent of the votes. This occurred because of various factors, such as the party's mismanagement of the Turkish economy facing the global economic crisis, the AKP-related corruption scandals, the party's authoritarian tendencies vis-à-vis the secular segment of the society, the party's Kurdish policy, and its inability to satisfy the Islamist electorate's political demands. 'Hamas Thanks Erdoğan for Speaking the Truth', Today's Zaman, 2 Feb. 2009. 'Hamas ve Arap basını Erdoğan'ı yere göğe koyamıyor' [Hamas and Arabic press praises Erdoğan], Radikal, 30 Jan. 2009; 'Ortadoğu Erdoğan'la gururlu' [The Middle East is proud of Erdoğan], Radikal, 2 Feb. 2009. 'Başbakan Erdoğan Tahran'da hemşeri oldu' [Prime Minister Erdoğan has become a fellow of Tehran], Radikal, 2 Feb. 2009. 'İran'da "Erdoğan Nobel'e aday gösterilsin" sesi' [Iran's demand for 'Erdoğan to be nominated for the Nobel prize'], Radikal, 2 Feb. 2009. N.K. Zeybek, 'İranlı yetkililer ve halk Davos için ne dedi' [What did the Iranian officials and public state for Davos?], Radikal, 28 Feb. 2009. 'İstanbul'da cihat zirvesi' [Jihad summit in Istanbul], Radikal, 19 Feb. 2009. 'Türkiye İsrail'e nota verdi' [Turkey officially protested Israel], Yeni Şafak, 15 Feb. 2009. 'Israeli General Staff Phones Turkish Counterpart over his Commander's Remarks', Today's Zaman, 20 Feb. 2009; 'İsrail Genelkurmayı Org. Başbuğ'dan özür diledi' [Israeli General Staff apologized from General Başbuğ], Radikal, 20 Feb. 2009; and 'Israel Insists General's Remarks Don't Reflect Official View', Today's Zaman, 25 Feb. 2009. 'Aşkenazi'den hem telefon hem mektup' [Ashkenazi contacted by both calling and sending a letter], Radikal, 21 Feb. 2009. 'Turkey and Syria to Stage Joint Military Exercise', Today's Zaman, 26 April 2009; 'Türkiye–Suriye tatbikatı İsrail'i rahatsız etti' [Turkish–Syrian military exercise disturbed Israel], Radikal, 28 April 2009. M. Yetkin, 'Başbuğ' un sözleriyle TSK'nın dış politika ufku' [Turkish military's foreign policy vision according to Başbuğ's statements], Radikal, 1 May 2009. 'There are No Problems in Turkish–Israeli Relations, Defense Industry Official', Today's Zaman, 23 Feb. 2009. See also A. Bozkurt, 'Turkey Stymied by Problems with Israeli Heron UAVs', Today's Zaman, 17 May 2009; E. Soncan, 'Israel to Deliver Herons by End of 2009, Turkey Mulls Penalty for Delay', Today's Zaman, 15 Oct. 2009. It should be noted that following the Turkish–Syrian military exercise in April 2010, the Israeli Defence Ministry decided to be cautious regarding sale of advanced arms sale to Turkey. See 'Israel Would be Cautious Over Advanced Arms Sale to Turkey', Today's Zaman, 29 April 2010. 'İsrail'le işler yolunda' [Things with Israel are on track], Radikal, 6 March 2009; 'Israeli, Turkish Foreign Ministers Meet', Today's Zaman, 6 March 2009; 'Israeli Official Visits Ankara for Talks', Today's Zaman, 1 April 2009; A. Aydın, 'Israel Responds to Davos by Forging April 23 Activities', Today's Zaman, 11 April 2009; A. Aydın, 'Turkey Aims to Improve Tourism Links with Israel After Tension', Today's Zaman, 19 May 2009; 'Turkish, Israeli Officials Discuss Cooperation', Today's Zaman, 24 June 2009; and 'İsrail'le normalleşme süreci başladı' [Normalization process with Israel has started], Radikal, 24 June 2009. 'Turkey, U.S., and Israel to Launch Military Exercises Next Week', Hürriyet Daily News, 12 Aug. 2009; Y. Katz, 'Israeli Navy to Partake in Turkish Training Exercise', Jerusalem Post, 12 Aug. 2009. 'Turkey, U.S., and Israel to Launch Military Exercises Next Week', Hürriyet Daily News, 12 Aug. 2009. 'Exercise with Israel, U.S. Did Not Target Other Countries, Says Ankara', Hürriyet Daily News, 18Aug. 2009; 'Tatbikat İran'ı kızdırdı' [The military exercise has angered Iran], Milliyet, 18 Aug. 2009. 'Başbakan Erdoğan 50 kadar Musevi kuruluşun temsilcisiyle buluştu' [Prime Minister Erdoğan met with around 50 representatives of Jewish organizations], Radikal, 22 Sept. 2009; 'NY Hosts Meeting between Erdoğan, US.–Jewish Groups after Davos Spat', Today's Zaman, 23 Sept. 2009. 'BM'deki konuşmaya 'One minute'un ruhu sindi' [The 'One minute' spirit has dominated at the UN speech], Radikal, 24 Sept. 2009; 'PM Reminds UN of Failed Promises Given to Gaza', Today's Zaman, 25 Sept. 2009. 'Erdoğan: Iran Should Not be Sole Target in Nuclear Dispute', Today's Zaman, 28 Sept. 2009. For Iran's arms development see 'Iran Test-fires Missile Amid Nuclear Tension', Today's Zaman, 28 Sept. 2009; 'Iran Tests Longest-range Shabab-3 Missiles', Today's Zaman, 29 Sept. 2009. 'Erdoğan: Iran Should not be Sole Target in Nuclear Dispute', Today's Zaman, 28 Sept. 2009. Davutoğlu, who was the prime minister's chief adviser, became Turkish foreign minister in May 2009. 'Yaptırım da askeri seçenek de olmaz' [Neither sanctions nor the military option is suitable], Radikal, 1 Oct. 2009. 'İran nükleer bomba yolunda' [Iran is on its way to having a nuclear weapons capability], Milliyet, 28 Sept. 2008. 'Israel Says Barred by Turkey from Air Exercise', Today's Zaman, 11 Oct. 2009; S. Arsu and I. Kershner, 'Drills Cancelled after Turkey Excludes Israel', New York Times, 12 Oct. 2009. 'Turkish People did not Want Israel to Participate in the Exercise, PM Says', Today's Zaman, 14 Oct. 2009; 'Halkımızın vicdanına sözcülük ettik' [We acted as the speaker for our public's conscience], Radikal, 15 Oct. 2009. On 16 Sept. 2009, Turkey and Syria formed a High-level Strategic Cooperation Council to further strengthen the bilateral relations in every sphere from security to energy. See 'Suriye ile stratejik işbirliği!' [Strategic cooperation with Syria!], Yeniçağ, 17 Sept. 2009; 'Strengthening Turkey-Syria Ties put Israel on Backburner', Hürriyet Daily News, 18 Sept. 2009; and 'Assad and Erdoğan Discuss Cooperation over Iftar', Today's Zaman, 17 Sept. 2009. See also 'Davutoğlu: Plan Under Way for Strategic Cooperation with Syria', Today's Zaman, 24 July 2009. 'Turkey–Syria High-level Strategic Cooperation Council Convenes', Today's Zaman, 13 Oct. 2009; F. Özerkan, 'Turkey Confident to Intensify Military Ties with Syria', Hürriyet Daily News, 14 Oct. 2009; and 'Suriye'yle tam gaz askeri işbirliğine' [Full military cooperation with Syria], Radikal, 15 Oct. 2009. 'Syria Says to Hold Military Exercises with Turkey', Today's Zaman, 14 Oct. 2009. Ibid.; 'Gazze öfkesi kartalı yere çaktırdı' [Gaza anger cancelled the Anatolian Eagle drill], Radikal, 13 Oct. 2009. 'From the Bosphorus: Straight – Toward a New Middle East?', Hürriyet Daily News, 14 Oct. 2009; Emine Kart, 'Syria Border, Once Associated with Terror, Now a Path to Integration', Today's Zaman, 14 Oct. 2009. F. Özerkan, 'Turkey, Syria Ready to Look Up at Same Sky', Hürriyet Daily News, 13 Oct. 2009. Ibid. 'Iran Praises Turkey for "Excluding" Israel from Exercises', Today's Zaman, 20 Oct. 2009. A. Karabat, 'Rezaee: Iran and Turkey Can Cooperate for New Middle East', Today's Zaman, 22 Oct. 2009. 'Israel: Turkish TV Paints Troops as Child-killers', Today's Zaman, 15 Oct. 2009. See also 'İsrail'le bu se
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