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Registration of ‘NF201’ Forage Triticale

2015; Wiley; Volume: 9; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3198/jpr2014.10.0078crc

1940-3496

Malay C. Saha, Jerry Baker, Joseph H. Bouton,

Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

Journal of Plant RegistrationsVolume 9, Issue 2 p. 185-189 CultivarOpen Access Registration of 'NF201' Forage Triticale Malay C. Saha, Corresponding Author Malay C. Saha [email protected] Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJerry L. Baker, Jerry L. Baker Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401 retiredSearch for more papers by this authorJoseph H. Bouton, Joseph H. Bouton Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401 retiredSearch for more papers by this author Malay C. Saha, Corresponding Author Malay C. Saha [email protected] Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJerry L. Baker, Jerry L. Baker Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401 retiredSearch for more papers by this authorJoseph H. Bouton, Joseph H. Bouton Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401 retiredSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 March 2015 https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2014.10.0078crcCitations: 4 All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract 'NF201' (Reg. No. CV-34, PI 674106) is a forage triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) with prolific growth habit and excellent fall-winter forage potential, developed by the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, OK, and released in 2013. NF201 was tested under the experimental designation, NF96210. NF201 was developed from the double cross NF83/'Stan II'//'Roughrider'/'Stan II' made in 1996. Individual plant selections were performed in early generations followed by head-row and progeny-row schemes. NF201 was selected on the basis of early fall-winter vegetative growth. It has a tall growth habit with an average plant height of 112.5 cm. The leaves are longer and narrower compared with the check cultivars. NF201 was developed mainly for fall-winter forage in the south-central United States. The fall-winter forage yield of NF201 was 9 and 20% more than the check cultivars TAMcale5019 and Thundercale, respectively, at the southern Oklahoma trials. In 2 yr of evaluations at Iowa Park, TX, the fall and winter yield of NF201 was 25 and 21% higher, respectively, than TAMcale5019. At Overton, TX, NF201 was superior to the check cultivars for early season yield. Forage quality of NF201 was similar to the check cultivars. Collectively, in the south-central United States, NF201 had significantly higher yields in the fall-winter period compared with the check cultivars, suggesting that it is the best choice for producers who need forage for early fall-winter grazing. 'NF201' (Reg. No. CV-34, PI 674106) is a forage triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) developed by the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, OK, and released in 2013. Triticale was developed by crossing durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) with the objective of combining the quality and productivity of wheat and the disease resistance and hardiness of rye. Triticale is grown worldwide either for grain or forage. However, its potential as feed for animals is more important than as food for humans (Shimada et al., 1971). Initial breeding programs were mainly focused on improving triticale's grain yield and quality. However, in recent years, forage-type triticale production has gained momentum, especially on dairy farms. Introduction of forage-type cultivars has significantly increased the triticale acreage (161,874 ha in 2012) in the southeastern United States, which is expected to increase significantly in the near future (Blount et al., 2013). Triticale cultivars produce as much or more forage than oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (T. aestivum L.), and rye cultivars (Brown and Almodares, 1976). Triticale can be productive several weeks later in spring than wheat (Sapra et al., 1973). At similar growth stages, triticale forage has comparable crude protein content to rye and oats. Livestock and forage production are key components of agricultural income in the southern Great Plains of the United States. Small grains are primarily grown for annual cool-season pastures in the region. Triticale can be an important component in local agriculture as it can be used for grazing, silage, balage, and hay. Winter triticale can be harvested early, which can facilitate double cropping. It can provide excellent ground cover during fall and spring and thus protecting highly erodible land (Kilcer et al., 2010). Triticale can fit well in a crop rotation and can increase yield of other crops in the rotation. As a result, it minimizes production cost, ensures better utilization of farm labor and equipment, and reduces weather risk (Gibson et al., 2005). Compared with wheat, triticale was found to be more productive on marginal lands with low input and stress conditions. In addition, the potential of triticale as a bioenergy feedstock for ethanol production is also more than wheat (Biofuelsdigest, 2011). The Noble Foundation is the only organization in the southern Great Plains concentrating on the genetic improvement of triticale for direct grazing use. Triticale improvement initiatives at the foundation have been ongoing since the early 1980s. Seasonal distribution of forage yield is as important as total yield. During the period between November and February, farmers in the region do not have choices for grazing their animal. Thus, developing improved cultivars with potential for early fall-winter forage is the primary target of our breeding program. NF201 was selected and developed on the basis of early fall-winter forage vegetative growth potential. It is the first triticale cultivar released from the Noble Foundation breeding program. The justification for release of NF201 triticale is based on its superior fall-winter forage production compared with the check cultivars in the Oklahoma and Texas region. Methods NF201 was developed from the double cross NF83/'Stan II'//'Roughrider'/'Stan II'. NF83 is a nonreleased experimental line of the Noble Foundation with potential for early fall forage. Stan II was developed and released by Resource Seeds, Inc., and was well adapted to the growing conditions in the southeastern United States. Roughrider was developed and released by Goertzen Seed Research in 1997 and had a very low ergot (caused by Claviceps purpurea) infection risk (Gibson et al., 2005). The F2 through F5 generations were advanced in space plant nurseries at Ardmore, OK, from 1997 through 2001. NF201 was a single plant selection from F5 space plants based on early fall-winter vegetative growth potential. The plant-row progeny was evaluated in 2002. Subsequent generations were advanced by bulk selfing in the field with rouging of off-type variants each year until 2011. Performance of NF201 was evaluated in replicated forage variety trials conducted at the Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm at Ardmore (34.1120° N, 97.5376° W; soil type: Alfisols) and the Red River Demonstration and Research Farm at Burneyville (33.9079° N, 97.2889° W; soil type: Mollisols), from 2004–2005 to 2010–2011. Soil samples from both locations were collected before planting, and the fields were fertilized to the recommended levels. Nitrogen, P2O5, and K2O fertilizers were applied before planting. Additional N fertilizer was top-dressed in early spring. The entries were planted into clean-tilled seedbeds in mid- to late September each year. Pure live seeds were sown at the rate 4.94 M ha−1, which approximated 130 kg pure live seeds ha−1. Seeds were drilled in 17.8-cm rows at 2.5-cm planting depth with a HEGE500 (Wintersteiger Inc.) in 1.52-m by 4.56-m plots. Paired plots of each entry were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. One plot was used for the estimation of forage yield, which was clipped regularly when the crops attained a height of 20 to 25 cm and then were allowed to regrow until the next clipping. Depending on the weather conditions, the plots were clipped two to six times in a year. Forages clipped on or before 20 March are considered as fall-winter forage. The other plot was clipped until jointing stage and then allowed to grow for seed harvest. This practice resembles the dual purpose use of small grains in the southern Great Plains. Grains were harvested sometime between May and June. Broadleaf weeds were controlled with an application of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at 1.17 L ha−1. Morphological data were collected from the field trials conducted during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 seasons from both locations. First full mature leaf from the top was selected for leaf measurements. Plant height was measured in centimeters before grain harvest from the ground level to the top of the panicle. Stem diameter was recorded from each stem just above the bottom node. Ten spikes were randomly selected from each plot to collect data on spike length and width and awn length. At each clipping, forage samples were collected and dried in forced-air ovens at 56°C for 72 h. Samples were prepared for near-infrared spectroscopy analysis following instructions of the Noble Foundation, Forage Analysis core facility. Samples were ground into 1-mm mesh using a Thomas Wiley Mills Model 4 (Thomas Laboratory). Samples were then scanned in a Foss6500 NIRS instrument (FOSS NIRSystems Inc.). Nutrient contents were predicted using the equations developed by the NIRS Forage and Feed Testing Consortium (2013). NF201 was also evaluated in trials at Iowa Park, TX, during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 growing seasons. Planting, crop management, and clipping methods were similar to that stated earlier. NF201 was also included in the variety testing program at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Overton, TX, during the 2007–2008, 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons. For the 2009–2010 season, seeds were planted on 29 Sept. 2009. Based on initial soil analysis results, plots were fertilized with additional N, P, and K to bring the fertility to recommended levels. Plots were fertilized with 58.3 kg N, 31.4 kg P2O5, and 121.1 kg K2O ha−1 before planting. In addition, a total of 175 kg N ha−1 was top-dressed in four split applications during the active growing seasons. Post-emergence herbicide, Glean (Chlorsulfuron; DuPont), was applied on 9 Nov. 2009 for effective control of winter annual weeds (Nelson, 2011). Leaf rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) diseases were recorded on a 0-to-9 scale where 0 = no symptom and 9 = dead plants. Data on different morphological traits and forage yield collected in the southern Oklahoma and north Texas evaluations were analyzed using the general linear models procedures in SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2010). Means were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) method with P ≤ 0.05. Characteristics NF201 is a triticale line with excellent fall-winter forage potential and is best adapted to the southern Great Plains (Fig. 1). Morphological characterization of the NF201 plants revealed that there is no anthocyanin pigmentation in the coleoptile. The juvenile plants have erect growth habit. Leaves are light green and the flag leaf is erect. Leaf surface is smooth and nonwaxy. The leaves are fairly large with an average length of 26 cm and width of 12.4 mm. On average, each stem has four leaves at maturity (Table 1). NF201 is about 7 d earlier in heading than 'Thundercale' and 1 d later than 'TAMcale5019' (Table 1). The plants are about 112.5 cm tall at heading, which is about 11 cm taller than Thundercale and slightly shorter (2.5 cm) than TAMcale5019 (Table 1). Anthocyanin pigmentation and internode hairiness are absent in the stems. The internode is hollow, and each plant has on average more than three nodes at maturity. Stems of NF201 are 4.2 mm in diameter, which is similar to other checks except Thundercale (Table 1). The heads are middense, slightly tapered, erect, and awned at maturity (Fig. 2). Awns of NF201 are 6.2 cm long, which is significantly shorter than TAMcale5019 and similar to Thundercale (Table 1). The seed is oval in shape with rounded cheeks. Seed color is amber and hard-textured. The average seed weight is about 49 (SE = 0.73) g 1000 seed−1. Figure 1Open in figure viewer Distinct early fall forage growth of NF201 which is prolific when compared to other triticale cultivars, Thundercale and TAMcale5019, in southern Oklahoma. Table 1. Morphological characteristics of NF201 compared with other triticale lines and cultivars in southern Oklahoma during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons. Entry Leaf length Leaf width Leaf number Plant height Stem diameter Number of nodes Spike length Spike width Awn length cm mm cm mm cm mm mm NF201 25.95ab† 12.36b 4.42c 112.50b 4.21a 3.55bc 11.63ab 8.12a 61.70b NF96213 25.24bc 13.65a 4.33c 114.41a 4.24a 3.47c 12.02a 8.18a 61.52b TAMcale5019 27.03a 13.53a 4.63b 115.00a 4.23a 3.68ab 11.65ab 7.42b 90.28a Thundercale 24.37c 13.12a 4.83a 101.47c 3.92b 3.75a 11.25b 7.65b 74.10ab † Means within a column followed by a same letter do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05. Figure 2Open in figure viewer Full-grown NF201 (A) triticale plants and (B) mature seed heads grown in the Headquarters Farm of the Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK. NF201 is a forage triticale with prolific growth habit, and it has excellent fall-winter forage potential (Fig. 1). It is well adapted to the southern Great Plains under rainfed conditions. During 7 yr (2004–2005 to 2010–2011) of testing at two Oklahoma locations (Ardmore and Burneyville), the forage fall-winter yield of NF201 was numerically higher in the heavy-textured clay soil at Ardmore than in the light-textured sandy soil at Burneyville (Table 2). Fall-winter forage yield of NF201 was significantly higher than the check cultivars at Burneyville. At Ardmore, fall-winter forage yield of NF201 was 25.2% higher than the late check cultivar Thundercale, but it was only 6.2% higher than the early check cultivar TAMcale5019 (Table 2). Spring yield of Thundercale was appreciably higher than either cultivar (Table 2). Spring forage yield of NF201 and TAMcale5019 was similar across locations (Table 2). As a result, the total forage yield of all three cultivars was very similar at both Oklahoma locations (Table 2). Therefore, across 7 yr of evaluations at the two Oklahoma locations, the main advantage of NF201 was observed for its fall-winter forage which was the target trait for breeding this cultivar. The fall-winter forage yield of NF201 in these southern Oklahoma locations was 3300 kg ha−1 but was only 3035 kg ha−1 (−9%) for TAMcale5019 and 2746 kg ha−1 (−20%) for Thundercale. In all the evaluation trials, the total forage yield of NF201 varied from 2432 to 9001 kg ha−1. Total forage yield of TAMcale5019 ranged from 1959 to 8494 kg ha−1, and that of Thundercale ranged from 2461 to 8193 kg ha−1. Table 2. Forage yield of NF201 and two check triticale cultivars at Noble Foundation farms at two southern Oklahoma locations averaged across seven growing seasons from 2004–2005 to 2010–2011. Cultivars Forage yield Headquarters Farm, Ardmore Red River Farm, Burneyville Fall-winter Spring Total Fall-winter Spring Total kg ha−1 NF201 3884a† 1983b 5867a 2717a 2950b 5667a TAMcale5019 3658a 2034b 5693a 2411b 2692b 5103b Thundercale 3103b 2597a 5700a 2389b 3499a 5888a † Means within a column followed by the same letter do not differ at P ≤ 0.05. In 2 yr of evaluations at Iowa Park, TX, NF201 produced more fall, winter and total forage than the other entries (Table 3). Like the two southern Oklahoma test locations, the main yield advantage in Iowa Park was observed for fall and winter growth. The fall and winter yield of NF201 was 25 and 21% higher than TAMcale5019, respectively. NF201 had 816 kg ha−1 fall-winter yield advantage over TAMcale5019. Fall-winter yield of NF201 was 657 kg ha−1 higher than NF96213, an experimental line developed in our breeding program. Although TAMcale5019 showed better spring forage production, its total yield was 3.5% less than NF201. For fall-winter forage, NF201 was superior to its peers. Table 3. Two-year average yield of triticale cultivars/line at Iowa Park, TX. Cultivar/line Forage yield Fall Winter Spring Total kg ha−1 NF201 2124a† 2263a 5188b 9576a NF96213 1746b 1985ab 5148b 8879b TAMcale5019 1695b 1878b 5688a 9261ab † Means within a column followed by the same letter do not differ at P ≤ 0.05. During the 2009–2010 growing season at Overton, NF201 was superior to the check cultivars for early season yield (Table 4). Yield of NF201 in later harvests was similar to all other entries. Total yield of NF201 during the 2009–2010 growing season and three season's average was statistically similar but numerically higher than the two check cultivars (Table 4). Across all evaluations, NF201 had significantly higher fall-winter yields compared with the check cultivars, suggesting that it is the best choice for producers desiring early fall-winter grazing in the east Texas region (Table 4). Table 4. Forage yield of triticale entries in evaluation trials at Overton, TX, during the 2009–2010 growing season, as well as the average of three seasons of production (data obtained from Nelson, 2011). Entry Forage yield Harvest dates Total Three-season avg. total yield† 27 Jan. 2010 17 Mar. 2010 20 Apr. 2010 kg ha−1 NF201 1118a‡ 2653a 3070a 6841a 6055a TAMcale5019 195b 2874a 3433a 6502a 5823a TAMcale6331 507b 2246a 3171a 5949a 5611a † Average yield of three seasons 2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2009–2010. ‡ Means within a column followed by the same letter do not differ at P ≤ 0.05 Forage quality of NF201 was comparable to the check cultivar TAMcale5019 (data not shown). Early season forages of both NF201 and TAMcale5019 had similar crude protein (252.0 vs. 253.6 g kg−1), acid detergent fiber (223.4 vs. 196.2 g kg−1), neutral detergent fiber (399.3 vs. 370.9 g kg−1), total digestible nutrient (704.1 vs. 726.2 g kg−1) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (931.4 vs. 948.0 g kg−1). During 7 yr of evaluations in southern Oklahoma and north and east Texas, NF201 was found highly resistant to powdery mildew and also possessed high levels of resistance to leaf rust (data not shown). It also has high levels of field cold tolerance. Growth of NF201 slowed down during winter months but recovered completely during the spring in southern Oklahoma. Seed yield of all small grains in our experiments was calculated from plots that were not clipped after the plants reached the jointing stage. During 3 yr of evaluations at two Oklahoma locations, average seed yield of NF201 was estimated 2.43 t ha−1 (SE = 0.19). Similar seed yield was estimated in TAMcale5019 (2.54 t ha−1; SE = 0.17) and Thundercale (2.23 t ha−1; SE = 0.23) in the same studies. Availability Seed samples of NF201 have been placed in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). NF201 is a protected germplasm and will available for distribution to scientists according to policies of the NPGS and will not be distributed without approval until the protection expires (20 yr). Oklahoma Genetics Inc., Stillwater, OK 74076, is the commercial distributor and primarily responsible for producing and marketing seed of NF201. We maintain a small seed inventory of NF201 at the Noble Foundation; minor seed requests should be forwarded to the corresponding author. Requests may be granted subject to terms of a material transfer agreement. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere appreciation to Dr. Lloyd Nelson, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, for his collaboration in performance data collection. We are thankful to Dr. Jagadeesh Mosali, Agricultural Division, Noble Foundation, for his continuous support and evaluation of the experimentals. We are very thankful to Hem Bhandari, Shawn Norton, Roger Hartwell, Julie Barrick, Brian Motes, Jennifer Black, and Lynn Jacob for their help. Our sincere appreciation also goes to Dennis Walker for conducting all forage analyses. References Biofuelsdigest. 2011. Triticale beats out wheat as biofuels feedstock: New research. Biofuelsdigest, 6 December. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2011/12/06/triticale-beats-out-wheat-as-biofuels-feedstock-new-research/ (accessed 18 Oct. 2014). Blount, A.R., Myer, B., Mackowiak, C., and Barnett, R.. 2013. Triticale as a forage crop for the southeastern United States. AN223, Animal Sci. Dep., University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, Gainesville. Brown, A.R., and Almodares, A.. 1976. Quantity and quality of triticale forage compared to other small grains. Agron. J. 68: 264– 266. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1976.00021962006800020014x, Gibson, L., Jannink, J.-L., Skrdla, R., and Patrick, G.. 2005. Winter triticale variety performance in Iowa 2002–2004. Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames. Kilcer, T., Cherney, J., Czymmek, K., and Ketterings, Q.. 2010. Winter triticale forage. Agronomy Fact Sheet Series. Fact Sheet 56. Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY. Nelson, L.R. 2011. Small grain forage variety trial Overton, TX for 2009–10 and 3-year means. http://overton.tamu.edu/files/2011/04/Small-grain-forage-variety-trial-Overton-2009-10.pdf (accessed 17 Oct. 2014). NIRS Forage and Feed Testing Consortium. 2013. Grass hay calibration: 13GH50–2.eqa. http://nirsconsortium.org/Resources/Documents/2013EquationReport-Level2.pdf (accessed 17 Mar. 2015) Sapra, V.T., Sharma, G.C., Hughes, J., and Bradford, R.R.. 1973. Triticale, a wheat-rye hybrid. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 48: 59– 61. SAS Institute. 2010. SAS 9.2 Help and documentation. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Shimada, A.S., Martinez, R.L., and Bravo, F.O.. 1971. Studies on the nutritive value of triticale for growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 33: 1266– 1269. Citing Literature Volume9, Issue2May 2015Pages 185-189 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation