Television Violence and Industry Self-Regulation: The V-Chip, Television Program Ratings, and the TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board
2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 18; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10811680.2013.797303
ISSN1532-6926
Autores Tópico(s)Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
ResumoAbstract In 1997, the television industry created the TV Parental Guidelines, the program rating system that works in conjunction with the V-chip. To help gain the Federal Communications Commission's approval of the system, the industry also created the Oversight Monitoring Board, which it pledged would engage in a range of activities to ensure the accuracy and consistency of television program ratings. This article examines the operation and effectiveness of the board and the television program rating system as a form of industry self-regulation and provides suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of both the board and the rating system. Notes One of the most comprehensive discussions of congressional activity in regards to television violence from the 1950s to the early 1980s is Willard D. Rowland Jr., The Politics of TV Violence: Policy Uses of Communications Research (1983). See also Douglass Cater & Stephen Strickland, TV Violence and the Child: The Evolution and Fate of the Surgeon General's Report (1975); Cynthia A. Cooper, Violence on Television: Congressional Inquiry, Public Criticism and Industry Response: A Policy Analysis (1996); James F. Short Jr., The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, in Sociology and Public Policy: The Case of Presidential Commissions 66 (Mirra Komarovsky ed., 1975); Joel Timmer, Incrementalism and Policymaking on Television Violence, 9 Comm. L. & Pol'y 351 (2004). See, e.g., Timmer, supra note 1, at 352–53. For a discussion of First Amendment limitations on the regulation of violent entertainment, see Joel Timmer, When a Commercial Is Not a Commercial: Advertising of Violent Entertainment and the First Amendment, 7 Comm. Law & Pol'y 157, 173–81 (2002). See, e.g., Timmer, supra note 1, at 358–62. See infra notes 12–24 and accompanying text. Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104–104, 110 Stat. 56, § 551 (1996) [hereinafter V-Chip Law]. The Parental Choice in Television Programming Act was passed by Congress as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. See infra notes 43–44 and accompanying text. See supra note 1. See, e.g., Timmer, supra note 1, at 363. See id. at 358–62. See Michael Howlett & M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems 91 (1995). For some explanations as to why legislation on television violence was introduced during this time period see Timmer, supra note 1, at 363–65. 47 U.S.C. § 303c (2012). Id. at § 303c(c). The law was likely written this way to avoid raising the First Amendment concerns that mandated action might have raised. See, e.g., Ellen Edwards, Cable to Air Violence Warnings, Wash. Post, July 30, 1993, at G1; Megan Rosenfeld, Warning: TV Violence Is Harmful, Networks Concede, Wash. Post, July 1, 1993, at A1. See, e.g., Timmer, supra note 1, at 366–69. V-Chip Law, supra note 6. 47 U.S.C. 303 note (2013); V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(a)(8) (1996). 47 U.S.C. § 303(x) (2013). 47 U.S.C. 303 note (2013); V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(b) (1996). 47 U.S.C. 303 note (2013); V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(b) & (e) (1996). The provision of the law requiring the FCC to appoint an advisory committee to develop a rating system would "take effect 1 year after the date of enactment of [the V-chip law], but only if the Commission determines, in consultation with appropriate public interest groups and interested individuals from the private sector, that distributors of video programming have not, by such date (a) established voluntary rules for rating video programming that contains sexual, violent or other indecent material about which parents should be informed before it is displayed to children, and such rules are acceptable to the Commission. …" Id. at § 551(e). Id. at § 551(b). See supra notes 13–17 and accompanying discussion. Angela J. Campbell, Self-Regulation and the Media, 51 Fed. Comm. L.J. 711, 715 (1999). Saule T. Omarova, Wall Street as Community of Fate: Toward Financial Industry Self-Regulation, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 411, 423–24 (2011). Id. V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(e). Omarova, supra note 26, at 423–24. Saule T. Omarova, Rethinking the Future of Self-Regulation in the Financial Industry, 35 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 665, 675 (2010). Id. at 677. Id. Id. Campbell, supra note 25, at 715. Id. Id. Federal Communications Commission, Public Notice, Commission Seeks Comment on Industry Proposal for Rating Video Programming 1 (Feb. 7, 1997) (CS Docket No. 97–55, FCC 97–34), available at http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Public_Notices/1997/fcc97034.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter FCC 1997 Public Notice]. Id. at 2. See, e.g., Heather Fleming, Senate Pressuring for Content Ratings, Broadcasting & Cable, May 5, 1997, at 10; Jane Hall, Senators Push Content-Based TV Ratings, L.A. Times, Feb. 28, 1997, at A4; Sheryl Stolberg, TV Ratings Code Said Highly Flawed, L.A. Times, Mar. 27, 1997, at A23. Telephone Interview with Jeff McIntyre, Member, TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board (Nov. 29, 2012) [hereinafter McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview]. Kathryn C. Montgomery, Generation Digital: Politics, Commerce, and Childhood in the Age of the Internet 47–48, 56 (2007). Letter from Jack Valenti, President and CEO, Motion Picture Association of America; Decker Anstrom, President and CEO, National Cable Television Association; and Eddie Fritts, President and CEO, National Association of Broadcasters, to William F. Caton, Secretary, Federal Communications Commission (Sept. 10, 1997), available at http://transition.fcc.gov/vchip/revprop.html (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Revised Industry Proposal]. Letter from Jack Valenti, President and CEO, Motion Picture Association of America; Decker Anstrom, President and CEO, National Cable Television Association; and Eddie Fritts, President and CEO, National Association of Broadcasters, to William F. Caton, Secretary, Federal Communications Commission 4 (Jan. 17, 1997), available at http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Public_Notices/1997/fc97034a.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Initial Industry Proposal]. Id. at Attachment: Parental Guidelines for America's Television Programming: A Background Paper 7. McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview, supra note 40; Telephone Interview with Kathryn Montgomery, Former TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board Representative for the Center for Media Education (Nov. 28, 2012) [hereinafter Montgomery interview]. Telephone Interview with Arthur Seidelman, Former TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board Representative for the Directors Guild of America (Dec. 3, 2012) [hereinafter Seidelman interview]. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. Montgomery interview, supra note 45. Seidelman interview, supra note 46. Id. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. Federal Communications Commission, Report & Order, Implementation of Section 551 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Video Programming Ratings ¶ 23 (1998) (CS Docket No. 97–55) available at http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Orders/1998/fcc98035.html (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter FCC 1998 R&O]. Telephone Interview with Industry Representative to TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board who spoke on condition of anonymity (Dec. 11, 2012) [hereinafter Industry Board Representative interview]. Id. V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(e)(1). FCC 1998 R&O, supra note 52, at ¶22. Id. See, e.g., Timmer, supra note 3, at 173–81. Maria Matasar-Padilla, Note and Recent Development: Music Lessons: What Adam Lambert Can Teach Us About Media Self-Regulation, 29 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 113, 140 (2011). 142 Cong. Rec. S702 (Feb. 1, 1996) (statement of Sen. Kent Conrad). V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(e)(1). See Campbell, supra note 25, at 715–16. Matthew J. Feeley, Note: EU Internet Regulation Policy: The Rise of Self-Regulation, 22 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 159, 172 (1999). Emily R. Caron, Blood, Guts & the First Amendment: Regulating Violence in the Entertainment Media, 11 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 89, 94 (2001). Telephone Interview with FCC Staff Member who spoke on condition of anonymity. [hereinafter FCC Staff Member interview]. See Campbell, supra note 25, at 716. See id. Feeley, supra note 63, at 172. John Lunstroth, Voluntary Self-Regulation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners, 70 Alb. L. Rev. 209, 272 (2006) (notes omitted). Campbell, supra note 25, at 716. See, e.g., Montgomery, supra note 41, at 47–48, 52–53. Arthur Seidelman, who represented the Directors Guild of American in the development of the program rating system, says that the industry was initially opposed to using a rating system due to fears of self-censorship and a chilling effect. Seidelman interview, supra note 46. See, e.g., Graeme Browning, No Oscar for Jack, Nat'l J., Aug. 23, 1997, at 1688, 1689. See also infra notes 188–90 and accompanying discussion. Steven Irwin, Scott Lane, Carolyn Mendelson & Tara Tighe, Self Regulation of the American Retail Securities Market—An Oxymoron for What Is Best for Investors?, 14 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 1055, 1067 (2012). Mark M. MacCarthy, Broadcast Self-Regulation: The NAB Codes, Family Viewing Hour, and Television Violence, 13 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 667, 696 (1995). Id. V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(e). See, e.g., Hall, supra note 39; Fleming, supra note 39; Stolberg, supra note 39. See supra notes 39–42 and accompanying text; infra notes 167–70 and accompanying text. Telephone Interview with Arnold Fege, President, Public Advocacy for Kids (Dec. 4, 2012) [hereinafter Fege interview]; McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview, supra note 40. Campbell, supra note 25, at 717. Dennis D. Hirsch, The Law and Policy of Online Privacy: Regulation, Self-Regulation, or Co-Regulation, 34 Seattle Univ. L. R. 439, 458 (2011). Caron, supra note 64, at 94. See supra notes 39–42 and accompanying text. See also infra notes 180–82 and accompanying text. See infra notes 144 & 188 and accompanying text. Campbell, supra note 25, at 718. Hirsch, supra note 81, at 458. See Lunstroth, supra note 69, at 272 (notes omitted). Feeley, supra note 63, at 173. Angela J. Campbell & Blake E. Reid, Brief of Amici Curiae American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Benton Foundation, Children Now, and United Church of Christ Office of Communication, Inc. in Support of Affirmance, Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations, On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, No. 10-1293 (Supreme Court), at 27 (Nov. 9, 2011), available at http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-usa-v-fox-et-al-no-10-1293-sup-ct-11 (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter 2011 Brief]. See infra note 125 and accompanying text. 2011 Brief, supra note 89, at 27. Hirsch, supra note 81, at 458. Campbell, supra note 25, at 717–18. See infra notes 176–79 and accompanying text. Barely Legal; TV Peddles Teen Sex to Girls; The V-Chip Doesn't Help Because Ratings Aren't Accurate, Wash. Times, Dec. 21, 2010, at B2. Fege interview, supra note 79. 2011 Brief, supra note 89, at 27. Parents Television Council, Reply Comments, Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act; Examination of Parental Control Technologies for Video or Audio Programming, at 4 (May 18, 2009) (MB Docket No. 09-26), available at http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=6520216869 [hereinafter PTC Reply Comments]. See Barely Legal, supra note 95, at B2. Children's Media Policy Coalition, Comments, Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act; Examination of Parental Control Technologies for Video and Audio Programming 9 (Apr. 16, 2009) (MB Docket No. 09-26), available at http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=6520213672 (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter CMPC Comments]. See, e.g., id.; PTC Reply Comments, supra note 98. Letter from William Lake, Chief, Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, to Gordon H. Smith, President and CEO, National Association of Broadcasters 2 (Dec. 9, 2011) (on file with author) [hereinafter 2011 Letter]. Google searches and searches of Academic Search Complete, Academic OneFile, Factiva, JSTOR, Lexis Nexis Academic, and other academic databases with the term "TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board" return few results. Sources that are identified through these searches typically only mention the board and do not discuss it in any detail. Many sources only identify the board as the source of ratings definitions. See, e.g., Eric Deggans, Teach Your Child What Makes TV Tick, St. Peterberg Times, Apr. 6, 1997, at 3F; Tom Walter, Rating the Ratings, The Commercial Appeal, Feb. 27, 1997, at C1. Some other results mention the board in stories about cable network BET declining to use ratings. See, e.g., Esther Iverem, BET Shuns Program Ratings System, Wash. Post, Feb. 20, 1997, at B1. Other results are for comments filed in FCC proceedings, which were used as a source of substantive information on the board. See, e.g., The National Association of Broadcasters, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and the Motion Picture Association of America, Inc., Joint Reply Comments, Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act; Examination of Parental Control Technologies for Video or Audio Programming (May 18, 2009) (MB Docket 09-26), available at http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=6520216897 (last visited March 22, 2013) [hereinafter Industry 2009 Reply Comments]. Fege interview, supra note 79. See, e.g., Dale Kunkel, Wendy Jo M. Farinola, Kirstie Farrar, Edward Donnrstein, Erica Biely & Lara Zwarun, Deciphering the V-Chip: An Examination of the Television Industry's Program Rating Judgments, 52 J. of Comm. 112 (2002). Telephone Interview with Dr. Dale Kunkel, Professor Emeritus, Department of Communication, University of Arizona (Dec. 4, 2012) [hereinafter Kunkel interview]. Telephone Interview with Brooke Johnson, Former Representative for A&E Television Networks to the TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board (Dec. 13, 2012) [hereinafter Johnson interview]. Even though Johnson was one of the initial representatives to the board, she never played a particularly active role. She participated in one or two board meetings via teleconference and never attended a meeting in person. Further, in her current position at Food Network, ratings issues rarely arise as the network's programming is generally appropriate for a family audience. Fege interview, supra note 79. Kunkel interview, supra note 106. Montgomery interview, supra note 45. Seidelman interview, supra note 46. Fege interview, supra note 79. Id. Johnson interview, supra note 107. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. The TV Parental Guidelines, TV Ratings Oversight, http://tvguidelines.org/ (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter TV Parental Guidelines Website]. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. TV Parental Guidelines Website, supra note 116. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. National Association of Broadcasters, National Cable & Telecommunications Association, & Motion Picture Association of America, Inc., Joint Comments, Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act; Examination of Parental Control Technologies for Video or Audio Programming, at 9 (Apr. 16, 2009) (MB Docket No. 09-26), available at http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view.action?id=6520213659 (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Industry 2009 Comments]. Don Aucoin, Despite Vow, Many TV Shows Lack Rating Labels, Study Says, Boston Globe, Sept. 25, 1998, at A1. Industry 2009 Comments, supra note 120, at note 21. CMPC Comments, supra note 100, at 6–7. Memorandum from the TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board to the Author (June 2012) (on file with the author) [hereinafter 2012 Board Memo]. Telephone Interview with Jeff McIntyre, Member, TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board (July 17, 2012) [hereinafter McIntyre July 2012 interview]. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. 2012 Board Memo, supra note 124. CMPC Comments, supra note 100, at 9. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. Id. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. Warren's Cable Regulation Monitor, Jan 25, 1999, LexisNexis Academic. This research was later published: Kunkel et al., supra note 105. Kunkel interview, supra note 106. Some of the findings are covered in Dale Kunkel et al., Rating the TV Ratings: One Year Out, Executive Summary (1998), available at http://www.kff.org/entmedia/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=14647 (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). Kunkel interview, supra note 106. See Warren's Cable Regulation Monitor, supra note 132. Industry 2009 Comments, supra note 120, at 9. Id. at 3. Id. at 9–10. Supra note 130 and accompanying text. Industry 2009 Reply Comments, supra note 103, at note 16. Id. at 7. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. Seidelman interview, supra note 46. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. Id. Id. Id. Initial Industry Proposal, supra note 43, at 4. Effectiveness of Media Rating Systems: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. On Commerce, Science & Transportation, 108th Cong. (2004) (statement of Anthony Podesta, Executive Secretariat, TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board), available at http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Hearings&ContentRecord_id=ee74f a34–86fa-4db8-8a13-f31b9d8e3196&Statement_id=6c45c10b-1017-4212-ad1c-86f32adf f168&ContentType_id=14f995b9-dfa5-407a-9d35-56cc7152a7ed&Group_id=b06c39af-e033-4cba-9221-de668ca1978a&MonthDisplay=9&YearDisplay=2004 (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. Media Release, TV Parental Guidelines Monitoring Board, New Study Reveals Americans Believe TV Parental Guidelines Are Effective (Apr. 6, 2012), available at http://www.ncta.com/ReleaseType/MediaRelease/New-Study-Reveals-Americans-Believe-TV-Parental-Guidelines-Are-Effective.aspx (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter 2012 Research Release]. Victoria Rideout, Parents, Children & Media: A Kaiser Family Foundation Survey 8 (2007), available at http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7638.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). Press Release, TV Watch, Poll Shows Parents Use Tools and Believe They Are Effective (Aug. 4, 2010), available at http://www.televisionwatch.org/151/poll-parents-use-tools (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). Kunkel et al., supra note 105, at 136. Barbara K. Kaye & Barry S. Sapolsky, Offensive Language in Prime-Time Television: Four Years After Television Age and Content Ratings, 48 J. of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 554, 563–64 (2004). Parents Television Council, The Ratings Sham 1 (2005), available at http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/tvratings2005/study.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). Parents Television Council, The Ratings Sham II 2 (2007), available at http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/ratingsstudy/RatingsShamII.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013). McIntyre July 2012 interview, supra note 125. 2012 Board Memo, supra note 124. Supra notes 133–35 and accompanying text. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. Catherine Louisa Glenn, Note, Protecting Health Information Privacy: The Case for Self-Regulation of Electronically Held Medical Records, 53 Vand. L. Rev. 1605, 1629 (2000). Id. at 1632–33. Campbell, supra note 25, at 758. V-Chip Law, supra note 6, at § 551(e). See supra notes 39–42 and accompanying text. Kunkel interview, supra note 106. Id. Browning, supra note 72, at 1691. FCC Staff Member interview, supra note 65. Supra note 152 and accompanying text. 2011 Letter, supra note 102, at 1. Fege interview, supra note 79; McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview, supra note 40. Campbell, supra note 25, at 761 (discussing Douglas C. Michael, Federal Agency Use of Audited Self-Regulation as a Regulatory Technique, 47 Admin. L. Rev. 171, 245 (1995)). Montgomery, supra note 41, at 52. Id. at 54. Id. Id. McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview, supra note 40. Browning, supra note 72, at 1689. Kunkel interview, supra note 106. Janet Hoek & Ninya Maubach, Symposium, Self-Regulation, Marketing Communications and Childhood Obesity: A Critical Review from New Zealand, 39 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 139, 143 (2006). Campbell, supra note 25, at 761 (quoting Michael, supra note 175, at 192). Id. Id. TV Parental Guidelines Website, supra note 116. Kunkel interview, supra note 106. Browning, supra note 72, at 1689. Id. McIntyre July 2012 interview, supra note 40; Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. Hoek & Maubach, supra note 183, at 143. Id. Id. at 144. Id. Federal Communications Commission, Report, Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act; Examination of Parental Control Technologies for Video or Audio Programming ¶ 28 (2009) (MB Docket No. 09-26, Report), available at http://www.independentratings.org/attachments/128_CSVA%20Report%20FCC-09-69A1.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter FCC 2009 Report]. CMPC Comments, supra note 100, at 6–7. Id. See supra notes 51–53 and accompanying text. Hoek & Maubach, supra note 183, at 143–44. Brief of Amici Curiae American Academy of Pediatrics et al. at 25, Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations, 556 U.S. 502 (2009) (No. 07-582), available at http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=scb (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter 2008 Brief]. Id. at 144. See id. 2011 Brief, supra note 89, at 27. Hoek & Maubach, supra note 183, at 145. Campbell, supra note 25, at 763. Id. Cynthia Estlund, Rebuilding the Law of the Workplace in an Era of Self-Regulation, 105 Colum. L. Rev. 319, 378 (2005). Hoek & Maubach, supra note 183, at 145. FCC 1998 R&O, supra note 52, at ¶ 22. Fege interview, supra note 79. Telephone Interview with Eileen Espejo, Director, Media Health and Policy, Children Now (July 5, 2012) [hereinafter Espejo interview]. See supra note 151 and accompanying text. Montgomery interview, supra note 45. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. See supra notes 153–58 and accompanying text. Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. In a 2006 congressional hearing, Jack Valenti outlined an educational campaign that the industry planned to undertake, of which board member Jeff McIntyre was unaware. Decency in Broadcasting, Cable, and Other Media, Hearing before the Senate Commerce Committee, 109th Cong. 7–8 (2006) (statement of Jack Valenti, Former Chairman/CEO, Motion Picture Association of America); id. at 53 (statement of Jeff McIntyre, Legislative and Federal Affairs Officer, American Psychological Association). See, e.g., Brian Stelter, TV Content Ratings System Set to Expand to Web, The New York Times Media Decoder, June 12, 2012, available at http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/tv-content-ratings-system-set-to-expand-to-web/ (last visited Feb. 24, 2013); Espejo interview, supra note 212. FCC Staff Member interview, supra note 65. See supra note 173 and accompanying text. See supra note 152 and accompanying text. See supra notes 51–53 and accompanying text. Fege interview, supra note 79. Rating Entertainment Ratings: How Well Are They Working for Parents and What Can Be Done to Improve Them?; Hearing Before the Senate Comm. On Governmental Affairs, 107th Cong. 20–21 (2001) (statement of Michael Rich, M.D., M.P.H.), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg75480/pdf/CHRG-107shrg75480.pdf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Ratings Hearing]. PTC Reply Comments, supra note 98, at 8. In late 2012, Arnold Fege said the board had not met since 2008 or 2009. Fege interview, supra note 79. In late 2010, Dan Isett of the PTC reported that the board had not met since the summer of 2009. Barely Legal, supra note 95, at B2. McIntyre Nov. 2012 interview, supra note 40. TV Parental Guidelines Website, supra note 116. See supra notes 145–46 and accompanying text. There is precedent for the television industry sponsoring major independent research with the National Television Violence Studies of the 1990s. Ratings Hearing, supra note 224, at 14 (statement of Dale Kunkel, University of California, Santa Barbara). Industry Board Representative interview, supra note 53. TV Parental Guidelines Website, supra note 116. McIntyre July 2012 interview, supra note 125. Johnson interview, supra note 107. 2012 Board Memo, supra note 124. See supra note 125 and accompanying text. 2011 Brief, supra note 89, at 27. McIntyre July 2012 interview, supra note 125.
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