Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Fascism, fascistization and developmentalism in Franco's dictatorship

2004; Routledge; Volume: 29; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Italiano

10.1080/0307102042000257629

1470-1200

Ismael Saz Campos,

Spanish History and Politics

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes This article has been written as part of the research project BHA2002-01073. 1 J. J. Linz, ‘An authoritarian regime: the case of Spain’ in E. Allard and Y. Littunen (eds), Cleavages, Ideologies, and Party Systems (Helsinki, 1964). 2 See, for example, R. Morodo, La transición política (Madrid, 1984), 42–3. 3 N. Tranfaglia, Labirinto italiano (Florence, 1989), 21–39; A. Botti, ‘Franchismo’ in Il fascismo. Dizionario di storia, personaggi, cultura, economia, fonti e dibattito storiografico (Milan, 1998). 4 S. G. Payne, El régimen de Franco 1936–1975 (Madrid, 1987), 245 ff.; J. Tusell, La dictadura de Franco (Madrid, 1988), 247. 5 G. Germani, Autoritarismo, fascismo e classi sociali (Bologna, 1975). 6 R. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London and New York, 1993); A. A. Kallis, ‘ “Fascism”, “para-fascism” and “fascistization”: on the similarities of three conceptual categories’, European History Quarterly, xxxiii, 2 (2003), 219–49. 7 See S. Schatz, ‘Democracy's breakdown and the rise of fascism: the case of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931–6’, Social History, xxvi, 2 (2001), 145–65. 8 Germani, Autoritarismo, fascismo e classi sociali, op. cit.; J. Casanova, ‘Modernization and democratization: reflections on Spain's transition to democracy’, Social Research, l, 4 (1983), 929–73. 9 E. Colloti, Fascismo, fascismo (Florence, 1989), 105–22. 10 R. Morodo, Los orígenes ideológicos del Franquismo: Acción Española (Madrid, 1985), 17. 11 See P. Aguilar and Carsten Humlebaek, ‘Collective memory and national identity in the Spanish democracy’, History and Memory, xiv (2002), 121–64. 12 A. Ludtke, ‘Introduction. What is the history of everyday life and who are its practitioners’ in A. Lüdtke (ed.), The History of Everiday Life (Princeton, 1995). 13 C. J. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, 1956). 14 Linz, ‘An authoritarian regimen: Spain’, op. cit. 15 For a recent, complete and balanced state of the question, see E. Traverso, Il totalitarismo. Storia di un dibattito (Milan, 2000). 16 See I. Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th edn (London, 2000), 69–92. 17 I. Saz, ‘El Franquismo ¿Régimen autoritario o dictadura fascista?’ in J. Tusell et al., El régimen de Franco (1936–1975) (Madrid, 1993), i, 189–201; idem., ‘El primer Franquismo’, Ayer, xxxvi (1999), 201–21. 18 Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, op. cit., 120–36. Our approach also differs from structuralist approaches such as that of Poulantas, whose analysis of the fascistization process reduces the fascist movement's access to power to an epiphenomenon. See N. Poulantzas, Fascisme et dictature (Paris, 1970). 19 See Ph. Burrin, ‘Politique et société: les estructures du pouvoir dans l'Italie fasciste et l'Allemagne nazi’, Annales. Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, iii (1988), 615–37. 20 See P. Preston, Franco (London, 1993) for a global study of the dictator. 21 The best studies on the construction of the regime during the civil war and the years afterwards are those by J. Tusell, Franco en la guerra civil. Una biografía política (Barcelona, 1992) and J. M. Thomas, La Falange de Franco (Barcelona, 2001). 22 On the latter, see De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The ‘Fascist’ Style of Rule (London, 1995). 23 Significantly, when launching their offensive, the Falangists were most conscious of the negative example of the ‘falsified totalitarianisms’ of Vichy and Rumania. See I. Saz, España contra España. Los nacionalismos franquistas (Madrid, 2003), 300–4. 24 Preston, Franco, op. cit., 482–531; J. Tusell and G. García, Franco y Mussolini. La política española durante la segunda guerra mundial (Barcelona, 1985). 25 See A. Botti, Cielo y dinero. El nacionalcatolicismo en España (1881–1975) (Madrid, 1992). 26 I. Saz, ‘Paradojas de la historia, paradojas de la historiografía. Las peripecias del fascismo español’, Hispania, ccvii (2001), 143–76. 27 J. Varela, La novela de España. Los intelectuales y el problema español (Madrid, 2000); Saz, España contra España, op. cit., 59–99. 28 Saz, España contra España, op. cit., 367–403. 29 S. G. Payne, El régimen de Franco (Madrid, 1987), 564. 30 See Burrin, ‘Politique et société’, op. cit. 31 See I. Saz, ‘Entre la hostilidad y el consentimiento. Valencia en la posguerra’ in I. Saz and A. Gómez (eds), El Franquismo en Valencia. Formas de vida y actitudes sociales (Valencia, 1999), 9–35. Also, E. Malefakis, ‘La dictadura de Franco en una perspectiva comparada’ in J. L. García Delgado (ed.), Franquismo. El juicio de la historia (Madrid, 2000), 11–55. 32 It is well known that the term ‘consensus’ has given rise to a great deal of debate among historians of fascist Italy ever since it was first employed by R. De Felice, Mussolini il duce. Gli anni del consenso, 1929–1936 (Turin, 1974). In my view, it is part of a group of concepts that is initially thrown out, only to be let in again through the back door. Although this is not the right moment to take up this debate, I assume here that the idea of consensus is just as necessary – or inevitable – as it is insufficient. For a recent reconsideration of the problem, see P. Corner, ‘Italian fascism: whatever happened to dictatorship?’, Journal of Modern History, lxxiv (2002), 325–51, where it is argued that the intention is not ‘to deny that there was any consensus for fascism’ since ‘to do so would be to identify fascism mistakenly with a simple authoritarism’, while at the same time suggesting ‘that it might be better to abandon the word “consensus” because it is burdened with connotations of choice that are in reality absent in the situation in question’. 33 Likewise, the project ‘Valencia bajo el Franquismo’. See Saz and Gómez, El Franquismo en Valencia, op. cit. For a greater focus on the regime's own sources of diplomatic infomation, see F. Sevillano, ‘Actitudes políticas y opinión de los españoles durante la posguerra (1939–1950)’, Anales de la Universidad de Alicante, 8–9 (1991–2); and A. Cazorla, ‘Surviving Franco's peace: Spanish opinion during the Second World War’, European History Quarterly, xxxii, 3 (2002), 391–411. 34 Saz, ‘Entre la hostilidad y el consentimiento’, op. cit. 35 P. Aguilar, Memoria y olvido de la guerra civil española (Madrid, 1996). 36 P. Lizcano, La Generación de 1956: La Universidad contra Franco (Barcelona, 1981); M. A. Ruiz Carnicer, El Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU), 1939–1965 (Madrid, 1996). 37 D. Ruiz, ‘De la supervivencia a la negociación. Actitudes obreras en las primeras décadas de la dictadura (1939–1958)’ in D. Ruiz (ed.), Historia de Comisiones Obreras (1958–1988) (Madrid, 1993), 47–68; C. Molinero and P. Ysàs, Productores disciplinados y minorías subversivas (Madrid, 1998), 26–43. 38 A. Shubert, A Social History of Modern Spain (London, 1990). 39 See A. Carreras, ‘La producción industrial española, 1842–1981: construcción de un índice anual’, Revista de Historia Económica, i (1984); J. L. García Delgado and J. C. Jiménez, ‘La economía’, Historia de España. Ramón Menéndez Pidal XLI. i. La época de Franco (1939–1975) (Madrid, 1996). 40 S. Juliá, ‘La sociedad’ in J. L. García Delgado (ed.), Franquismo. El juicio de la historia (Madrid, 2000), 67. 41 Botti, Cielo y dinero, op. cit.; J. L. Villacañas, Ramiro de Maeztu y el ideal de la burguesía en España (Madrid, 2000). 42 J. Catalán, La economía española y la segunda guerra mundial (Barcelona, 1995); E. San Román, Ejército e industria: el nacimiento del INI (Madrid, 1999). 43 M. Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945 (Cambridge, 1998). 44 See Casanova, ‘Modernization and democratization’, op. cit.; V. Pérez Díaz, La primacía de la sociedad civil (Madrid, 1993); S. Balfour, ‘The desarrollo years, 1955–1975’ in J. Álvarez Junco and A. Shubert (eds), Spanish History since 1808 (London, 2000), 277–88. 45 Casanova, ‘Modernization and democratization’, op. cit. 46 J. J. del Águila, El T.O.P.: La represión de la libertad (1963–1977) (Barcelona, 2001); N. Sartorius and J. Alfaya, La memoria insumisa sobre la dictadura de Franco (Madrid, 1999), 260. 47 Aguilar, Memoria y olvido, op. cit. 48 C. Molinero and P. Ysàs, El règim franquista. Feixisme, modernització i consens (Vic, 2003), 121 ff.