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Saving, Kidnapping, or Something of Both? Canada and the Vietnam/Cambodia Babylift, Spring 1975

2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 39; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/02722010903116483

1943-9954

Veronica Strong‐Boag, Rupa Bagga,

Vietnamese History and Culture Studies

Abstract In the spring of 1975 Canada supplied one chapter in the Vietnam "Babylift." Canadians disagreed about the Babylift's meaning for themselves and their nation. For some, it offered the opportunity to rescue child casualties of war and to confirm a multicultural country; for others, it constituted kidnapping and evidence of Western imperialism. This dual response is explored in four parts in this article. First, there is a brief history of Canadian adoption, which grew gradually more inclusive after World War II to include youngsters of Asian origin. Second, it describes public, especially newspaper, responses to the US war in Vietnam and the place of children in this. Third, it introduces adults engaged in the Babylift and their approach to international adoption more generally. And finally, it profiles the children involved and examines what rescue or kidnapping might have entailed for them. Keywords: Vietnam Babyliftadoptionchild welfarenationalisminternationalism Acknowledgments The work for this article was supported by generous funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the University of British Columbia. We are grateful to the Centre for Canadian Studies at the University of Edinburgh for hosting the senior author's presentation of an early version of this material in May 2008. We also benefited from the thoughtful comments of Douglas A. Ross and the editors and anonymous readers of the ARCS. Our thanks as well to Mary K. Bryson for rescuing us from computer glitches. Notes 1. Strong-Boag (2006 Strong-Boag, Veronica. 2006. Finding families, finding ourselves: English Canada confronts adoption from the 19th century to the 1990s, Toronto: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]) and Dubinsky (2007 Dubinsky, Karen. 2007. "We adopted a negro": Interracial adoption and the hybrid baby in 1960s Canada". 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International Migration Review, 34(3): 907–49. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 943). 5. See, for example, Belliveau (1952 Belliveau, J. E. 1952. Windsor's outstanding negroes. Star Weekly, 29 November: 101 [Google Scholar], 101); Star Weekly (1958 Star Weekly. 1958. Editorial: The color problem: A moral issue. Star Weekly, 11 October: 9 [Google Scholar], 9), Tyre (1961 Tyre, Robert. 1961. The day integration came to Kenora. Star Weekly. 18 February: 2–4. [Google Scholar]). 6. Strong-Boag (2006 Strong-Boag, Veronica. 2006. Finding families, finding ourselves: English Canada confronts adoption from the 19th century to the 1990s, Toronto: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]). See Lovelock (2000 Lovelock, Kristen. 2000. Intercountry adoption as a migratory practice: A comparative analysis of intercountry adoption and immigration policy and practice in the United States, Canada and New Zealand in the post WWII Period. International Migration Review, 34(3): 907–49. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 921–2). 7. See Gagan (1992 Gagan, Rosemary R. 1992. Sensitive independence: Canadian Methodist women missionaries in Canada and the Orient, 1881–1925, Montréal: McGill–Queen's University Press. [Google Scholar]) and Brouwer (1990 Brouwer, Ruth C. 1990. New women for God: Canadian Presbyterian women and Indian missions, 1876–1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [Google Scholar]). 8. "Christmas for orphans possible through fund," Globe and Mail (6 Dec. 1956), p. 9 9. See, for example, Ross (1984 Ross, Douglas A. 1984. In the interests of peace: Canada and Vietnam, 1954–1973, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). On the contemporary recognition of the complicated history, see Lynch (1975a Lynch, Charles. 1975a. Vietnam defies black, white yardstick. Calgary Herald, 4 April: 6 [Google Scholar]). 10. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/canada1946/3frame.html See "Crying, smiling refugees arrive," Winnipeg Free Press (8 May 1975), p. 1 for the arrival of a Canadian Force 707 with 133 Vietnamese Refugees, many of whom were joining relatives in Montreal. This local community also attempted to lobby Ottawa. See their parade on Parliament Hill, "50 Vietnamese protest on Hill," Calgary Herald (12 April 1975), p. 2. On a Vietnamese immigrant bank worker's efforts to get her daughters to Canada see "Mom worries for Viet kids," Montreal Star (26 April 1975), p. B3. 11. "A non-involved onlooker," Globe and Mail (5 April 1975), p. 6. 12. Chaivin (1975 Chaivin, Solange. 1975. Les Agences sont litéralement débordées. Le Devoir, 8 Avril: 9 [Google Scholar]). 13. Adelman (1982 Adelman, Howard. 1982. Canada and the Indochinese refugees, Regina, L.A: Weigl Educational Associates Ltd. [Google Scholar], 57). 14. M.J. Ferrari, M.D., J.M.J. Children's Fund of Canada, Ottawa to Mrs. Victoria Leach, Adoption Co-ordinator, Ministry of Community and Social Services, Queen's Park, Toronto (29 March 1974) in Canada. Report of the Committee on International Adoptions. Rapport du Comité sur les adoptions internationales (Ottawa: Oct. 1974). 15. Robert K. Ferrie, MD, Irving Copeland, Barrister/Solicitor, and Helke Ferrie, Kuan-Yin Foundation Inc., Burlington, Ontario, to Mrs. Victoria Leach (21 Feb. 1974) in Report of the Committee on International Adoptions. 16. David B. Knight to Victoria Leach (22 Feb. 1974), ibid. 17. Ferrie, Copeland, and Helke Ferrie to Leach (21 Feb. 1974), ibid. 18. For a discussion of this, see Strong-Boag (Forthcoming). 19. Charlotte Whitton and other Canadians were regular contributors to discussions and policies for the League of Nations and the United Nations. See Rooke and Schnell (1987 Rooke, Patricia T. and Schnell, Rudy L. 1987. 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For a later explanation see the comments of Canada's last diplomatic representative in South Vietnam, http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/vietnam/saigon.html (CBC; Jan. 20, 2008) (accessed 20 March 2008). 26. See, for example, the coverage of Congressional hearings and recognition of the pool of unadopted Black American youngsters by Marder (1975 Marder, George J. 1975. Are they "collecting" orphans?. Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 17 April: 6 [Google Scholar]). For the purposes of this article, all March, April, May and June 1975 issues of the Victoria Daily Colonist, the Vancouver Sun, the Calgary Herald, the Winnipeg Free Press, the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star, The Citizen (Ottawa), the Montreal Star, the Montreal Gazette, La Presse (Montreal), Le Devoir (Montreal) and the Halifax Chronicle-Herald were consulted. 27. Murray Campbell and Richard Labonté, The Citizen (Ottawa) (8 April 1975). 28. "Breakdown in Vietnam," Montreal Gazette (1 April 1975), p. 8. 29. 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"Cansave man frowns on orphan airlift," Globe and Mail (11 April 1975, p. 12. See also "International Red Cross: Baby adoptions break code," Daily Colonist (10 April 1975), p. 1. 35. "Operation Babylift ends with 1,700 orphans flown abroad," Globe and Mail (8 April 1975), p. 14. 36. "Metro woman mother to 5,600 Viet families," Toronto Star (28 May 1975), p. 35. 37. Endrst (1974 Endrst, Jeff. 1974. UNICEF stays on. Cambodian children's plight. Winnipeg Free Press, 4 April: 33 [Google Scholar]). 38. See Lynch (1975b Lynch, Charles. 1975b. Canada accepts the Asian inevitable. Calgary Herald, 5 April: 6 [Google Scholar]). For similarly critical coverage see "Way cleared to adopt orphans from Asia," Globe and Mail (28 August 1973), p. 1; "Orphan flights called abductions," ibid. (10 April 1975), p. 1; "Airlift plans are scrapped," ibid. (10 April 1975), p. 1; "Saigon orphans: Only future will reveal who's right," ibid. (11 April 1975), p. 1; Freed (1975 Freed, Josh. 1975. 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