Women's Health and the Articulation of Policy Preferences: Setting the Terms of Discussion
1994; Wiley; Volume: 736; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb12833.x
ISSN1749-6632
Autores Tópico(s)Political and Economic history of UK and US
ResumoAnnals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 736, Issue 1 p. 205-216 Women's Health and the Articulation of Policy Preferences: Setting the Terms of Discussion ANNE GRIFFIN, ANNE GRIFFIN Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art New York, New York 10003Search for more papers by this author ANNE GRIFFIN, ANNE GRIFFIN Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art New York, New York 10003Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb12833.xCitations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 The New York Times., October 13 1992. 2 For a more complete discussion of the history of RU 486 in this country, see the article by Beverly Winikoff, M. D., D.P.H., in this Annals.. 3 See Connolly, W. E. 1974: “ The terms of political discourse set the frame within which political thought and action proceed…. By the terms of political discourse, then, I refer first to the vocabulary commonly employed in political thought and action; second, to the ways in which the meanings conventionally embodied in that vocabulary set the frame for political reflection by establishing criteria to be met before an event or act can be said to fall within the ambit of a given concept; and third, to the judgments or commitments that are conventionally sanctioned when these criteria are met.” (p. 3). The Terms of Political Discourse. D. C. Heath. Lexington , MA . 4 Baumgartner, F. R. & B. D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. Chicago , IL. ; See also Edelman, M. 1989. Constructing the Political Spectacle. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. 5 Griffith, E. S. 1939. The Impasse of Democracy. Harrison-Hilton Books. New York , NY .; Dahl, R. A. 1961. Who Governs? Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. 6 Baumgartner, Jones, p. 6. 7 Madison, J. 1976. Federalist Paper No. 10. In J. Jay Madison. The Federalist Papers. C. Rossiter, Ed., pp. 77–84, 78–79. Mentor. New York . 8 Madison, J. 1976. Federalist Paper No. 51. In J. Jay. Madison The Federalist Papers. C. Rossiter, Ed., pp. 320–325, 322. Mentor. New York . 9 Mills, C. W. 1956. The Power Elite. Oxford University Press. New York . 10 Dahl, R. A. 1961. Who Governs? Yale University Press. New Haven , CT . 11 Baumgartner and Jones, p. 3. 12 My own definition of agenda is similar to Kingdon's “list of subjects or problems to which government officials, and people outside of government closely associated with those officials, are paying some serious attention at any given time.” (Kingdon, p. 3.) However, I would tend to place somewhat less emphasis on the role of government officials. 13 Kingdon, J. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Scott, Foresman & Co. Glenview , IL . The comment, “Ideas come from anywhere,” is attributed, not without irony, to an anonymous government worker (p. 76). Kingdon identifies as non-governmental participants in the policy process “interest groups, researchers, academics, consultants, media, parties and other elections-related actors, and the mass public” (p. 48). 14 Edelman, M. 1989. 15 Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 167 (1973). 16 The New York Times Magazine. August 20 1972. 17 As late as the 1950s, an abortion was frequently referred to as “an illegal operation. 18 National NOW Times. As quoted in Shaw, D. 1990. Bias Seeps into News on Abortion. Los Angeles Times. 1 July, A51. 19 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U. S. 490 (1989). 20 Shaw, D., p. A51. 21 In evaluating the existence of bias, how frequently each side was quoted, how favorably and how prominently the events, issues, and actors were presented, the choice of language and terminology, the creation of graphic symbols for backdrops for television broadcasts, the design of magazine covers, were among the parameters considered. 22 Of the 34 states that had ratified the ERA by 1982, three of them, Idaho, Nebraska, and Tennessee, had voted to rescind their ratification. The legal status of their action was never clear and is now moot. Those states that did not ratify the amendment were Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, and Virginia. See Dye, T. R. 1992. Understanding Public Policy, p. 75. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 23 Mansbridge, J. J. 1986. Why We Lost the ERA, p. 42. University of Chicago Press. Chicago , IL . 24 Ibid., p. 109. Mansbridge is quoting Rhode, D. 1983. Equal Rights in Retrospect, Law and Inequality, Vol. 1, p. 18. 25 Treichler, P. A. 1988. AIDS, gender and biomedical discourse: Current contests for meaning. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fox & D. M. Fee, Eds., pp. 190–266. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 26 The criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS has only recently been revised to include the symptoms most common in women. “Women are now the fastest-growing population with AIDS. Because often AIDS in women begins with pelvic problems, women are diagnosed later and die faster. Given the nature of the early stages of the AIDS epidemic in the United States and other Western countries, however, most of the early studies of AIDS included only or mainly men. But, even as late as 1991 and even 1992 … when AIDS was recognized as a growing problem with women, studies continued to focus on men and generalized the findings to women. Sechzer, J. A., F. L. Denmark, and V. C. Rabinowitz. 1993. Gender bias in women's health research. Presented at a conference held by the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services entitled Recruitment and Retention of Women in Clinical Studies. (In press.). 27 For a review of historical constructions of the female body, see Martin, E. 1987. The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Beacon Press. Boston , MA . 28 Treichler, P. A. 1988. AIDS, gender and biomedical discourse: Current contests for meaning. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fox & D. M. Fee, Eds., pp. 190–266, 192. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 29 Altman, D. 1988. Legitimation through disaster. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fee & D. M. Fox, Eds., pp. 301–315. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 30 Treichler, P. A. 1988. AIDS, gender and biomedical discourse: Current contests for meaning. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fox & D. M. Fee, Eds., pp. 190–266, 194–198. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . Treichler notes that Margaret Heckler, then Secretary of Health and Human Services, declared that “AIDS must and would be stopped before it spread to the ‘general population’” (p. 203). 31 Sontag, S. 1988. AIDS and Its Metaphors, p. 84. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. New York , NY . 32 Altman, D. 1988. Legitimation through disaster. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fox & D. M. Fee, Eds., pp. 301–315. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 33 Brandt, A. M. 1988. AIDS: From social history to social policy. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fee & D. M. Fox, Eds.: 147–171. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA .: see also Treichler, P. A. 1988. AIDS, gender and biomedical discourse: Current contests for meaning, ibid.; Shilts, R. 1988. And the Band Played On: People, Politics and the AIDS Epidemic. Viking-Penguin. New York. NY. 34 Brandt, A. M. 1988. AIDS: From social history to social policy. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fee & D. M. Fox, Eds., pp. 147–171. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 35 Treichler, P. A. 1988. AIDS, gender and biomedical discourse: Current contests for meaning. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fee & D. M. Fox, Eds., pp. 190–266. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . 36 Shilts, R. 1988. And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic. Viking Penguin. New York , NY . AIDS was also known as WOGS, for Wrath of God Syndrome, signifying a judgment of Biblical proportions for “unnatural” acts. Shilts notes that until the CDC agreed upon the acronym, AIDS, “scientists were using different acronyms in an alphabet soup that further confused the already befuddled story of a strange new disease of unknown origin. The staffers at the CDC despised the GRID acronym and refused to use it.” Shilts also chronicles the efforts of CDC staff members to work with the gay community following the unexplained outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 37 Oppenheimer, G. M. 1988. In the eye of the storm: The epidemiological construction of AIDS. In AIDS: The Burdens of History. E. Fee & D. M. Fox, Eds. University of California Press. Berkeley , CA . Citing Literature Volume736, Issue1Forging a Women's Health Research Agenda: Policy Issues for the 1990sDecember 1994Pages 205-216 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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