The Role of the Internet in Political Struggles: Some Conclusions from Iran and Egypt
2012; Routledge; Volume: 34; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07393148.2012.676394
ISSN1469-9931
Autores Tópico(s)Social Media and Politics
ResumoAbstract This article focuses on the internet-facilitated revolutions of the Green Movement in Iran in 2009 and the recent 2011 events in Egypt that led to the ousting of Mubarak. In both cases of political unrest, the internet and mainly social media were considered an important influence that helped spark and organize the protests. However, the hype created on the internet's relation to facilitating these events has hindered a deeper understanding of some more crucial ways, as well as the potential extent that digital communications can influence contemporary political insurgencies. This article sheds some light on less explicitly articulated aspects of these political events and the role of digital communications in them, drawing conclusions by looking at the socio-political background and the protests and countermeasures that took place in Iran and Egypt during the latest periods of political unrest. Notes The author would like to thank the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their contribution in improving the manuscript. 1 See Marc Ambinder, “The Revolution Will Be Twittered,” Marc Ambinder's Politics Blog, September 15, 2009, < http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/the-revolution-will-be-twittered/19376/>; Clay Shirky, “The Political Power of Social Media,” Foreign Affairs 90:1 (2011), pp. 28–41; Catharine Smith, “Egypt's Facebook Revolution: Wael Ghonim Thanks the Social Network,” Huffington Post, February 11, 2011, < http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/egypt-facebook-revolution-wael-ghonim_n_822078.html>; Andrew Sullivan, “The Revolution Will Be Twittered,” The Atlantic, June 13, 2009, < http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2009/06/the-revolution-will-be-twittered-1.html>; William Haig, “Freedom Zone: Foreign Secretary's Opening Remarks,” Conference on Cyberspace, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, 2011. 2 See Andrew D. 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See Democracy Now, “‘Iran, the Green Movement and the USA’: Hamid Dabashi on the Future of the Iranian Pro-Democracy Movement,” Democracy Now, February 21, 2011, < http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/21/iran_the_green_movement_and_the> 108 Sreberny, “Thirty Years On.” 109 Slavoj Zizek, “Why Fear the Arab Revolutionary Spirit?,” The Guardian, February 1, 2011, < http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/feb/01/egypt-tunisia-revolt>. 110 Maggy Michael, “True Figure for Egypt's Death Toll Put at 846,” The Scotsman, April 20, 2011, < http://news.scotsman.com/world/True-figure-for-Egypt39s-death.6755378.jp>; Morozov, “Why the Internet Is Failing Iran's Activists.” 111 Dieter Bednarz and Erich Follath,“The Beginning of the End? 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