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Archaeology of Uzbek identity

2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 23; Issue: 3-4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/0263493042000321380

1465-3354

Alisher Ilkhamov,

China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations

Abstract Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Matteo Fumagalli, PhD student from the UK, originally from Italy, who assisted me in refining the English version of the paper, to Professor Deniz Kandiyoti from the SOAS, University of London, and Professor Georg Elwert from Free Berlin University for their review of the paper and helpful comments. Notes Further in the text, when mentioning this region, we will use synonyms such as Middle Asia, Mauverannahr and Transoxiana, (which are synonyms from the standpoint of territorial habitat). One should distinguish this region from Central Asia, which, in addition to Middle Asia, includes Kazakhstan plains and might according to some cover Afghanistan. V. A. Semyonov, 'To the question of Sheybani-khan's Uzbeks origin and composition', Materials on History of Middle Asian Tajiks and Uzbeks, 1954, No 1, p 17. V. A. Semyonov, 'To the question of Sheybani-khan's Uzbeks origin and composition', Materials on History of Middle Asian Tajiks and Uzbeks, 1954, No 1, p 21. S. V. Bakhrushin, V. Ya. Nepomnin and V. A. Shishkin, eds, The History of Peoples of Uzbekistan, Vol 2 (Tashkent: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy, UzSSR), p 23. V. Bartold, 'Abulhair', in Works, Vol 2, Part 2 (Moscow: Nauka, 1964), p 488. P. P. Iavnov, Essays on History of Middle Asia (XVI – mid XIX) (Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1958), p 18. P. P. Iavnov, Essays on History of Middle Asia (XVI – mid XIX) (Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1958), p 24. P. P. Iavnov, Essays on History of Middle Asia (XVI – mid XIX) (Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1958), p 29. A. Vambery, Travel to Middle Asia (S-Pb, 1865), p 171. I. Geyer, Turkestan, 2nd edn (Tashkent, 1909), p 34. V. I. Masalskiy, Turkestan Territory, eds P. P. Semynov Tyan-Shanskiy and V. I. Lamnskiy, Vol 19 (S-Pb., 1913), p 381. D. N. Logophet, Bukhara Khanate: Under Russian Protectorate, Vol 1 (S-Pb., 1911), pp 155–156. Some sources point out that, during the Civil War of 1918–1923 and later, about half a million Uzbeks migrated from Turkestan to neighbouring countries, mainly to Afghanistan. Among them, there might have been entire tribes and clans. See: Richard V. Weeks, eds, Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, 2nd edn (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984), p 834. V.V. Bartold, 'Chaghatay-khan', in Works, op cit, Ref 5, pp 538–544. The Chaghatayds periodically made Karshi area their capital. A. D. Grebenkin, 'Uzbeks', in Russian Turkestan (Moscow, 1874), pp 51–108. Territory and Population of Bukhara and Khorezm. Part 1: Bukhara (Tashkent: Sub-Commission on Middle Asia' Zoning, 1926), pp 174–229. Materials of All-Russian censi. 1917. Population Census in the Turkestan Republic. Issue IV. Rural Population of Ferghana Province (Tashkent, 1924), pp 42 and 44. All-Union Census of the Population 1926. Vol VIII, pp 13–43; Vol XV, pp 216–219. M. S. Andreyev, Some results of ethnographic expedition to Samarkand Province in 1921, Vol XVII (Tashkent: Turkestan Department of RGO, 1924), p III. See: V. R. Vinnikov, 'Contemporary settling of peoples and ethnographic groups in Ferghana Valley', in N. A. Kislaykov and T.A. Jdanko, eds, Middle-Asian Ethnographic Collection of Articles (Moscow: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy of the USSR, 1959), p 396. C. E. Bosworth et al, eds, Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol IX (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), pp 66–68 (in co-authorship with M. E. Subtelney—but the core content of the article belong to W. Bartold). The matter concerns the situation in late 19th–early 20th century. V. Nalivkin, Brief History of the Kokand Khanate (Kazan, 1886), p 32. V. Nalivkin and M. Nalivkina, Outline of Women's Family Life among the Settled Aboriginal Population of Ferghana (Kazan, 1886), p 15. Materials on Middle Asia's Rayonnirovanie. Book 1. Territory and Population of Bukhara and Khorezm. Part 1. Bukhara (Tashkent: Sub-Commission on Middle Asia's Zoning, 1926), p 173. We give a detailed account of Lapin's position since it was his position that prevailed from administrative standpoint: after the process of national delimitation the term Sart became officially obsolete, and the so-called Sart language, after some modifications, was recognized as the new-Uzbek language. Lapin himself, however, joined neither Jadids nor Bolsheviks. In 1917 he lead a Muslim political organization 'Shuroi Ulamo', that favoured the priority of Sharia laws in the public constitution of Turkestan and received 62 of 112 seats in elections to Tashkent Municipal Duma in summer of the same year by surpassing, apropos, the pro-Jadid 'Shuroi Islamiya', that only obtained 11 seats. (See R. M. Abdullaev, S. S. Agzamkhodjaev, I. A. Alimov et al., Turkestan in Early XX Century: to History of Roots for National Independence (Tashkent: Publishing House 'Sharq', 2000), p 44.) After Bolsheviks' coup in November 1917, Lapin emigrated, and no other information of his destiny is available. Bartold, op cit, Ref 5, pp 303–305. Bartold, op cit, Ref 5, pp 306–309. Besides the above-mentioned, another article on this topic is V. Bartold, "More on the word Sart", Bartold, op cit, Ref 5, pp 310–314. Oyna, 1915, Nos 22, 23, 25, 26b. Republished in: Makhmudhuja Behbudi, Tanlangan Asarlar (Tashkent: Publishing House 'Ma'naviyat', 1997), pp 171–177. Oyna, 1915, Nos 22, 23, 25, 26b (see Behbudi, op cit, Ref 31, pp 177–179. Behbudi, op cit, Ref 31, p 173. Behbudi, op cit, Ref 31, p 177. B. Hayit, Turkestan zwischen Rusland und China (Amsterdam, 1971), pp 162–163. Quoted from the following source: Yu. Bregel, 'The Sarts in the khanate of Khiva', Journal of Asian History, Vol 12, No 2, 1978, p 122. Bregel, Turkestan zwischen Rusland und China (Amsterdam, 1971), pp 162–163. Quoted from the following source: Yu. Bregel, 'The Sarts in the khanate of Khiva', Journal of Asian History, Vol 12, No 2, 1978, p 122. John Schoeberlein, 'Formation prospects of Uzbeks' national self-consciousness', Vostok, 1997, No 3, p 55. Behbudi, op cit, Ref 31, p 179. Shakarim Kudayberdy-uly, Genealogy of Turks, Kazakhs and Dynasties of Khans, trans. B. Kairbekov (Alma-Ata: Jauzshy, 1990), p 107. S. Asfendiyarov, 'The question of land in Turkestan', in People's Economy of Middle Asia (Tashkent: Middle Asian Economic Council, 1924), No 2–3, p 55. See: Pierre Bourdieu, 'The forms of capital', in John G. Richardson, ed, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp 241–257. By symbolic capital we mean the accumulation of socially significant symbols, internalized and institutionalized in the objects of historic memory of the given social group (class, nation, citizens of country). The value of symbolic capital lies in its ability to mobilise society comprehensively and gain its loyalty. Thus the community itself as a corporative group forms and shapes symbolic capital because of the mobilising role of symbols. Symbolic capital thus provides one of the most significant sources for legitimising leadership and power." Information is quoted from the following source: Bregel, op cit, Ref 35, pp 124–125. For example, Fayzulla Khojaev was the first head of Uzbekistan and Abdurauf Fitrat—one of his trustees; Ahmad Zaki Validi Togan, Behbudi and others cooperated with Soviet bodies for a short time. See Appendix to the book: T. R. Ryskulov, Collected Works in 3 Volumes, Vol 3 (Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1998), p 416. Quoted from: Revolution and Nationalities, 1937, No 4, p 42. See V. I. Lenin, Entire Collection of Works, Vol 41 (Moscow: Publishing House of the Political Literature, 1974), p 434. K. I. Nurpeisov and V. K. Grigoryev, 'Turar Ryskulov and his time', in T. R. Ryskulov: Collected Works in 3 Volumes, Vol 1, Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1998, p 33. K. I. Nurpeisov and V. K. Grigoryev, 'Turar Ryskulov and his time', in T. R. Ryskulov: Collected Works in 3 Volumes, Vol 1, Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1998, pp 436, 544. K. I. Nurpeisov and V. K. Grigoryev, 'Turar Ryskulov and his time', in T. R. Ryskulov: Collected Works in 3 Volumes, Vol 1, Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1998, pp 436, 544. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). Leipzig: Historical Town of Fairs in Saxony (Lübeck: Schöning & Co + Gebrüder Schmidt), p 2. This republic comprised at that time Syrdarya, Amudarya, Ferghana, Djetysai, Samarkand and Turkment oblasts (provinces) and Tashkent city. D. P. Krasnovsky, ed., Statisticheskyi ezhegodnik, 1917–1923 (Statistical yearbook), Vol 1 (Tashkent: TES Edition, 1924), pp 99–109. N. Tuhliyev et al, eds, Encyclopedia, Uzbekiston Respulikasi (Republic Uzbekistan) (Tashkent: Komuslar Bosh Thriyati, 1997), p 496. N. Tuhliyev et al, eds, Encyclopedia, Uzbekiston Respulikasi (Republic Uzbekistan) (Tashkent: Komuslar Bosh Thriyati, 1997), p 487. Sh. Shoabdurahamnov and L. V. Reshetova, 'The Uzbek language', in K. A. Zufarov et al., eds, The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Tashkent: Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981), p 364. Sh. Shoabdurahamnov and L. V. Reshetova, 'The Uzbek language', in K. A. Zufarov et al., eds, The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Tashkent: Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981). E. D. Polivanov, Ethnographic Description of Uzbeks, No 1. Origin and Name of Uzbeks (Tashkent, 1926), pp 6–7. S. P. Tolstov, T. A. Jdanko, S. M. Abramzon and N. A. Kislaykov, eds, The Peoples of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan (Moscow: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy of the USSR, 1962), p 128. S. P. Tolstov, T. A. Jdanko, S. M. Abramzon and N. A. Kislaykov, eds, The Peoples of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan (Moscow: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy of the USSR, 1962), p 129. Abdurauf Fitrat; About Canons of the Uzbek Language: Book one: Morphology. Samarhand-Tashicent: Ozdavnashr, 1927. Kh. Boltaboyev, 'Fitrat and morals of sovereignty', in Abdurauf Fitrat. Selected Works, Vol 1 (Tashkent: Ma'nviyat, 2000), p 27. A. Fitrat, 'A general view on the Uzbek literature commencing XVI century', in Abdurauf Fitrat. Selected Works, Vol 1 (Tashkent: Ma'nviyat, 2000), pp 55–56. Ingeborg Baldauf, 'Some thoughts on the making of the Uzbek nation', Revue du Monde Musulman, 1991, 1, p 83. See details in op cit, Ref 61. See Protocols and Reports by the Members of the Turkestan Society for Archeology Enthusiasts (Year fourteen), (1 January 1909–1 January 1910) (Tashkent, 1910), p 133. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972). A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, To the Question of Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek People (Tashkent: Fan, 1941). A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, To the Question of Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek People (Tashkent: Fan, 1941), p 3. A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, To the Question of Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek People (Tashkent: Fan, 1941), p 3. A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, To the Question of Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek People (Tashkent: Fan, 1941), p 19. Edward A. Allworth, The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: a Cultural History (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1990), p 241. L. N. Gumilyov, 'In alliance with the horde', in From Rus to Russia in Alliance with the Horde (Moscow: Ekopos, 1992), pp 89–194. A. Fitrat, 'Obligation to Motherland (spread poems)', in Abdurauf Fitrat. Selected Works, op cit, Ref 32, p 31. S. P. Tolstov, V. Yu. Zakhidov, Ya. G. Gulyamova, R. N. Nabiev, S. V. Bahrushina, V. Ya. Nepomnina, V. A. Shishkina, eds, History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan (2 Vols) (Tashkent: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy of the UzSSR, 1947–1950). S. P. Tolstov, V. Yu. Zakhidov, Ya. G. Gulyamova, R. N. Nabiev, S. V. Bahrushina, V. Ya. Nepomnina, V. A. Shishkina, eds, History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan (2 Vols) (Tashkent: Publishing House of the Sciences Academy of the UzSSR, 1950), Vol 1, p 8. In case of Uzbeks, there was a need to overcome an argument that they were an alien people in the Central Asian region. Tolstov et al., op cit, Ref 75, 1955–1958, Vol 4. Tolstov et al., op cit, Ref 75, 1955–1958, Vol 4, p 167. M. Vakhabov, Formation of the Uzbek Socialist Nation (Tashkent: State Publishing House of the UzSSR, 1961). M. Vakhabov, Formation of the Uzbek Socialist Nation (Tashkent: State Publishing House of the UzSSR, 1961), p 24. A. Irkamov, 'On the Draft of the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR: from the Report on Special VI Congress of the Unions of the Uzbek SSR, 12 February 1937', Revolution and Nationalities, 1937, No 4 (86), p 42. Vokhidov Erkin, Ish Savdosi. Saylanma: Birinchi jild (Tashkent: Shark), 2000, pp 200–203.