Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Mast‐cell—leukocyte cytokine cascades in allergic inflammation

1995; Wiley; Volume: 50; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02490.x

1398-9995

Stephen J. Galli, John J. Costa,

Asthma and respiratory diseases

AllergyVolume 50, Issue 11 p. 851-862 Free Access Mast-cell—leukocyte cytokine cascades in allergic inflammation S. J. Galli, Corresponding Author S. J. Galli Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USAStephen J. Galli, MD, Division of Experimental Pathology — Research North Beth Israel Hospital 99 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02115 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. J. Costa, J. J. Costa Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USASearch for more papers by this author S. J. Galli, Corresponding Author S. J. Galli Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USAStephen J. Galli, MD, Division of Experimental Pathology — Research North Beth Israel Hospital 99 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02115 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. J. Costa, J. J. Costa Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02490.xCitations: 77AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Abdelilah SG, Lamkhioued B, Ochiai K, et al. Highaffinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defense against parasites. Nature 1994: 367: 183–6. 2 Abe Y, Sekiya S, Yamasita T, Sendo F. Vascular hyperpermeability induced by tumor necrosis factor and us augmentation by IL-1 and IFN-gamma is inhibited by selective depletion of neutrophils with a monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 1990: 145: 2902–7. 3 Alexander AG, Barnes MC, Kay AB. Trial of cyclosporin in corticosteroid-dependent chronic severe asthma. Lancet 1992: 339: 324–8. 4 Arock M, Merle-Beral H, Dugas B, et al. IL-4 release by human leukemic and activated normal basophils. J Immunol 1993: 151: 1441–7. 5 Asano, K. Chee, CBE. Gaston, B. et al. Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression, regulation, and activity in human lung epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994: 91: 10089–93. 6 Barnes PJ. Pathophysiology of allergic inflammation. In: R.E Middleton, CE Eeed, EF Ellis, NT Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis . MO : Mosby. 1993; 243–66. 7 Barnes, PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med 1995: 332: 868–75. 8 Beaven MA, Metzger H. Signal transduction by Fe receptor: the Fe epsilon RI case. Immunol Today 1993: 14: 222–6. 9 Benyon RC, Bissonnette EY, Befus AD. Tumor necrosis factor-α, dependent cytotoxicity of human skin mast cells is enhanced by anti-IgE antibodies. J Immunol 1991: 147: 2253–8. 10 Beutler B, Cerami A. The biology of cachectin TNF-α. a primary mediator of the host response. Annu Rev Immunol 1989: 7: 625–55. 11 Bevilacqua MP. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Annu Rev immunol 193: 11: 767–804. 12 Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM. Selectins. J Cin Invest 1993: 91: 379–87. 13 Bieber T, de la Salle H, Wollenberg A, et al. Human epidermal Langerhans cells express the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (Fe, RI). J Exp Med 1992: 175: 1285–90. 14 Bienenstock J, Befus AD, Denburg JA. Mast cell heterogeneity: basic questions and clinical implications. In: AD Befus, J Bienenstock, JA Denburg, eds. Mast cell differentiation and heterogeneity. New York : Raven Press. 1986: 391–402. 15 Bochner BS, Schleimer RP. The role of adhesion molecules in human eosinophil and basophil recruitment. J Allergy Gin Immunol 1994: 94: 427–38. 16 Borish L, Mascali JJ, Rosenwasser LJ. IgE-dependent cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol 1991: 146: 63–7. 17 Bousquet J, Vignola AM, Chanez P, Campbell AM, Bonsignore G, Michel F-B. Airways remodelling in asthma: no doubt, no more Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995: 107: 211–14. 18 Bradding P, Feather IH, Howarth PH, et al. Interleukin 4 is localized to and released by human mast cells. J Exp Med 1992: 176: 1381–6. 19 Bradding P, Roberts JA, Britten KM, et al. Interleukin-4, -5, -6 and tumour necrosis factor-α in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994: 10: 471–80. 20 Brewster CEP, Howarth, PH, Djukanovic, R, Wilson, J, Holgate, ST, Roche, WR. Myofibroblasts and subepithelial fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990: 3: 507–11. 21 Broide DH, Gleich GJ, Ctomo AJ, et al. Evidence of ongoing mast cell and eosinophil degranulation in symptomatic asthma airway. J Allergy Gin Immunol 1991: 88: 637–48. 22 Broide DH, Lotz M, Cuomo AJ, Coburn DA, Federman EC, Wasserman SI. Cytokines in symptomatic asthma airways. J Allergy Gin Immunol 1992: 89: 958–67. 23 Brunner T, Heusser CH, Dahinden DA. Human peripheral blood basophils primed by interleukin 3 (IL-3) produce IL-4 in response to immunoglobulin E receptor stimulation. J Exp Med 1993: 177: 605–11. 24 Burd PR, Rogers HW, Gordon JR, et al. Interleukin 3-dependenl and -independent mast cells stimulated with IgE and antigen express multiple cytokines. J Exp Med 1989: 170: 245–57. 25 Burrows B, Martinez F, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergies. N Engl J Med 1989: 320: 271–7. 26 Busse WW, Reed CE. Asthma. Definitions and pathogenesis. In: E Middleton, CE Reed, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis . MO : Mosby. 1993: 1173–1201. 27 Copeland NG, Gilbert GJ, Cho BC, et al. Mast cell growth factor maps near the steel locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of Steel alleles. Cell 1990 63: 175–83. 28 Costa JJ, Galli SJ. Mast cells and basophils. In: RR Rich, ed. Clinical immunology, principles and practice. St Louis , MO : Mosby (in press). 29 Costa JJ, Matossian K, Resnick MB, et al. Human eosinophils can express the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. J Clin Invest 1993 91: 2673–84. 30 Elliott MJ, Maim RN, Feldmann M, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α(cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis, lancet 1994: 344: 1105–27. 31 Ellis EF. Asthma in infancy and childhood. In: E Middlfton, CE Reed, EF Ellis, NT Adkinson, JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy principles and practice. St Louis . MO : Mosby 1993 1225–62. 32 Enlrbäck L. Mast cell heterogeneity the evolution of the concept of a specific mucosal mast cell. In: AD Befus, J Bienuntock, JA Denburg, eds. Mast cell differentiation and heterogeneity New York : Raven Press. 1986: 1–26. 33 Finotto S, Ohno I, Marshall JS, et al. TNE-α production by eosinophils in upper airways inflammation (nasal polyposis). J Immunol 1994: 153: 2278–89. 34 Fisher CJJr., Opai, SM, Dhainaut JF, et al. Influence of an anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody on cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 1993: 21: 318–27. 35 Galli SJ. Biology of disease. New insights into “the riddle of the mast cells” microenvironmental regulation of mast cell development and phenotypic heterogeneity. Lab Invest 1990: 62: 5–33. 36 Galli SJ. New concepts about the mast cell. New Engl J Med 1993: 328: 257–65. 37 Galli SJ, Geissler EN, Wershil BK, Gordon JR, Tsai M, Hammmei I. Insights into mast cell development and function derived from analyses of mice carrying mutations at beige, W e-Kit or Sl SCF (e-kit ligand) loci. In: MA Kalinfr, DD Metcalfe, eds. The role of the mast cell in health and disease. New York : Marcel Dekker. 1992: 129–202. 38 Galli SJ, Gordon JR, Wershu BK, et al. Mast cell and eosinophil cytokines in allergy and inflammation. In: GJ Gleich, AB Kay, eds. Eosinophils: immunological and clinical aspects. New York : Marcel Dekker. 1994: 255–80. 39 Galli SJ, Kitamura Y. Animal model of human disease. Genetically mast cell-deficient WW and Sl Sld mice: their value for the analysis of the roles of mast cells in biological responses in vivo. Am J Pathol 1987: 127: 191–8. 40 Galli SJ, Wershil BK, Costa JJ, Tsai M. For better or for worse: does stem cell factor importantly regulate mast cell junction in pulmonary physiology and pathology Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994: 11: 644–5. 41 Galli SJ, Wershil BK, Gordon JR, Martin TR. Mast cells: immunologically specific effectors and potential sources of multiple cytokines during IgE-dependent responses. In: D Chadwick, D Evered, J Whelan, eds. IgE. mast cells and the allergic response. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 147. Chichester : John Wiley. 1989: 53–73. 42 Galli SJ, Zsebo KM, Geissler EN. The kit ligand, stem cell factor. Adv Immunol 1994: 55: 1–96. 43 Gauchat J-F, Henchoz S, Mazzei G, et al. Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells and basophils. Nature 1993: 365: 340–3. 44 Goldstein RA, Paul WE, Metcalfe DD, Busse WW, Reece ER. Asthma (NIH Conference). Ann Intern Med 1994: 121: 698–708. 45 Gordon JR, Burd PR, Galli SJ, Mast cells as a source of multifunctional cytokines. Immunol Today 1990: 11: 458–64. 46 Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-α cachectin. Nature 1990: 346: 274–6. 47 Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Release of both preformed and newly synthesized tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) cachectin by mouse mast cells stimulated by the Fcɛ RI. A mechanism for the sustained action of mast cell-derived TNF-α, during IgE-dependent biological responses. J Exp Med 1991: 174: 103–7.J Exp Med 1991: 174: 1037. 48 Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Promotion of mouse fibroblast collagen gene expression by mast cells stimulated via the EC, RE Role for mast cell-derived transforming growth factor β and tumor necrosis factor α. J Exp Med 1994: 180: 2027–7. 49 Gordon JR, Post T, Schulman ES. Galli SJ. Characterization of mouse most cell TNF-α induction in vitro and in viva and demonstration that purified human lung mast cells contain TNE-α. FASEB J 1991: 5: A1009. 50 Gosset P, Tsicopoulos A, Tonnel AB, Capron A. Induction of TNE release by alveolar macrophages after allergen challenge in asthmatic patients: correlation with the late phase reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990: 141: A677. 51 Gutierrez HH, Pitt BR, Schwarz M. et al Pulmonary alveolar epithelial inducible NO synthase gene expression: regulation by inflammatory mediators. Am J Physiol 1995: 268: L501–8. 52 Ha TY, Reed ND. Systemic anaphylaxis in mast cell-deficient mice of W W and Sl Sld genotypes. Exp Cell Biol 1987: 55: 63–8. 53 Ha TY, Reed ND, Crowle PK. Immune response potential of mast cell-deficient W W mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1986: 80: 85–94. 54 Hatfield SM, Roehm NW. Cyolosporin and FK506 inhibition of marine mast cell cytokine production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992: 260: 680–8. 55 Holgate ST, Robinson C, Church MK. Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity. In: E Middleton, CE Reed, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis . MO : Mosby 1993: 267–301. 56 Huang E, Nocka K, Beier DR, et al. The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the Sl locus and is the ligand of the e-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus. Cell 1990: 63: 225–33. 57 Hültner L, Hües C, Kremer J-P, Kaspers U, Broszeit H, Schmitt E. IL-I up-regulates expression of IL-2 and IL-3 as well as TH2-type cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13) in activated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 103: 620 (Abstract 19). 58 Irani A-MA. Schwartz LB. Neutral proteases as indicators of human mast cell heterogeneity. Monogr Allergy 1990: 27; 146–62. 59 Jacoby W, Cammarata PV, Findlay S, Pincus S. Anaphylaxis in mast cell-deficient mice. J Invest Dermatol 1984: 83: 302–4. 60 Kaplan AP, Kuna P, Reddigari SR. Chemokines as allergic mediators — relationship to histamine releasing factors. Allergy 1994: 49: 495–501. 61 Kaye RE, Fruman DA, Bierer BE, et al. Effects of cyclosporin A and FK506 on Fe epsilon receptor type 1 initiated increase in cytokine mRNA in mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor mast cells: resistance to FK506 is associated with a deficiency in FK506-binding protein FKBP12. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992: 89: 8542–6. 62 Kinet JP. The gamma-zeta dimers of Fe receptors as connectors to signal transduction. Curr Opin Immunol 1992: 4: 43–8. 63 Kips JC, Tavernier J. Pauwels RA. Tumor necrosis factor causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992: 145: 332–6. 64 Kitamura Y. Heterogeneity of mast cells and phenotypic changes between subpopulations. Annu Rev Immunol 1989: 127: 191–8. 65 Klein LM, Lavker RM, Matis WL, Murphy GF. Degranulation of human mast cells induces an endothelial antigen central to leukocyte adhesion. PNAS USA 1989: 86: 8972–6. 66 Kovacs EJ. Fibrogenic cytokines: the role of immune mediators in the development of scar tissue. Immunol Today 1991: 12: 17–23. 67 Kulmburg PA, Huber NE, Scheer BJ, Wrann M, Baumruker T. Immunoglobulin E plus antigen challenge induces a novel intercrine chemokine in mouse mast cells. J Exp Med 1992: 176: 1773–8. 68 Kung TT, Stelts D, Zurcher JA, et al. Mast cells modulate allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995: 12: 404–9. 69 Laitenen LA, Laitinen A, Haahtela T. Airway mucosal inflammation even in patients with newly diagnosed asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993: 147: 697–704. 70 Lazaar AL, Albelda SM, Pilewski JM, Brennan B, Pure E, Panettieri RA. T lymphocytes adhere to airway smooth muscle cells via integrins and CD44 and induce smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis. J Exp Med 1994: 180: 807–16. 71 Leung DYM, Pober JS, Cotran RS. Expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in elicited late phase allergic reactions. J Clin Invest 1991: 87: 1805. 72 MacGlashan DW Jr, White JM, Huang SK, Ono SJ, Schroeder J, Lichtenstein LM Secretion of inlerleukin-4 from human basophils: the relationship between IL-4 mRNA and protein in resting and stimulated basophils. J Immunol 1994: 152: 3006–16. 73 Martin TR, Ando A, Takeishi T, Katona IM, Drazen JM, Galli SJ. Mast cells contribute to the changes in heart rate, but not hypotension or death, associated with active anaphylaxis in mice. J Immunol 1993: 151: 367–76. 74 Martin TR, Takeishi T, Katz HR, Austen KF, Drazen JM, Galli SJ. Mast cell activation enhances airway responsiveness to methacholine in the mouse. J Clin Invest 1993: 91: 1176–82. 75 Maurer D, Fiebiger E, Reininger B, et al. Expression of functional high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptors (Fc, RI) on monocytes of atopic individuals. J Exp Med 1994: 179: 745–50. 76 Murakami M, Austen KF, ARM JP. The immediate phase of e-kit ligand stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells elicits rapid leukotriene C4 generation through posttranslational activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2, and 5-lipoxygenase. J Exp Med 1995: 182: 197–206. 77 Nadel JA. Role of mast cell and neutrophil proteases in airway secretion. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991: 144: S48–S51. 78 Nakano T, Sonoda T, Hayashi C, et al. Fate of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells after intracutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous transfer into genetically mast cell-deficient W W mice. Evidence that cultured mast cells can give rise to both connective tissue-type and mucosal mast cells. J Exp Med 1985: 162: 1025–43.J Exp Med 1985: 162: 1025 43. 79 Oettgen HC, Martin TR, Wynshaw-Boris A, Deng C, Drazen JM, Leder P. Active anaphylaxis in IgE-deficient mice. Nature 1994: 370: 367–70. 80 Ohkawara Y, Yamauchi K, Tanno Y, et al. Human lung mast cells and pulmonary macrophages produce tumour necrosis factor-α in sensitized lung tissue after IgE receptor triggering. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992: 7: 385–92. 81 Ohno I, LEA RG, Flanders KC, et al. Eosinophils in chronically inflamed human upper airway tissues express transforming growth factor β1 gene (TGFbtl). J Clin Invest 1992: 89: 1662–8. 82 Panettieri RA Jr, Lazaar AL, Pure E, Albelda SM. Activation of cAMP-dependent pathways in human airway smooth muscle cells inhibits TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 and Vcam-1 expression and T lymphocyte adhesion. J Immunol 1995: 154: 2358–65. 83 Pare PD, BAI TR. The consequences of chronic allergic inflammation. Thorax 1995: 50: 328–32. 84 Paul WE. Pleiotropy and redundancy: T cell-derived lymphokines in the immune response. Cell 1989: 57: 521–4. 85 Paul WE, Seder RA. Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell 1994: 76: 241–51. 86 Pennington DW, Lopez AR, Thomas PS, Peck C, Gold WM. Dog mastocytoma cells produce transforming growth factor beta 1. J Clin Invest 1992: 90; 35–41. 87 Plaut M, Pierce JH, Watson CJ, Hanley-Hyde J, Nordan RP, Paul WE. Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of Fc, Rl or to calcium ionophores. Nature 1989: 339: 64–7. 88 Punnonen J, Aversa G, Cocks BG, DE Vries JE. Role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in synthesis of IgE and expression of CD23 by human B cells. Allergy 1994: 49: 576–86. 89 Riley JE. The riddle of the mast cells - a tribute to Paul Ehrlich. Lancet 1954: 1: 841. 90 Robbins RA, Barnes PJ, Springall DR, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide in human lung epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994: 203: 209–18. 91 Robbins RA, Springall DR, Warren JB, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is increased in murine lung epithelial cells by cytokine stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994: 198: 884–8. 92 Robinson, DS, Durham, SR, Kay AB, Cytokines. III. Cytokines in asthma. Thorax 1993: 48: 845–53. 93 Robinson D, Hamid Q, Ying S, et al. Prednisolone treatment in asthma is associated with modulation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell interleukm-4. initerleukin-5, and interferon-y cytokine gene expression. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993: 148: 401–6. 94 Romagnani S, Human TH2 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol Today 1992: 12: 256–7. 95 Romagnani S, Induction of TH2 and TH2 responses: a key role for the “natural” immune response Immunol Today 1992: 13: 379–81. 96 Rot A, Krieger M, Brunner T, Bischoff SC, Schall TJ, Dahinden CA. RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha induce the migration and activation of normal human eosinophil granulocytes. J Exp Med 1992 176: 1489–95. 97 Schall TJ, Bacon K, Camp RD, Kaspari JW, Goeddel DV. Human macrophage inflammatory protein alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and MIP-1 beta chemokines attract distinct populations of lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1993: 177: 1821–6. 98 Scharenberg AM, Kinet J-P. Allergy, Is localized immunoglobulin E synthesis the problem Curr Biol 1994: 4, 140–2. 99 Schleimer RP. Glucocorticosteroids. Their mechanisms of action and use in allergic diseases. In: E Middleton, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis , MO : Mosby, 1993: 893–925. 100 Schwartz LB. Cellular inflammation in asthma: neutral proteases of mast cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992: 145: S18–S21. 101 Seder RA, Paul WE, Dvorak AM, et al. Mouse splenic-and hone marrow cell populations that express high-affinity Fe, receptors and produce interleukin 4 are highly enriched in basophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991: 88: 2835–9. 102 Sekizawa K, Caughey GH, Lazarus SC, Gold WM, Nadel JA. Mast cell tryptase causes airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in clogs. J Clin Invest 1989: 83: 175–9. 103 Shull MM, Ormsby I, Kier AB, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-β gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 1992: 359: 693–9. 104 Sillaber C, Sperr WR, Agis H, Spanblöchl E, Lechner K, Valent P. Inhibition of kit ligand induced differentiation of human mast cells by inlerleukm-3 and interleukin-4. Int. Arch Allergy Immunol 1994: 105: 264–8. 105 Sommerhoff CP. Dog mast cell proteinases in models of airway secretion, bronchoconstriction, cutaneous vascular permeability, and tissue fibrosis. In: GH Caughey, ed. Mast cell proteases in immunology and biology. New York : Marcel Dekker, 1995: 145–67. 106 Springfr TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994: 76: 301–14. 107 Sur S, Adolphson CR, Gleich GJ. Eosinophils. Biochemical and cellular aspects. In: E Middleton, CE Reed, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis . MO : Mosby. 1993 169–200. 108 Sutton BJ, Gould HJ. The human IgE network. Nature 1993: 366: 421–8. 109 Fakeishi T, Martin TR, Katona IM, Einkelman ED, Gall SJ. Differences in the expression of the cardio-pulmonary alterations associated with anti-immunoglobulin E-induced or active anaphylaxis in mast cell deficient and normal mice. Mast cells are not required for the cardio-pulmonary changes associated with certain fatal anaphylactic responses. J Clin Invest 1991: 88: 598–608.J Clin Invest 1991: 88: 598–608. 110 Tanaka RD, Clark JM, Warne RL, Abraham WM, Moore WR. Mast cell tryptase: a new target for therapeutic intervention in asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995: 107: 408–9. 111 Taubbb DD, Lloyd AR, Wang J-M, Oppenheim JJ, Kelvin DJ. The effects of human recombinant MIP-1α. MIP-1β and RANTES on the chemotaxis and adhesion of T cell subsets. In: IJD Lindley, J Westwick, S Kunkel, eds. The chemokines. Biology of the inflammatory peptide supergene family II New York : Plenum Press. 1993; 139–46. 112 Tsai M, Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Mast cells constitutively express transforming growth factor β mRNA. FASEB J 1990; 4; A1944. 113 Vassalli P. The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Anna Rev Immunol 1992: 10: 411–52. 114 Vercelli D, Geha RS. Control of IgE synthesis. In: E Middleton, CE Reed, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy: principles and practice. St Louis , MO : Mosby, 1993: 93–104. 115 Walsh EJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, Murphy GE. Human dermal must cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor α which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991: 88: 4220–4. 116 Wang B, Rieger A, Kilgus O, et al. Epidermal Langerhans cells from normal human skin bind monomeric IgE via Fe, RI J Exp Med 1992: 175: 1353–65. 117 Wardlaw AJ, Walsh GM, Symon FA. Mechanisms of eosinophil and basophil migration. Allergy 1994: 49: 797–807. 118 Weller PH. The immunobiology of eosinophils. N Engl J Med 1991: 324: 1110–18. 119 Wershil BK, Furuta GT, Lavigne JA, Roy C Choudhury A, Wang Z-S, Galli SJ. Dexamethasone or cyclosporin A suppresses mast cell-leukocyte cytokine cascades. Multiple mechanisms of inhibition of IgE- and mast cell-dependent cutaneous inflammation in the mouse. J Immunol 1995: 154: 1391–8. 120 Wershil BK, Mekori YA, Murakami T, Galli SJ. 125I-Fibrin deposition in IgE-dependent immediate hyper-sensitivity reactions in mouse skin. Demonstration of the role of mast cells using genetically mast cell-deficient mice locally reconstituted with cultured mast cells. J Immunol 1987: 139: 2605–14. 121 Wershil BK, Wang Z-S, Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Recruitment of neutrophils during IgE-dependent cutaneous late phase responses in the mouse is mast cell dependent: partial inhibition of the reaction with antiserum against tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Invest 1991: 87: 446–53. 122 Witham BA. Nomenclature update: symbols affecting mutant genes. JAX Notes. No. 461. 1995 Published by the Jackson Laboratory. Bar Harbor . ME , USA . 123 Witte UN. Steel locus defines new multipotent growth factor. Cell 1990: 63: 5–6. 124 Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Heusser CH, Moroni C. Production of the haemopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and interleukm-3 by mast cells in response to IgE receptor-mediated activation. Nature 1989: 339: 150–2. 125 Wong DTW, Elovic A, Matossian K, et al. Eosinophils from patients with blood eosinophilia express transforming growth factor β1. Blood 1991: 78: 2702–7. 126 Ying S, Durham SR, Corrigan CJ, Hamid Q, KAY AB. Phenotype of cells expressing mRNA for TH2-type (interleukin 4 and interleukin 5) and TH1-type (interleukin 2 and interferon 7) cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies from atopic asthmatic and normal control subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995: 12: 477–87. 127 Ying S, Robinson DS, Varney V, et al. TNF-α mRNA expression in allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 1991: 21: 745–50. 128 Young JD-E, Liu C-C, Butler G, Cohn ZA, Galli SJ. Identification, purification, and characterization of a mast cell-associated cytolytic factor related to tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987: 84: 9175–9. 129 Zsebo KM, Williams DA, Geissler EN, et al. Stem ceil factor (SCF) is encoded at the Sl locus of the mouse and is the ligand for the e-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 1990: 63: 213–24. Citing Literature Volume50, Issue11November 1995Pages 851-862 ReferencesRelatedInformation