Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

European social cohesions

2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 47; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/0031322x.2013.797170

1461-7331

Gerard Boucher,

Migration, Refugees, and Integration

ABSTRACT Contemporary public debates on social cohesion in Europe at both the European Union (EU) and member-state level tend to reduce the topic to the ‘problem’ of immigration by third-country nationals, and the integration of these immigrants and their descendants into European national societies. These debates often emphasize a culturalist perspective on the social cohesion of national societies based on core national cultures, identities and histories that pre-date the mass immigration of non-EU/European Economic Area immigrants, with social cohesion depending on their identifiable assimilation to this core set of values, beliefs and behaviours. This culture-based perspective on social cohesion has become an integral component of the neoliberal reorganization of the interventionist state in Europe that both punishes the native poor and coerces the immigrant third-country national as it frees markets and restructures the European welfare state. Yet, an examination of European social cohesion policies across seven policy domains suggests that the problem of social cohesion has little to do either with the issue of immigration or of immigrant and ethnic minority integration. However, it does have a lot to do with increasing inequalities and insecurities in European societies that result from neoliberal political economic policies. Drawing on Émile Durkheim's seminal discussion of social cohesion that includes structural and cultural dimensions, Boucher analyses the seven policy domains of European social cohesions within a functionalist framework that highlights inconsistencies, policy gaps and internal tensions between the domains. His analysis suggests the need for a more coherent, integrated and multilevel governance policy framework based on social justice, socio-economic equality and cultural diversity to achieve the elusive goal of social cohesion in Europe. Keywords: European integrationEuropean Unionglobalizationimmigrationneoliberalismsocial cohesionsocial changewelfare state Notes 1Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society, trans. from the French by W. D. Halls (Basingstoke: Macmillan 1984), 64, 85, 314–16. 2 Anthony Giddens, Émile Durkheim (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1978), 64–5, 78–9. 3 Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1976), 485–6, 493–4. 4 Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1976), 9, 310. 5 Gerard Noiriel, ‘Immigration: amnesia and memory’, French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1995, 367–80 (376). 6 Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 290. 7 Leo Lucassen, The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press 2005), 75–6. 8 David Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2000), 84, 87. 9 Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 485–96. 10Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour, 2nd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2005), 178. 11Carl-Ulrik Schierup, Peo Hansen and Stephen Castles, Migration, Citizenship and the European Welfare State: A European Dilemma (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006), 55; see also Steven Vertovec, ‘Introduction’, in Steven Vertovec (ed.), Migration and Social Cohesion (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 1999), xi. 12Schierup, Hansen and Castles, Migration, Citizenship and the European Welfare State, 54. 13Vertovec, ‘Introduction’, xvi–xix. 14Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone (London: Penguin Books 2010); Daniel Dorling, Injustice: Why Social Inequality Persists (Bristol: Policy Press 2011). 15Ulrich Beck, The Brave New World of Work, trans. from the German by Patrick Camiller (Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity Press 2000), 73. 16Vertovec, ‘Introduction’, xx–xxi. 17‘David Cameron on immigration: full text of the speech’, Guardian, 14 April 2011, available on the Guardian website at www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/apr/14/david-cameron-immigration-speech-full-text (viewed 23 February 2013); ‘PM's speech at Munich Security Conference’, 5 February 2011, available on the Number 10 website at www.number10.gov.uk/news/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference (viewed 23 February 2013); Commission on Integration and Cohesion, Our Shared Future (Wetherby, West Yorkshire: Communities and Local Government Publications 2007); Community Cohesion Independent Review Team, Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team, Chaired by Ted Cantle (London: Home Office 2001); John Flint and David Robinson (eds), Community Cohesion in Crisis? 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