Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Toward a Third Generation of International Institutions: Obama's UN Policy

2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 32; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/01636600903025465

1530-9177

Thomas G. Weiss,

International Development and Aid

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Lynn Sweet, “President-Elect Obama Fifth Press Conference,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 1, 2008, http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/12/presidentelect_obama_fifth_pre.html. 2. “The Next President: A World of Challenges,” CNN.com, September 20, 2008, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0809/20/se.01.html. 3. “Susan Rice, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Confirmation Hearing, 19 January 2009,” http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/0901/doc14.htm (hereinafter Rice hearing). 4. Henry Kissinger, “The World Must Forge a New Order or Retreat Into Chaos,” Independent, January 20, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/henry-kissinger-the-world-must-forge-a-new-order-or-retreat-to-chaos-1451416.html. 5. See Roger C. Altman, “The Great Crash, 2008,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (January/February 2009): 2–14; Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian, “From Doha to the Next Bretton Woods,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (January/February 2009): 2–27; Sebastian Mallaby, “A 21st-Century Bretton Woods,” Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122489333798168777.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. 6. See Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, UN Ideas That Changed the World (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009). For other details, see http://www.unhistory.org. 7. See Hans W. Singer, “An Historical Perspective,” in The UN and the Bretton Woods Institutions: New Challenges for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Mahbub ul Haq et al. (Houndsmills, UK: Macmillan, 1995), 17–25. 8. Some examples include the folding of the League of Nations’ assets into the UN in 1946 and the conversion of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade into the World Trade Organization in 1995. 9. Stewart Patrick, The Best Laid Plans: The Origins of American Multilateralism and the Dawn of the Cold War (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009). 10. Brian Urquhart, “The New American Century,” New York Review of Books, August 11, 2005, 42. 11. Rice hearing. 12. See Anne-Marie Slaughter, “America's Edge,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (January/February 2009): 94–113; Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). 13. Office of the Prime Minister, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, “Speech at the Chamber of Commerce in Delhi-21 January 2008,” http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page14323. 14. Mark Landler and David E. Sanger, “World Leaders Pledge $1.1 Trillion for Crisis,” New York Times, April 2, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/world/europe/03summit.html?_r=1. 15. Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, “Reshaping the World Order: How Washington Should Reform International Institutions,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 2 (March/April 2009): 50. 16. Robert Hormats and David Rothkopf, “Present at the Creation 2.0: Discussion Document,” December 1, 2008, p. 1 (prepared for the Carnegie Endowment Strategy Roundtable) (on file with the author). 17. Robert Kagan, The Return of History and the End of Dreams (New York: Knopf, 2008). For other views, see Thomas Carothers, “Is a League of Democracies a Good Idea?” Carnegie Endowment Policy Brief, no. 59 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [CEIP], May 2008), http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/pb59_carothers_league_final.pdf; Ivo Daadler and James Goldgeiger, “Democracies of the World Unite,” American Interest II, no. 3 (January–February 2007), http://www.the-american-interest.com/ai2/article.cfm?Id=220&MId=8. 18. Robert M. Gates, “A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (January/February 2009): 29. 19. Rice hearing; “Statement of H.E. Mr. George W. Bush, President of the United States of America,” 2005 World Summit High Level Plenary Meeting, September 14, 2005, http://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements/usa050914eng2.pdf. 20. See Thomas G. Weiss, What's Wrong With the United Nations and How to Fix It (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009). 21. “Venezuela's Chavez Calls President Bush ‘The Devil,’” Associated Press, September 20, 2006, http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/20/news/UN_GEN_UN_Venezuela.php; Tim Padgett, “The Devil and Hugo Chavez,” Time, September 20, 2006, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1537357,00.html. 22. Stephen Lewis, Race Against Time (Toronto: Anansi Press, 2005), 145. 23. Inis L. Claude Jr., Swords Into Plowshares: The Problems and Prospects of International Organization (New York: Random House, 1956); Inis L. Claude Jr., “Peace and Security: Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations,” Global Governance 2, no. 3 (September–December 1996): 289–298. 24. Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala, Sweden: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), 32. 25. Sir Robert Jackson, “Capacity Study of the United Nations Development System,” in Reforming the United Nations: New Initiatives and Past Efforts, vol. 1, ed. Joachim Müller (The Hague: Brill, 1997), p. III.5/4. 26. G. John Ikenberry, “Is American Multilateralism in Decline?” Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 3 (September 2003): 545; G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001). 27. See Nicholas J. Wheeler and Tim Dunne, “Good International Citizenship: A Third Way for British Foreign Policy,” International Affairs 74, no. 4 (October 1998): 847–870. 28. See Lloyd Axworthy, “Human Security and Global Governance: Putting People First,” Global Governance 7, no. 1 (January–March 2001): 19–23; S. Neil MacFarlane and Yuen Foong-Khong, The UN and Human Security: A Critical History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006). 29. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 2001). See Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001). For the interpretation by one of the cochairs, see Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2008). For the interpretation by one of the commissioners, see Ramesh Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006). See also Alex J. Bellamy, Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009). For the author's own version of this itinerary, see Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007). 30. For skepticism, see Mohammed Ayoob, “Humanitarian Intervention and International Society,” Global Governance 7, no. 3 (July–September 2001): 225–230; Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Bickerton, Philip Cunliffe, and Alexander Gourevitch, eds., Politics Without Sovereignty (New York: Routledge, 2007); Simon Chesterman, Just War? Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 31. Genocide Prevention Task Force, Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2008), p. xvi, http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf. 32. “Preventing Genocide,” Economist, December 11, 2008, http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=3856663&story_id=12773216. 33. Barack Obama, “Renewing American Leadership,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 4 (July/August 2007): 3. 34. See Bertrand G. Ramcharan, Contemporary Human Rights Ideas (London: Routledge, 2008); Julie A. Mertus, The United Nations and Human Rights, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2009); Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007). 35. William Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “A Curious Grapevine” (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 9. 36. Scott Barrett, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 16–17. 37. Rice hearing. 38. Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on UN System-wide Coherence in the Areas of Development, Humanitarian Assistance, and the Environment, “Delivering as One: Report of the Secretary-General's High-Level Panel,” November 9, 2006, http://www.un.org/events/panel/resources/pdfs/HLP-SWC-FinalReport.pdf. 39. See Mark Malloch Brown, “Can the UN Be Reformed?” Global Governance 14, no. 1 (January–March 2008): 1–12. 40. See Jeffrey Laurenti, “Financing,” in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 675–700. 41. Dag Hammarskjöld, “The International Civil Servant in Law and in Fact” (lecture, Oxford University, May 30, 1961), http://www.scribd.com/doc/12990575/Dag-Hammarskjold-International-Civil-Servant-in-Law-and-in-Fact. 42. Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer, The International Secretariat: A Great Experiment in International Administration (Washington, D.C.: CEIP, 1945). 43. For a similar list of policy prescriptions stated in the article, see Stephen Schlesinger, “A New Administration and the UN,” World Policy Journal 25, no. 4 (Winter 2008/09): 109–114. 44. For a collection of Army Field Manuals, see http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/. 45. James Dobbins et al., The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq (New York: RAND Corporation, 2005). 46. Rice hearing. 47. See Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, The UN and Global Governance: An Unfinished Journey (Bloomington, IN.: Indiana University Press, 2009) (forthcoming). 48. James N. Rosenau, “Toward an Ontology for Global Governance,” in Approaches to Global Governance Theory, ed. Martin Hewson and Timothy J. Sinclair (Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1999), 293; James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics; A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). 49. John Gerard Ruggie, “The Theory and Practice of Learning Networks: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Global Compact,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 5, no. 1 (Spring 2002); John Gerard Ruggie, “Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda,” American Journal of International Law 101, no. 4 (October 2007): 819–840; UN Human Rights Council, “Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development,” A/HRC/8/5, April 7, 2008. 50. See Thomas G. Weiss, “What Happened to the Idea of World Government?” International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (June 2009): 253–271. 51. Robert Jenkins, “What the U.N. Might Have Been: World Government Movements in 1940s America,” BBK Magazine, January 2006. I have benefited enormously from conversations with Prof. Jenkins and from his comments as well as his draft book manuscript, United States of the World: Revisiting America's Mid-Century Movements for Global Government. 52. Edward C. Luck, Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization 1919–1999 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1999). 53. For this and other documents as well as a thorough history of the movement, see Joseph Preston Barrata, The Politics of World Federation (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2004). 54. Strobe Talbott, The Great Experiment: The Story of Ancient Empires, Modern States, and the Quest for a Global Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 395. 55. I am grateful to Leon Gordenker and Peter J. Hoffman for having suggested this framing. 56. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “News Conference by President Obama,” London, United Kingdom, April 2, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/news-conference-by-president-obama-4-02-09/. 57. Bruce Jones, Carlos Pascual, and Stephen John Stedman, Power & Responsibility: Building International Order in an Era of Transnational Threats (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2009), p. xvi. 58. John R. Bolton and John Yoo, “Restore the Senate's Treaty Power,” New York Times, January 4, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/opinion/05bolton.html. 59. Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (January/February 2009): 79. 60. Kofi A. Annan, “What Is the International Community? Problems Without Passports,” Foreign Policy, no. 132 (September/October 2002): 30–31. Additional informationNotes on contributorsThomas G. WeissThomas G. Weiss is presidential professor of political science at The City University of New York's Graduate Center and director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, where he is codirector of the United Nations Intellectual History Project. He also is currently the president of the International Studies Association and board chair of the Academic Council on the UN System. His latest book is What's Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It (Polity, 2009)