Political Uses of Sorcery in Medieval Europe
1972; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 34; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1972.tb00434.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Influence and Diplomacy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Secular and ecclesiastical legislation against sorcery from Roman times to the later middle ages is discussed by H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (3 vols.; New York, 1888), III, 392 ft.; and the same author's Materials toward a History of Witchcraft, ed. H. C. Howland with an Introduction by G. L. Burr (3 vols.; Philadelphia, 1939), I, 137 ff. See, for background, J, Hansen, Zaubervsahn, Inquisition und Hexenprotess im Mittelalter und die Entstehung der Grossen Hexenverfolgung (Munich and Leipzig, 1900), 116–21.2. See H. R. Trevor‐Roper, “The European Witch‐craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (New York and Evanston, 1968), 115–28; and the remarks of J. Marx, L'Inquisition en Dauphinä: ä sur le däveloppement et la repression de Phäräsie et de la sorcellerie du XIV' siäcle au däbut du rägne de Francois Ier (Paris, 1914), 27 ff. The “police‐blotter” approach to the interpretation of the prevalence of sorcery is discussed by K. T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New York, 1966), 22. Sorcerers were sometimes apprehended in the search for heretics: J. A. F. Thomson, The Later Lollards, 1414–1520 (Oxford, 1965), 71, 179, 241; A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York: 1509–1558 (Oxford, 1959), 16.3. For some illustrative French cases, see Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France… (24 vols.; Paris, 1738–1904), XXI, 651; P. Lehugeur, Histoire de Philippe le Long, roi de France [1316–1322] (2 vols.; Paris, 1897–1931), I, 416; E. Falgairolle, Un Envoutement en Gävaudan en l'annäe 1347 (Nimes, 1892). For an early case of “political magic,” Lea, History of the Inquisition, III, 411. For sorcery in England, see G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1929), 23 ff.; and for specific references from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, A Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, Prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324, by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory, ed. T. Wright, Camden Society (London, 1843), which contains information on another case of sorcery, xxiii‐xxix; A. G. Little, The Grey Friars in Oxford, Oxford Historical Society (Oxford, 1892), 87, citing W. Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England in its Origins and Development (3 vols.; Library ed.; Oxford, 1880), III, 39; and Eulogium [historiarum sive temporis'] ed. F. S. Haydon, Rolls Series (3 vols.; London, 1858–63), III, 389–94. See also Thomas Walsingham, Chronica Monasterii S. Albani, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (7 vols.; London, 1863–76), 1/2, 250–51; Foedera, conventions, litterae, et acta publico inter reges et alios …, ed. T. Rymer (29 vols.; London, 1727–32), VIII, 427–28; Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1405–06, 112; Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hibemiae …, ed. D. Wilkins (4 vols.; London, 1737), III, 392–93. An excellent recent examination of the history of magic and the occult in England, with emphasis, however, on a later period, is Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York, 1971).4. Lea, Materials toward a History of Witchcraft, I, 144–45; G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft, 73–103.5. Jules Michelet, Histoire de France (19 vols.; rev. ed.; Paris, 1879–84), IV, 96–97. Several of the French cases have been described by T. de Cauzons, La Magie et la sorcellerie en France (4 vols.; Paris, [1910–11?]), II, 301 ff.; and by M. Foucault, Les Proès de sorcellerie dans I'ancienne France devant les jurisdictions seculiärès (Paris, 1907), 41 ff. The best survey of the politics of the period is by Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France, trans. Lionel Butler and R. J. Adams (London, 1960).6. G. Lizerand, Climent V et Philippe IV le Bel (Paris, 1910), 5; C. J. Hefele and H. Leclercq, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux (II vols.; Paris, 1906–52), VI/1, 436–45.7. E. Lavisse, Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'ä la Rävolution (9 vols.; Paris, 1900–11), III/2, 142–46.8. Ibid., 183.9. Ch.‐V. Langlois, Le Règne de Philippe III le Hardi (Paris, 1887), 13–32.10. A. Brachet, Pathologie mentale des rots de France: Louis XI et ses ascendants (Paris, 1903), 452; 455, n. 1; 456–57. This work should be used with caution.11. Lea, History of the Inquisition, III, 458; for Robert of Artois' attempt on the life of Philip VI, see text below.12. Brachet, Pathologie mentale, 581–84.13. For an excellent summarization of the political history of fifteenth‐century England, see J. R. Lander, Conflict and Stability in Fifteenth‐Century England (London, 1969), 48–114. See also R. L. Storey, The End of the House of Lancaster (London, 1966), 46, 58–59, etc.14. K. B. Macfarlane, “The Wars of the Roses,”Proceedings of the British Academy, L (1965), 118; F. R. H. Du Boulay, An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1970), 140; also G. R. Owst, “Sortilegium” in English Homiletic Literature of the Fourteenth Century,“Studies” presented to Sir Hilary Jenkinson, ed. J. C. Davies (London, 1957), 272–303.15. G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon: 1304–1378, trans. J. Love (New York, 1963), 3–11.16. M. Bertrandy, Recherches historiques sur I'origine, I'Slection et le couronnement du Pape Jean XXII (Paris, 1854), 58–70.17. E. Albe, Hugues Gäraud, äväque de Cahors: I'affair des poisons et des envoutements en 1317 (Cahors/Toulouse, 1904). For John XXII and the occult, see Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (8 vols.; New York, 1923–58), III, 18–38.18. Lea, History of the Inquisition, III, 452–53.19. P. K. Eubel, “Vom Zaubereinnwesen anfangs des 14. Jahrhunderts,”Historisches Jahrbuch, XVIII (1897), 608–31.20. Caurons, Magie et sorcellerie, II, 319.21. Ibid., 361.22. B. Hauriau, Bernard Dälicieux et Vinquisition albigeoisie [1300–1320] (Paris, 1877), esp. 163–65, 198–218. See the interesting note by L. Esquieu, “Le Couteau magique de Jean XXII,”Bulletin trimestriel de la Sociätä des ätudes litteraires, scientifiques et artistiques du Lot, XXV/3 (Juillet‐Septembre, 1900), 240–59.23. Matthaei Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (7 vols.; London, 1872–83), IV, 223.24. Foedera, ed. Rymer, II, 932.25. The Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. H. Hall, Rolls Series (3 vols.; London, 1896), III, cccxv‐cccxxxi, and sources cited, cccxxii, n. 3; cccxxiv, n. 1.26. Codex diplomaticus Flandriae inde ab anno 1296 ad usque 1327, ed. T. de Limburg‐Stirum (2 vols.; Bruges, 1879–89), II, 223.27. Vita Edwardi Secundi, monachi cuiusdam Malmesberiensis, trans. N. Denholra‐Young, Nelson Medieval Texts (London, 1957), 15. Alice Perrer's hold on the aging Edward III was ascribed to the help of a magician in Chronicon Angliae, ab anno domini 1321 usque ad annum 1388, ed. E. M. Thompson, Rolls Series (London, 1874), 97–98.28. Kittredge, Witchcraft, 109–10.29. A. Rigault, Le Proäs de Guichard, äväque de Troyes [1308–1313] (Paris, 1896).30. Ibid., iv‐v. For background, Lavisse, Histoire de France, III/2, 142–46, 183.31. Rigault, Procès de Guichard, 65; Lizerand, Cläment V et Philippe IV, 116.32. Subsequently, both Louis X and Philip V seemed to accept the fact of Guichard's innocence. See A. Pätel, “Documents inädits concernant Guichard, ävcque de Troyes,”Mämoires de la Sociätä acadämique d'agriculture, des science, arts, et belles‐lettres du däpartment de I'Aube, 3e scr., XL (1903), 204. G. Mollat, “Guichard de Troyes et les rävälations de la sorciäre de Bourdenay,”Le Moyen Age, 2e sär., XII (1908), 310–14, doubted his guilt. See also the concluding remarks of Lavisse, Histoire de France, III/2, 211.33. See J. Favier, Un Conseiller de Philippe le Bel: Enguerran de Marigny (Paris, 1963), esp. 191–95.34. The trial is discussed, ibid., 205–20, and the accusation of sorcery, 213. For Charles of Valois, see J. Petit, Charles de Valois [1270–1325] (Paris, 1900), 146–47.35. Archives Nationales, JJ 59 (20).36. Lehugeur, Philippe le Long, I, 416.37. For Peter de Latilly and Raoul de Presles, see F. Pegues, The Lawyers of the Last Capetians (Princeton, 1962), 67–80. Information concerning the fall of the two counsellors and its possible association with accusations of sorcery is in Lavisse, Histoire de France, HI/2, 218; Recueil des historiens, XX, 613, 614; XXI, 43, 696; Les grandes chroniques de France, publicäes pour la Sociätä de I'histoire de France, ed. J. Viard (10 vols.; Paris, 1920–53), VIII, 316–17.38. C. T. Wood, The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1128 (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), 57, n. 52. The only biography is by J. M. Richard, Une Petite‐nièce de Saint Louis: Mahaut, comtesse d'Artois et de Bourgogne [1302–1329] (Paris, 1887).39. One transcript is published by M. de Godefroy‐Menilglaise, “Mahaud Comtesse d'Artois …”Mämoires de la Sociätä impäriale des antiquaires de France, 30 sär., VIII (1865), 181–218.40. Lavisse, Histoire de France, III/2, 212–16. See also Recueil des historiens, XXI, 40. 43.41. Godefroy‐Menilglaise, “Mahaud Comtesse d'Artois,” 214. The king took precautions against assassination in his household ordinance of 1317, Richard, Mahaut, comtesse d'Artois, 42; Lehugeur, Philippe le Long, II, 60.42. For this complicated affair, see R. Cazelles, La Sociätä politique et la crise de la royauti sous Philippe de Valois (Paris, 1958), 75–105.43. G. Callies, “Le process civil et criminel de Robert d'Artois,”Ecole nationale des chartes‐positions de thèses soutenues par les eleves de la promotion de 1952 pour obtenir le diplome d'archiviste (Paris, 1932), 40. Still useful for unravelling the story is K. de Lettenhove, “Le Proces de Robert d'Artois,”Bulletins de I'Academie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux‐arts de Belgique, 2e sär., X (1860), 641–69; XI (1861), 107–25.44. J. Hansen, Quellen und Untenuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter (Bonn, 1901), 7–8; for Flote, see Cazelles, Sociätä politique, 83 and n. 3.45. Archives Nationales, JJ 20, is an elaborately authenticated record of the inquest. See the secondary literature cited by Lavisse, Histoire de France, IV/1, 6, n. 1.46. Bibliothäque Nationale, Fonds franλais 18437, fol. 131. This MS. is an attractive copy of the entire process against Robert of Artois.47. Ibid., fol. 129v. Later transcripts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are Fonds franλais, 23831, fols. 453v–57; 23372, fols. 535–38v; 23832, fols. 523–27.48. Fonds franλais 18437, fol. 130.49. Ibid., fol. 128.50. Ibid., fols. 177v–78.51. P. S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: The Polity (New York, 1968), 153–54.52. Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et petitiones, et placita in Parliamento tempore Edwardi R. 1. [ad finem Henrici VII] (6 vols.; London, 1767–77), IV, 118; J. H. Wylie, The Reign of Henry the Fifth (3 vols.; Cambridge, 1914–29), III, 222–23; E. Carleton Williams, Afy Lord of Bedford: 1389–1435 (London, 1963), 47–49.53. Kittredge, Witchcraft, 79–80, and n. 34, cites evidence from the chronicles.54. See A. R. Myers, “The Captivity of a Royal Witch: The Household Accounts of Queen Joan of Navarre, 1419–21,”Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XXIV (1940), 263–84.55. Ibid., 271; Rotuli Parliamentorum, IV. 248.56. John Randolf was a “literary follower” and companion of the duke of Gloucester, according to K. H. Vickers, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (London, 1907), 276 and n. 1.57. The case has been discussed by M. E. Christie, Henry VI (Boston and New York, 1922), 124–25; Vickers, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 270–79; Kittredge. Witchcraft, 81–84; E. F. Jacob, The Fifteenth Century: 1399–1485 (Oxford, 1961), 482.58. Kittredge, Witchcraft, 416, n. 40, has collected references to the chroniclers. An especially detailed description is provided by The Brut of the Chonicles of England, ed. F. W. D. Brie, Early English Text Society (2 vols.; London, 1906–08), II, 478–82. For the struggle with the Beauforts, see Williams, My Lord Bedford, 137 ff.59. C. L. Scofield, The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth (2 vols.; London, 1923), I, 497–99; Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, III, 220–23; Kittredge, Witchcraft, 84–85.60. Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI, 232.61. Jacob, Fifteenth Century, 535–36; a useful survey of dynastic relationships of the reign and of their political implications is in J. R. Lander, “Marriage and Politics in the Fifteenth Century; the Nevilles and the Wydevilles,”Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXVI (1963), 119–51.62. The duchess was cited as a foe in the “manifesto” circulated by Warwick's ally, Robin of Redesdale, Scofield, Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, I, 492. See Mancini's account of the marriage, The Usurpation of Richard the Third, trans. C. A. J. Armstrong (Oxford, 1969), 61–65.63. Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI, 241. For the famous story of the withered arm, see Thomas More, “History of Richard III,”Complete Works, Yale Edition (Vols. 1–; New Haven, 1961–), II, 48; P. M. Kendall, Richard the Third (New York, 1955), 200–10.64. Lewis, Later Medieval France, 25; Oeuvres de Froissart, ed. K. de Lettenhove (25 vols.; Brussels, 1867–77), VI, 478.65. Lewis, Later Medieval France, 25, n. 8.66. Cauzons, Magie et sorcellerie. III, 137.67. Scofield, Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, II, 188–93, 206–14; Kittredge, Witchcraft, 139–40, and references cited in n. 25; Third Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London, 1842), Appendix II, 213–14; Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI, 193–95.68. Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI, 241.69. Helen Stafford, “Notes on Scottish Witchcraft Cases, 1590–91,”Essays in Honor of Conyers Read, ed. Norton Downs (Chicago, 1953), 96–118; Julio Caro Baroja, Vidas magicas e inquisiciön (2 vols.; Madrid, 1967), I, 77–88.70. Cauzons, Magie et sorcellerie, II, 343. The author expresses his appreciation to the Directors of the Bibliothäque Nationale and the Archives Nacionales for permission to consult manuscripts in their custody.
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