Rethinking vernacular architecture: the case of Hanoks in South Korea
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 19; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13602365.2014.885555
ISSN1466-4410
Autores Tópico(s)Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
ResumoAbstractFor five decades, academics and architects have been debating the subject of vernacular architecture. Although the exact scope and status of vernacular architecture is far from clear, this article shows how the concept of the vernacular can play a crucial role in protecting architectural diversity by examining different types of new hanoks, or Korean-style houses. Although the current Hanok Renaissance in South Korea tends to emphasise 'elite' traditional architecture over other types, there are cases of vernacular hanoks, that use local materials and construction methods but may not resemble well-known historical architectural forms. Such new vernacular hanoks are characterised by their pragmatic design approach and stylistic heterogeneity in the context of a highly formulaic architectural production.Footnote1 Notes1. This work was supported by the Hongik University New Faculty Research Support Fund.2. See J. Chase, 'Unvernacular Vernacular: Contemporary American Consumerist Architecture', Design Quarterly, 131 (1986), pp. 1–3, 5–32; Maiken Umbach, Bernd Hüppauf, eds, Vernacular Modernism: Heimat, Globalization, and the Built Environment (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2005).3. J. Chase, 'Unvernacular Vernacular', op. cit.4. B. Rudofsky, Architecture without Architects: A Short Introduction to Non-pedigreed Architecture (Garden City, NJ, Doubleday & Co, 1964).5. H. Glassie, Vernacular Architecture (Philadelphia, Material Culture; Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2000), p. 46.6. F. Passanti, 'The Vernacular, Modernism, and Le Corbusier', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 56, no. 4(1997) pp. 438–451.7. S. Richards, ' "Vernacular" Accommodations: Worldplay in Contemporary-Traditional Architecture Theory', Architectural Research Quarterly, 16, no.1 (March, 2012), p. 43.8. P. Groth, 'Making New Connections in Vernacular Architecture', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 58, no.3 (September, 1999), pp. 444–451.9. Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs, MLTM-related Statistics: Korea Housing Survey, 2010 [in Korean]: http://stat.mltm.go.kr. (accessed 06/02/13).10. Jeon-se is a rental system unique to South Korea. Residents pay a deposit in a lump sum and receive the whole amount back at the end of the lease. There are no monthly rent payments. The landlord benefits from the interest on the deposit.11. V. Gelezeau, Apatŭ Gong-hwa-guk/Seoul [The Apartment Republic] (Seoul, Humanitas, 2007).12. J. Ha, 'Saemaul Undong Iran' ['What is New Village Movement?'], National Archives of Korea website http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/semaul/semaul01.do (accessed 13/02/13).13. S. Jang, 'South Korea's House Poor Population Rises to 570,000', KBS World Radio News (31stOctober, 2012). http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Ec_detail.htm?No=94259&id=Ec. (accessed 13/02/13).14. B. Jeon, Y. Gwon, A History of Hanok and Korean Houses (Seoul, Dongneok, 2012).15. J. Yun, 'Remodeling of Vernacular in Bukchon Hanoks', Open House International, 37, no.1 (2012).16. L. Kendall, Consuming Korean Tradition in Early and Late Modernity: Commodification, Tourism, and Performance (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2011), p. 6.17. S. Jeong, 'Eunpyeong Nyutaun: Hanok-maŭl Ehso˘h Sarabolka' ['Eunpyeong Newtown: Shall We Live in a Hanok Village?'], The Korea Economic Daily (6thOctober, 2012).18. From the official Happyvil website: http://www.happyvil.net/ (accessed 13/02/13).19. B. Jeon, Y. Gwon, Hanok gwa Hanguk Jutack ŭi Yo˘ksa ['A History of Hanoks and Korean Houses'] (Seoul, Dongneok, 2012), pp. 14–15.20. Y. Yoon, 'Joeun Hanok Napŭn Hanok', The Second Korean Hanok Architecture Exhibition, 28thOctober, 2012, held at Yeongam Gun Gunseoh Myeon.21. In an interview on 5thNovember, 2012.22. B. Jeon, 'Hanok ui Brand-hwa Bang-an Maryon Ul Wihan Gichojok Yongu' ['A Preliminary Study about the Method to make Brands for Hanoks'], Gukhakyongu, 8 (2006), pp. 275–317.23. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. South Korean Architectural Law and Implementation Ordinance, Clause #2, Line 16. (Seoul: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, 23rdMarch, 2013.)24. S. Ma, Dosimin ŭi gwinong gwichon ŭisik josa wa sisajo˘m ['An Inquiry into the Sentiment of the Urban Population Planning of Gwinong Gwichon and Its Implications'], policy brief (Changwon, Gyungnam Development Research Institute, 2012).25. J. Kim, J. Seong, S. Ma, Choegŭn ŭi Gwinong Gwi-chon Siltae wa Jo˘ngchek Gwa-je ['The Recent Trend of Gwi-nong Gwi-chon and its Policy Implications'] (Seoul, Korea Rural Economic Institute, 2012), p. 8.26. S. Jung, Sigoljip e Banhada: Badaga Bo-i-nun Naman ui Byoljang, Guyip Buteoh Rimodeling Kaji ['Smitten by Countryside Houses: How to Purchase and Remodel My own Vacation Home With an Ocean View'] (Paju, Book 21, 2012), p. 18.27. Juteck Munhwasa [Housing Culture Corporation], Nong-ga + Hanok Remodeling [Farmhouses + Hanok Remodeling] (Seoul, Housing Culture Co., 2011).28. Jutack Munhwasa [Housing Culture Corporation], Nong-ga + Hanok Remodeling [Farmhouses + Hanok Remodeling] (Seoul, Jutack Munhwasa, 2011), p. 99.29. Ibid., p. 126.30. For traditional-style hanoks, a kind of pine tree named yuk-song (Pinus densiflora Siebold) was normally used, but the considerable variation in the girths of yuk-song trunks makes it very difficult to find sufficiently long wooden pieces for a house.31. Korean Forest Service, Statistical Yearbook of Forestry [Yeondobyol Sallym Tonggae] (Daejon, Korean Forest Service, 2012), p. 356.32. Dr Seoh inherited a large area in a mountainous region from his grandfather, who valued trees and other natural resources. Even after he became an inspection commissioner in the Korean Forest Service, he continued to design hanoks as a hobby.33. S. Gwon, Sigol eso˘h Nongsa Jitjianko Sanŭnbo˘p [How to Live in Rural Towns without Farming] (Seoul, Bookhouse, 2010).34. Ibid., p. 296.
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