Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Hidden Phosphorus: Where Do We Go From Here?

2007; Elsevier BV; Volume: 17; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1053/j.jrn.2007.04.005

1532-8503

Lisa Murphy-Gutekunst,

Iron Metabolism and Disorders

BETWEEN APRIL AND OCTOBER 2005, the Journal of Renal Nutrition published a series of articles focusing on hidden dietary phosphorus.1Murphy-Gutekunst L. Hidden phosphorus in beverages: Part 1.J Ren Nutr. 2007; 17: e1-e21Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 2Murphy-Gutekunst L. Barnes K. Hidden phosphorus at breakfast: Part 2.J Ren Nutr. 2005; 15: E1-E6Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar, 3Murphy-Gutekunst L. Uribarri J. Hidden phosphorus-enhanced meats: Part 3.J Ren Nutr. 2005; 15: e1-e4Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (34) Google Scholar Since then, health care professionals have become more aware of the problems patients and professionals face in limiting dietary phosphorus. Also, during this time, more information regarding the effect of dietary phosphorus on the general population has been uncovered. This final article of the hidden phosphorus series will review where we have been, what has been discovered since the first publication of this series, and where we are heading in the struggle for dietary phosphorus control. The idea for this series began in 2003 with the publication of "Hidden Sources of Phosphorus in the Typical American Diet: Does It Matter in Nephrology?" by Drs. Jaime Uribarri and Mona Calvo.4Uribarri J. Calvo M.S. Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: does it matter in nephrology?.Semin Dial. 2003; 16: 186-188Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar This article introduced the nephrology community to the increased use of phosphate additives by American manufacturers and how this practice impacted the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although new to the nephrology community, the impact of phosphate additives on the general public's bone health was well known to Dr. Calvo. Her studies have shown that in the general public, an alteration in the dietary calcium phosphorus ratio may have detrimental effects on bone health. In her first study, Dr. Calvo studied eight men and eight women. For the first week, participants ate a diet balanced in calcium and phosphorus. In the following week, the diet, which was created using common grocery store items, was altered to provide four times more phosphorus than calcium. Results showed an increase in serum parathyroid hormone, serum phosphorus, plasma 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D, and urinary hydroxyproline.5Calvo M.S. Kumar R. Elevated secretion and action of serum parathyroid hormone in young adults consuming high phosphorus, low calcium diets assembled from common foods.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 66: 823-829Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar In her follow-up study, Dr. Calvo expanded the study size to 15 women who ate a balanced diet for 28 days. Participants then switched to a study diet consisting of 1700 mg phosphorus and 400 mg calcium for 28 days. Again, both the control and test diets were created using common grocery store items. Results from this longer study showed a significant increase in serum parathyroid levels.6Calvo M.S. Kumar R. Heath H. Persistently elevated parathyroid hormone secretion and action in young women after four weeks of ingesting high phosphorus, low calcium diets.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 70: 1334-1340Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar Dr. Calvo emphasizes that the test diet is not an uncommon phosphorus load in the American diet, especially among young adults. As Americans switch from meals made from "scratch" to more convenience products, the amount of phosphorus in the diet continues to increase (M. Calvo, PhD, oral communication, August 1, 2006). In addition, many Americans have increased their consumption of beverages containing phosphate additives. Such beverages now include sodas, flavored water, fortified waters and juices, and sports drinks. It is easy to see how a typical American can consume more than the Dietary Reference intake of 1000 mg of phosphorus per day. The impact of phosphate additives on the population with renal disease is immense. Foods containing additives now stretch into all segments of the food pyramid. In addition to the beverages listed above, examples include enhanced meat products, cereal and snack bars, flavored waters, and frozen meals. These are inexpensive products that our low-income patients with CKD are using to meet their dietary needs. Many within our patient population shop at megastores and discount grocery stores. Unfortunately, these stores are the largest purveyor of phosphate-enhanced foods. Expecting our population to change their shopping habits when they already face multiple financial challenges is not practical. As such, the health care practitioner is left with limited options for phosphate control. In most cases, phosphate binder therapy is adjusted to address the additional dietary phosphorus load. However, this practice has its limitations. The National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Initiatives Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease suggest to limit the use of calcium-based binders to minimize calcium load. There are also concerns about vascular calcification.7K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 24: S1-S201Google Scholar Sevelamer hydrochloride increases the dietary acid load, which can contribute to metabolic acidosis,8De Santo N.G. Frangiosa A. Anastasio P. Sevelamer worsens metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients.J Nephrol. 2006; 19: S108-S114PubMed Google Scholar and lanthanum carbonate use is limited to 3 g per day.9Fosrenol (lanthanum carbonate).Basingstoke. Shire Pharmaceuticals, UK2004Google Scholar Phosphate binder therapies are often combined to maximize phosphate absorption. Unfortunately, this only adds to the financial burden of the patients, because they now must pay for more than one prescription to achieve phosphorus control. Looking beyond the population with Stage 5 CKD to the larger arena of kidney disease, more emphasis is being given to mineral management in CKD Stages 3 and 4. More than 8 million Americans have lost one half of their kidney function and have glomerular filtration rates less than 60 mL/min.10Coresh J. Astor B.C. Greene T. et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41: 1-12Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2317) Google Scholar Alterations in mineral metabolism, vitamin D activation, and serum parathyroid levels in these earlier stages of CKD have been shown to contribute to renal osteodystrophy and may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Phosphorus diet restrictions are recommended in CKD Stages 3 and 4 when serum phosphorus levels are greater than 4.6 mg/dL or when serum parathyroid levels are above the recommended levels for CKD Stages 3 and 4.7K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 24: S1-S201Google Scholar Unfortunately, this segment of our population faces the greatest challenges. Many are not diagnosed until later in the disease, preventing them from receiving appropriate medical intervention. For those who are diagnosed early in their disease process, access to renal dietitians is limited by the lack of insurance coverage for ongoing, long-term dietary education and support. In 2006, an effort to bring back the phosphorus content to the nutrition label was launched jointly by the National Kidney Foundation Council on Renal Nutrition and the American Dietetic Association Renal Practice Group.11Brommage D. Food fortification and nutrition labeling: nutritional significance and methods of analysis.J Ren Nutr. 2006; 16: 173-175Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar The effort faced many formidable challenges, including how the phosphorus content would be deciphered. Organic phosphate, which is found naturally in foods, is only 40% to 60% absorbed because it is bound to protein or other molecules such as phytate, whereas inorganic phosphate, such as phosphate additives, is 90% to 100% absorbed.4Uribarri J. Calvo M.S. Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: does it matter in nephrology?.Semin Dial. 2003; 16: 186-188Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar Asking food manufacturers to perform multiple analyses or to disclose ingredient amounts, which in some cases is proprietary information, was too big of a challenge at the time the petition was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, the project has been tabled until solutions to this and other challenges can be found. Still undeterred, efforts to bring "kidney-friendly" foods to the market are under way. Spearheaded by Dr. William Pordy, founder of the Delicious Milk Company, Inc., and supported by Drs. Calvo and Uribarri and other nephrologists, there is now a pioneering effort to encourage manufacturers to make more kidney-friendly food products lower in phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium, and to induce the retailer to create a "Kidney-Friendly Shelf." "This is a win-win arrangement. Our patients and all of the folks with CKD 3 and 4 win by having one convenient and welcoming location to find foods that are designed for them alongside existing products from the store that are good for kidney health, and the grocer wins by keeping current customers, earning new ones, and delivering products that address the current issues of condition specific nutrition," says Dr. Pordy (W. Pordy, MD, FACP, oral communication, April 4, 2007). Dr. Joseph Vassalotti, Medical Director for the National Kidney Foundation concurs, "Kidney healthy foods would be an attractive way to avoid the challenge that food labels designed for the general population pose for CKD patients" (J. Vassalotti, MD, FASN, written communication, November 26, 2006). As the food industry is driven by consumer demand, information regarding the need and desire for kidney-friendly foods must get to industry leaders. Food retailers who have a high demand for these products will demand more kidney-friendly foods from the manufacturer. Retailer information regarding the "Kidney-Friendly Shelf" and a list of kidney-friendly foods to be included on this shelf have been included in this article as a tool for health care professionals and patients with CKD (Figure 1 and Table 1).Figure 1Kidney-Friendly Shelf.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Table 1Shelf-Stable Products to Be Considered for the Kidney-Friendly Shelf. Some Products Should Be Used in Moderation Depending on Individual NeedsCATEGORYPRODUCTBRAND EXAMPLEVegetables and Side DishesLow Sodium Canned Vegetables: Green Beans, Wax Beans, Peas, Carrots, Corn, Asparagus, BeetsSeveral ManufacturersRice, WhiteSeveral ManufacturersApple SauceMott's®Milk and CheeseMilk (low phosphorus, low potassium)DairyDelicious®Cheddar Cheese Sauce (very low phosphorus, low sodium)DairyDelicious®DiaryDelicious®CerealsCorn FlakesKellogg's Corn Flakes®Crisped RiceRice Krispies®Puffed RiceQuaker®GritsSeveral ManufacturersRice Cereal–HotCream of Rice®Wheat Cereal–HotCream of Wheat®CookiesShortbreadLorna Doone®Sugar CookiesSeveral ManufacturersVanilla WafersSeveral ManufacturersGinger SnapsSeveral ManufacturersCakesAngel Food, Pound, and Lemon CakeDucan Hines® Cake MixApple, Cherry, and Blueberry PieSeveral ManufacturersDoughnuts, PlainSeveral ManufacturersMarshmallowsSeveral ManufacturersSnacksUnsalted Popcorn, Pretzels, Rice CakesSeveral ManufacturersUnsalted Crackers and Melba ToastSeveral ManufacturersFruit CocktailSeveral ManufacturersNo Sugar-Added Fruit, Can or JarSeveral ManufacturersSugar Free Chewing GumSeveral ManufacturersBeveragesCoffee, Decafienated CoffeeAll MaufacturersRegular and Diet Lemon-Lime SodaAll ManufacturersRegular and Diet Ginger AleAll ManufacturersRegular and Diet Root BeerA&W®Orange, Grape and Cherry DrinkKool-Aid®Apple, Cranberry, and Grape JuiceSeveral ManufacturersBreadSandwich RollsArnold® SelectLow Sodium Flour TortillasSeveral ManufacturersBagels (plain, cinnamon, sesame, onion, egg)Several ManufacturersHamburger BunsSeveral ManufacturersBread Sticks, PlainProgresso®PastaMacaroniAll ManufacturersSpaghettiAll ManufacturersSpirals (Fusilli) and ShellsAll ManufacturersCOMING SOON: Deluxe Macaroni and Cheese Dinner (very low phosphorus, low sodium)DairyDeliciousSeasonings, Spices, and SpreadsSweetenersSplenda®, Sweet-n-Low®, AspartameSalt ReplacersMrs. Dash®Pepper, Onion, and Garlic PowderAll ManufacturersCilantro, Oregano, Dill, Basil, Sage, Paprika, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Parsley, Rosemary, CurryAll ManufacturersMayonnaise and SpreadsSeveral ManufacturersYellow Mustard, Organic MustardFrench's®, Annie's Naturals®Low Sodium Salad DressingsSeveral ManufacturersLow Sodium Bread CrumbsSeveral ManufacturersHot SauceFrank's®Lemon JuiceSeveral ManufacturersOil and VinagerVegetable OilSeveral ManufacturersOlive OilSeveral ManufacturersCorn OilSeveral ManufacturersWhite VinagerSeveral ManufacturersBalsamic VinagerSeveral ManufacturersPuddings, Toppings, and SyrupsWhipped Topping Mix–DryDream Whip®Sugar Free GelatinJell-O®Light Chocolate SyrupHershey®Vanilla, Orange, and Almond ExtractSeveral Manufacturers Open table in a new tab Health care professionals need to continue educating other health care providers and patients on hidden dietary sources of phosphorus. Educational materials listing hidden phosphorus products can be displayed in waiting rooms. Low literacy posters showing pictures of new high-phosphorus foods can be used to reach those who cannot read nutrition ingredient labels. "Safe" food lists and pictures offer useful alternatives and encourage a variety of food choices. Obtaining serum phosphorus control has been a long and ongoing battle. It is my hope that this four-part series has been beneficial in our challenges and has offered practical solutions to bring a long and meaningful quality of life to the patients and community we serve.