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Mutations in Human Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Found in Patients with May-Hegglin Anomaly and Fechtner Syndrome Result in Impaired Enzymatic Function

2002; Elsevier BV; Volume: 277; Issue: 48 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.m208506200

1083-351X

Aihua Hu, Fei Wang, James R. Sellers,

Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies

A family of autosomal-dominant diseases including May-Hegglin anomaly, Fechtner syndrome, Sebastian syndrome, Alport syndrome, and Epstein syndrome are commonly characterized by giant platelets and thrombocytopenia. In addition, there may be leukocyte inclusions, deafness, cataracts, and nephritis, depending on the syndrome. Mutations in the human nonmuscle myosin IIA heavy chain gene (MYH9) have been linked to these diseases. Two of the recently described mutations, N93K and R702C, are conserved in smooth and nonmuscle myosins from vertebrates and lie in the head domain of myosin. Interestingly, the two mutations lie within close proximity in the three-dimensional structure of myosin. These two mutations were engineered into a heavy meromyosin-like recombinant fragment of nonmuscle myosin IIA, which was expressed in baculovirus along with the appropriate light chains. The R702C mutant displays 25% of the maximal MgATPase activity of wild type heavy meromyosin and moves actin filaments at half the wild type rate. The effects of the N93K mutation are more dramatic. This heavy meromyosin has only 4% of the maximal MgATPase activity of wild type and does not translocate actin filaments in an in vitro motility assay. Biochemical characterization of the mutant is consistent with this mutant being unable to fully adopt the "on" conformation. A family of autosomal-dominant diseases including May-Hegglin anomaly, Fechtner syndrome, Sebastian syndrome, Alport syndrome, and Epstein syndrome are commonly characterized by giant platelets and thrombocytopenia. In addition, there may be leukocyte inclusions, deafness, cataracts, and nephritis, depending on the syndrome. Mutations in the human nonmuscle myosin IIA heavy chain gene (MYH9) have been linked to these diseases. Two of the recently described mutations, N93K and R702C, are conserved in smooth and nonmuscle myosins from vertebrates and lie in the head domain of myosin. Interestingly, the two mutations lie within close proximity in the three-dimensional structure of myosin. These two mutations were engineered into a heavy meromyosin-like recombinant fragment of nonmuscle myosin IIA, which was expressed in baculovirus along with the appropriate light chains. The R702C mutant displays 25% of the maximal MgATPase activity of wild type heavy meromyosin and moves actin filaments at half the wild type rate. The effects of the N93K mutation are more dramatic. This heavy meromyosin has only 4% of the maximal MgATPase activity of wild type and does not translocate actin filaments in an in vitro motility assay. Biochemical characterization of the mutant is consistent with this mutant being unable to fully adopt the "on" conformation. There are at least three isoforms of the conventional (class II) nonmuscle myosins in humans, termed nonmuscle myosin (NM) 1The abbreviations used for: NM, nonmuscle myosin; HMM, heavy meromyosin; MOPS, 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid; WT, wild type; ELC, essential light chain. IIA (NMIIA), IIB (NMIIB), and IIC (NMIIC) (1Simons M. Wang M. McBride O.W. Kawamoto S. Yamakawa K. Gdula D. Adelstein R.S. Weir L. Circ. Res. 1991; 69: 530-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 2Berg J.S. Powell B.C. Cheney R.E. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001; 12: 780-794Crossref PubMed Scopus (622) Google Scholar). Like all conventional myosins, these are hexameric proteins composed of two heavy chains and two pairs of light chains. The carboxyl-terminal half of each of the heavy chains dimerize to form a coiled-coil α helix, whereas the amino-terminal half forms a globular head region that binds the light chains, interacts with actin, and hydrolyzes ATP. The heavy chains of these three myosins are products of distinct genes (MYH9 for NMIIA and MYH10 for NMIIB in humans; the gene name for the heavy chain of NMIIC has not yet been assigned) (1Simons M. Wang M. McBride O.W. Kawamoto S. Yamakawa K. Gdula D. Adelstein R.S. Weir L. Circ. Res. 1991; 69: 530-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 2Berg J.S. Powell B.C. Cheney R.E. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001; 12: 780-794Crossref PubMed Scopus (622) Google Scholar). Whereas most cells express multiple myosin II isoforms, platelets express exclusively NMIIA (3Kawamoto S. Adelstein R.S. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 112: 915-924Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar). 2R. S. Adelstein, personal communication. Recently, mutations in the MYH9 gene have been linked to a number of human disorders involving platelets such as May-Hegglin anomaly, Fechtner syndrome, and Sebastian syndrome (4The May-Hegglin/Fechtner Syndrome Consortium Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 103-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (383) Google Scholar, 5Kelley M.J. Jawien W. Ortel T.L. Korczak J.F. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 106-108Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar). May-Hegglin anomaly is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by abnormally large platelets, leukocyte inclusions, and thrombocytopenia, which predisposes the patients to bleeding disorders (6Mhawech P. Saleem A. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2000; 113: 176-190Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Sebastian and Fechtner syndromes share these features, and Fechtner syndrome patients also have sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and nephritis. Recently, other studies have linked mutations in MYH9 to a human nonsyndromic hereditary deafness, DFNA17 and to Epstein and Alpert-like syndromes (7Lalwani A.K. Goldstein J.A. Kelley M.J. Luxford W. Castelein C.M. Mhatre A.N. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000; 67: 1121-1128Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar, 8Heath K.E. Campos-Barros A. Toren A. Rozenfeld-Granot G. Carlsson L.E. Savige J. Denison J.C. Gregory M.C. White J.G. Barker D.F. Greinacher A. Epstein C.J. Glucksman M.J. Martignetti J.A. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 69: 1033-1045Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar). The latter two syndromes have many features in common with Fechtner syndrome. The name MYHIIA syndrome has been suggested to encompass all of these disorders (8Heath K.E. Campos-Barros A. Toren A. Rozenfeld-Granot G. Carlsson L.E. Savige J. Denison J.C. Gregory M.C. White J.G. Barker D.F. Greinacher A. Epstein C.J. Glucksman M.J. Martignetti J.A. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 69: 1033-1045Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar). We have co-expressed a fragment of the nonmuscle myosin IIA heavy chain (9Pato M.D. Sellers J.R. Preston Y.A. Harvey E.V. Adelstein R.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 2689-2695Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar) along with the appropriate light chains to create two-headed heavy meromyosin (HMM)-like molecules bearing two of the recently described mutations, N93K and R702C. The in vitro activities of these two mutant myosins were compared with that of wild type myosin. Significant impairments were detected in both mutants. The N93K mutation was associated with a tendency for the myosin to aggregate, which may explain the leukocyte inclusions associated with this mutation in humans. A recombinant HMM-like protein of human nonmuscle myosin IIA was expressed in the baculovirus/Sf9 system according to Wang et al. (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). Briefly, the cDNA for wild type human nonmuscle myosin IIA (accession number M81105) was truncated at codon 1337 to create an HMM-like fragment. Nucleotides coding for a FLAG epitope (DYKDDDDK) followed by a stop signal were appended to aid purification. The HMM-like construct was subcloned into the baculovirus transfer vector pVL1392 (Invitrogen). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate two mutant constructs. For the N93K mutant HMM, the nucleotides coding for Asn at codon 93 were mutated to nucleotides coding for Lys using the QuikChange system (Stratagene). The primers used were 5′-GGCAGAGCTCACGTGCCTCAAGGAAGCCTCGGTGCTGCAC-3′ and the complementary antisense primer. The mutated nucleotide, shown in bold, converts Asn to Lys. Similarly, for the R702C mutant HMM, Arg-702 was mutated to Cys using the primers 5′-GCAACGGTGTTCTCGAGGGCATCTGTATCTGCCGCCAGGGCTTCC-3′ and the complementary antisense primer. The complete nucleotide sequence of the mutant cDNA was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The wild type and mutant recombinant HMMs of human nonmuscle myosin IIA were expressed along with regulatory and essential light chains in the baculovirus/Sf9 system and purified according to Wang et al. (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). The proteins were either used fresh or were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until used. The concentration was determined by the Bradford assay using smooth muscle heavy meromyosin as a standard (11Sellers J.R. Chock P.B. Adelstein R.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 14181-14188Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Myosin light chain kinase (12Adelstein R.S. Klee C.B. Methods Enzymol. 1982; 85: 298-308Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar), calmodulin (13Klee C.B. Biochemistry. 1977; 16: 1017-1024Crossref PubMed Scopus (360) Google Scholar), actin (14Spudich J.A. Watt S. J. Biol. Chem. 1971; 246: 4866-4871Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and tropomyosin (15Umemoto S. Sellers J.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 14864-14869Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) were prepared as previously described. Approximately 10 mg of wild type HMM could be routinely purified from 4 × 109 Sf9 cells, but the yield of soluble N93K mutant was typically about 0.2–2% of this amount. Western blot analyses of the Sf9 cell pellets prior to extraction of the N93K mutant demonstrated that normal amounts of the protein were being expressed, but subsequent extraction revealed that most of this was not solubilized by the extraction buffer. The actin-activated MgATPase activity was measured using the method of Pollard and Korn (16Pollard T.D. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 4682-4690Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) at 35 °C in 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP, 0.1 mM EGTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM MOPS (pH 7.0). The actin concentration was typically varied from 0.5 to 30 μm. The kinetic constants, V maxand K ATPase (the actin concentration required for half maximal activation of the MgATPase activity), were determined by fitting the data to the Michaelis-Menten equation using SigmaPlot (Jandel Scientific). The K+EDTA ATPase activity was measured in 0.5 M KCl, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM MOPS (pH 7.2), and 1 mM ATP at 35 °C. The in vitro motility of the HMM fragments were measured as described (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar, 17Sellers J.R. Cuda G. Wang F. Homsher E. Scholey J.M. Motility Assays for Motor Proteins. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA1993Google Scholar). The conditions were 80 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP, 0.1 mM EGTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 20 mM MOPS (pH 7.4), 200 nM tropomyosin, 0.7% methylcellulose, 2.5 mg/ml glucose, 0.1 mg/ml glucose oxidase, and 2 mg/ml catalase at 30 °C. The enzymatic properties of a nonmuscle myosin II HMM-like fragment expressed in the baculovirus/Sf9 system have been previously characterized and shown to be an excellent model for the tissue-purified protein (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). In this report, two separate point mutations in the myosin heavy chain (N93K and R702C) corresponding to mutations recently reported in some families with May-Hegglin anomaly and Fechtner syndrome were separately engineered into this background (4The May-Hegglin/Fechtner Syndrome Consortium Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 103-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (383) Google Scholar). The unmutated HMM will be referred to as WT-HMM, and the HMMs bearing either one of the two mutations will be referred to as R702C-HMM and N93K-HMM. All three proteins were expressed in the baculovirus/Sf9 system (Fig. 1). Both mutants bound regulatory and essential light chains in the same ratios with the heavy chain as was found in WT-HMM. The amounts of N93K-HMM obtained were variable due to the fact that most of it tended to be in an unextractable form in the Sf9 cells, and the protein that was purified aggregated during and after purification. The enzymatic activity was initially accessed by measuring the MgATPase activities of the three proteins in the absence of actin (TableI). For all three proteins, this activity was very low (<0.007 s−1). Because the enzymatic activity of NMIIA is known to be regulated by light chain phosphorylation, the samples were treated with myosin light chain kinase. Glycerol gel electrophoresis of the kinase-treated samples revealed that the regulatory light chains of each of the myosins incorporated a single mole of phosphate per mole (data not shown). The MgATPase activity of phosphorylated WT-HMM, as expected, was greatly activated by actin (Fig. 2). That of R702C-HMM was activated to a lesser extent, whereas the activity of N93K-HMM was barely activated by actin (Fig. 2). The data for each HMM was fitted to the Michael-Menten equation to determine the kinetic constants,V max and K ATPase (TableI). The V max of R702C-HMM was about 25% of that of WT-HMM, and its K ATPase was slightly lower than that of WT-HMM. In contrast, the V max of N93K HMM was less than 5% of that of wild type. The low activity was not a result of the protein becoming dephosphorylated during the course of the assay, as it retained its original level of phosphorylation during the ATPase time course (data not shown). To determine whether the cause of the low activity of N93K was due to gross denaturation of the protein, the nonphysiological K+ATPase activity was measured. The data in Table I show that the N93K-HMM had an even higher K+ EDTA ATPase activity than WT-HMM or R702C-HMM, indicating that the protein was able to bind and hydrolyze nucleotides under these conditions and was, therefore, not denatured. The low activity of the N93K HMM could possibly be due to the inability to be activated by light chain phosphorylation. The MgATPase activities of all three HMM molecules in the unphosphorylated state were measured in the presence of 30 μm actin. The MgATPase activities of unphosphorylated WT-HMM (0.039 s−1) and R702C-HMM (0.016 s−1) were much lower than that of their phosphorylated forms, indicating that the enzymatic activity of these proteins was well regulated. The activity of unphosphorylated N93K-HMM (0.012 s−1) was similarly low but was only increased 2–3-fold by phosphorylation.Table IATPase activities of human nonmuscle myosin IIA wild type and mutant HMM moleculesHuman nonmuscle myosin IIA HMMBasal MgATPasepHMM Actin-Activated MgATPaseupHMM K+-EDTA ATPasepHMMupHMMV maxK ATPases−1s−1s−1μms−1Wild type<0.007<0.0070.92 ± 0.158.4 ± 1.50.47 ± 0.13R702C<0.007<0.0070.20 ± 0.053.0 ± 0.140.42 ± 0.20N93K<0.007<0.0070.03 ± 0.0021.7 ± 0.200.54 ± 0.14 Open table in a new tab An important property of myosin is its ability to translocate actin. This can be measured in an in vitro motility assay using rhodamine-phalloidin-labeled actin filaments. WT-HMM translocated actin filaments at a rate of 0.28 μm/s when phosphorylated (Fig.3). In the absence of phosphorylation, WT-HMM did not move actin filaments. Phosphorylated R702C-HMM translocated actin filaments at about one-half the velocity of WT-HMM (Fig. 3). In contrast, no movement of actin filaments was observed for phosphorylated N93K-HMM, but actin filaments did remain bound to the surface (Fig. 3). An experiment in which phosphorylated N93K-HMM and rabbit skeletal muscle HMM are mixed in the motility assay affords a means to better examine the nature of the low activity of N93K-HMM. There are several alternative explanations for its low activity. First, it is possible that most (96%) of the myosin is totally inactivated with respect to its enzymatic activity and that 4% of the myosin retains the activity of wild type myosin. Chemical modification of smooth and skeletal muscle myosins can generate such a condition. Typically these inactivated myosins still retain the ability to bind tightly to actin and have a diminished K+EDTA ATPase activity measured under nonphysiological conditions (18Harris D.E. Work S.S. Wright R.K. Alpert N.R. Warshaw D.M. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 1994; 15: 11-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar). When such inactivated myosins are mixed with actively cycling myosins in the in vitro motility assay, even small amounts of the inactivated myosins are sufficient to arrest the movement of the actively cycling myosins (18Harris D.E. Work S.S. Wright R.K. Alpert N.R. Warshaw D.M. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 1994; 15: 11-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar). Dramatic shearing of the actin filaments also occurs in this case. Neither of these phenomena occurred when phosphorylated N93K-HMM was mixed with rabbit skeletal muscle HMM (Fig. 4,triangles) or with phosphorylated WT-HMM (data not shown). Coupled with the observation that N93K-HMM had a K+EDTA ATPase activity that is similar to that of WT-HMM further argues against the possibility that this mutation merely results in a dead, rigor-like myosin that would account for the low enzymatic activity (Table I). Second, the mutation could render the HMM incapable of interacting with actin. This can be ruled out on the basis that when phosphorylated N93K-HMM alone is applied to the coverslip surface, actin filaments remain bound (though not moving) even in the presence of ATP. Third, the mutation may have simply slowed the rate-limiting step for the kinetic cycle of the mutant such that it is only 4% that of WT-HMM, but the mutant myosin is otherwise proceeding through its cross-bridge cycle as a myosin should, and is possibly even moving actin filaments at such a slow rate so as to be undetectable by our methods. The rate that would be predicted by this explanation, 10 nm/s, should be detectable in our assay and was not observed. Cudaet al. (19Cuda G. Pate E. Cooke R. Sellers J.R. Biophys. J. 1997; 72: 1767-1779Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar) and Harris et al. (18Harris D.E. Work S.S. Wright R.K. Alpert N.R. Warshaw D.M. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 1994; 15: 11-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar) demonstrated that when two actively cycling myosins with different inherent rates of motility are mixed in the motility assay, the more slowly cycling myosin dominates the velocity. Phosphorylated N93K-HMM did not dominantly retard the movement of skeletal muscle HMM in the experiment shown in Fig. 4, further suggesting that the mutation has not merely rendered the HMM a very slow but otherwise normal motor. As a control, we show that phosphorylated WT-HMM, as expected, does dominantly retard the movement of rabbit skeletal muscle HMM (Fig. 4, circles). Fourth, it is possible the N93K mutation does not allow the HMM to fully adopt the active state upon phosphorylation, and thus the molecule mostly remains in an inhibited state that is able to interact weakly with actin filaments but cannot support their movement. The behavior of noncyclying unphosphorylated smooth and nonmuscle myosins when mixed with an actively cycling myosin has also been studied and modeled (18Harris D.E. Work S.S. Wright R.K. Alpert N.R. Warshaw D.M. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 1994; 15: 11-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar,19Cuda G. Pate E. Cooke R. Sellers J.R. Biophys. J. 1997; 72: 1767-1779Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). The unphosphorylated noncycling myosins impose a load on the actively cycling myosins but do so in a non-dominant manner. As a control, we show in Fig. 4 that unphosphorylated WT-HMM has such an effect on rabbit skeletal muscle HMM (squares). This is also the behavior observed when phosphorylated N93K-HMM was mixed with skeletal muscle HMM, which supports the latter case that this mutation is not able to adopt the "on" conformation (Fig. 4,triangles). Platelets are unusual in that the only myosin II isoform they contain is the nonmuscle myosin IIA isoform, whereas most cells express at least nonmuscle myosin IIB and sometimes nonmuscle myosin IIC, in addition to nonmuscle myosin IIA (20Sellers J.R. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2000; 1496: 3-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (622) Google Scholar). In platelets, myosin and actin form a dense cortical meshwork (21Hartwig J.H. DeSisto M. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 112: 407-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar). The linkage of mutations in MYH9 (the heavy chain gene for nonmuscle myosin IIA) to several related human disorders, such as May-Hegglin anomaly, Sebastian syndrome, Fechtner syndrome, Alport syndrome, and Epstein syndrome, involving abnormalities in platelets and leukocytes is therefore not surprising (4The May-Hegglin/Fechtner Syndrome Consortium Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 103-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (383) Google Scholar, 5Kelley M.J. Jawien W. Ortel T.L. Korczak J.F. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 106-108Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar, 8Heath K.E. Campos-Barros A. Toren A. Rozenfeld-Granot G. Carlsson L.E. Savige J. Denison J.C. Gregory M.C. White J.G. Barker D.F. Greinacher A. Epstein C.J. Glucksman M.J. Martignetti J.A. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 69: 1033-1045Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar, 22Kunishima S. Kojima T. Matsushita T. Tanaka T. Tsurusawa M. Furukawa Y. Nakamura Y. Okamura T. Amemiya N. Nakayama T. Kamiya T. Saito H. Blood. 2001; 97: 1147-1149Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar). Fechtner, Alport, and Epstein syndrome patients also display sensorineural deafness and nephritis. Interestingly, another MYH9 mutation (R705H) not examined here was linked to DFNA17, a nonsyndromic hereditary deafness with no apparent involvement of platelets (7Lalwani A.K. Goldstein J.A. Kelley M.J. Luxford W. Castelein C.M. Mhatre A.N. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000; 67: 1121-1128Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar). Thus, mutations inMYH9 account for these phenotypically distinct MYHIIA syndrome disease and are important in the pathogenesis of macrothromocytopenia, sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and nephritis. Two of the reported MYH9 mutations, N93K and R702C, were engineered into the heavy chain of human nonmuscle myosin IIA. The heavy chain cDNA was truncated at codon 1377 and tagged with the FLAG epitope at the carboxyl terminus to express a soluble HMM-like fragment that could be easily affinity purified (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). The expression of the HMM fragment was chosen as it is typically soluble at low ionic strengths, which affords ease in kinetic experiments, retains the regulatory behavior of the whole myosin, and has been shown to express well in the baculovirus/Sf9 system (10Wang F. Harvey E.V. Conti M.A. Wei D. Sellers J.R. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5555-5560Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). In the case of both mutations, homodimers with the same mutation on each heavy chain were generated. Both of these mutations are autosomal-dominant in humans (8Heath K.E. Campos-Barros A. Toren A. Rozenfeld-Granot G. Carlsson L.E. Savige J. Denison J.C. Gregory M.C. White J.G. Barker D.F. Greinacher A. Epstein C.J. Glucksman M.J. Martignetti J.A. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 69: 1033-1045Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar, 22Kunishima S. Kojima T. Matsushita T. Tanaka T. Tsurusawa M. Furukawa Y. Nakamura Y. Okamura T. Amemiya N. Nakayama T. Kamiya T. Saito H. Blood. 2001; 97: 1147-1149Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar). This raises the possibility that an affected individual may have both homodimeric as well as heterodimeric molecules (with respect to the mutation). Assuming random association of the heavy chains in the cell, ∼50% of the myosin molecules should be heterodimeric and have one mutant and one wild type heavy chain. The rest should be homodimers with two mutant heavy chains (25%) or with wild type heavy chains (25%). If, however, the dimerization of the two heavy chains occurs at the time of translation on the ribosome, then homodimers of either the mutant myosin heavy chain or of the wild type heavy chain could be preferentially produced. It is also likely, in vivo, that mutant molecules co-polymerized into filaments with wild type myosin molecules could also impair the behavior of the otherwise normal wild type myosin. In our study only homodimeric molecules (with respect to their mutation status) are produced. It would thus be expected that our study should give the extreme example of functional impairment of function. We did not address how an HMM with one normal heavy chain and one mutant heavy chain would behave in this study. Both mutations impaired the activity of the myosin, but to different degrees. The R702C mutation had the more modest effects. When phosphorylated, R702C-HMM exhibited about 25% of the maximal actin-activated MgATPase activity and moved actin filaments at about one-half the velocity of WT-HMM. In contrast, the impairment found with the N93K mutation was severe. This fragment had only about 4% of the maximal actin-activated MgATPase activity as WT-HMM and did not move actin filaments in the in vitro motility assay. Its MgATPase activity was barely activated by phosphorylation, and the mechanism for its impairment may be that it is unable to assume the active conformation. This mechanism is supported by the fact that phosphorylated N93K-HMM slows the movement of fast skeletal muscle HMM in a non-dominant manner, implying that it is able to interact with actin in the weakly bound state. This could occur if the mutation prevented the acceleration of release of products, particularly the release of Pi, as has been shown to occur in Dictyosteliummyosin bearing an E476K mutation, for example (23Friedman A.L. Geeves M.A. Manstein D.J. Spudich J.A. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 9679-9687Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar). The coordinates of the three-dimensional structure of the highly homologous smooth muscle myosin (24Dominguez R. Freyzon Y. Trybus K.M. Cohen C. Cell. 1998; 94: 559-571Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (591) Google Scholar) can be used as a model to locate the likely positions of the two May-Hegglin NMIIA mutants. Despite their distant positions in the primary sequence of the myosin heavy chain, N93 and R702 are located in close proximity in the myosin three-dimensional structure (Fig. 5). The sequence in Fig. 5 depicted in yellow is that of the so-called SH1 helix, a critical helical segment that unwinds at some stage during the myosin ATP hydrolysis cycle (25Houdusse A. Szent-Gyorgyi A.G. Cohen C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 11238-11243Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar, 26Bobkov A.A. Reisler E. Biophys. J. 2000; 79: 460-467Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). Most myosin crystal structures (including the one shown in Fig. 5) show this region to be helical, but in a recent report (25Houdusse A. Szent-Gyorgyi A.G. Cohen C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 11238-11243Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar) on a scallop S1-MgADP complex this helix was shown to be unwound. Its disruption is linked to a state in which the subdomains of myosin are not tightly coupled and is thought to represent myosin in a detached state that would be unable to bind strongly to actin (25Houdusse A. Szent-Gyorgyi A.G. Cohen C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 11238-11243Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar). Arg-702 lies directly within the SH1 helix (orange atoms), and Asn-93 (magenta atoms) lies in close proximity on an adjacent helix (Fig. 5). Arg-702 is highly conserved in most classes of myosin and is invariant in the conventional myosin II class (27Sellers J.R. Myosins. 2nd. Oxford University Press, Oxford1999Google Scholar). In smooth muscle, it forms a side chain hydrogen bond with a conserved glutamine residue located four amino acids down stream (Asn-706 in nonmuscle IIA), which would probably not occur in the mutant form. This would probably result in destabilization of the SH1 helix. Asn-93 is well conserved among vertebrate nonmuscle and smooth muscle myosins (although not universally conserved within the myosin II subclass) (27Sellers J.R. Myosins. 2nd. Oxford University Press, Oxford1999Google Scholar). It lies on helix C within the amino-terminal segment of the heavy chain that abuts the SH1 helical segment (28Cope M.J.T.V. Whisstock J. Rayment I. Kendrick-Jones J. Structure. 1996; 4: 969-987Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (203) Google Scholar). Helix C makes several important stabilizing contacts with SH1 helix (25Houdusse A. Szent-Gyorgyi A.G. Cohen C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000; 97: 11238-11243Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar). Asn-93 hydrogen bonds with Ser-96, and mutation to the bulkier lysine would likely destabilize helix C, which, in turn, could weaken its interactions with and destabilize the SH1 helix. If the SH1 helix were unwound, the subdomains of myosin would be loosely coupled and hence incapable of generating a power stroke. The severity of the mutation on enzymatic function serves to highlight the importance of this critical region of myosin. Interestingly, two other MYHIIA syndrome mutations have been identified that are also located near the SH1 helix region, R705H (7Lalwani A.K. Goldstein J.A. Kelley M.J. Luxford W. Castelein C.M. Mhatre A.N. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000; 67: 1121-1128Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar) and A95T (29Kunishima S. Matsushita T. Kojima T. Amemiya N. Choi Y.M. Hosaka N. Inoue M. Jung Y. Mamiya S. Matsumoto K. Miyajima Y. Zhang G. Ruan C. Saito K. Song K.S. Yoon H.J. Kamiya T. Saito H. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 46: 722-729Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar). Although there are many mutations that have been engineered into either Dictyostelium or smooth muscle myosins that dramatically slow the actin-activated MgATPase activity, none of these are located in a comparable position to Asn-93 in nonmuscle myosin II (27Sellers J.R. Myosins. 2nd. Oxford University Press, Oxford1999Google Scholar). There are disease-causing mutations in human β-cardiac myosin that lie in proximity to the SH1 helix, but these are not found in the amino terminus (27Sellers J.R. Myosins. 2nd. Oxford University Press, Oxford1999Google Scholar). The primary effects of these mutations are seen in platelets where there is no compensating nonmuscle myosin IIB present. The process of platelet formation from megakaryocytes is still poorly understood. Recent results suggest that they originate from intermediate proplatelet structures on the megarkaryocytes (30Italiano Jr., J.E. Lecine P. Shivdasani R.A. Hartwig J.H. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 1299-1312Crossref PubMed Scopus (427) Google Scholar). The megakaryocytes of these patients have not yet been studied to determine whether their proplatelet-like processes are abnormally large. The giant platelet phenotype found in association with the mutation suggests a role for NMIIA in the process of platelet formation. Most of the MYHIIA syndrome disease phenotypes include the presence of inclusion bodies in leukocytes. Recently, these inclusion bodies were found to contain aggregated nonmuscle myosin II by immunocytochemical staining (22Kunishima S. Kojima T. Matsushita T. Tanaka T. Tsurusawa M. Furukawa Y. Nakamura Y. Okamura T. Amemiya N. Nakayama T. Kamiya T. Saito H. Blood. 2001; 97: 1147-1149Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar). This is consistent with our observation that N93K-HMM tends to aggregate in solution. The R702C mutation has been found in several different families. In some of these families no leukocyte inclusions are found, which is consistent with our observation that this mutation is more soluble. The aggregation observed in vitro with N93K-HMM was not reversible by increasing the ionic strength, and this suggests that the myosin aggregation seen in the leukocytes of the patients are probably also irreversible and cannot be depolymerized and repolymerized into filaments at different locations in the cell. It is not clear why one mutation (R702C) is associated with the added complications of Fechtner syndrome, which includes nephritis, sensineural deafness, and cataracts, whereas the other mutation (N93K) is only associated with the platelet and leukocyte disorders. Possibly, the tendency of N93K mutation to induce aggregation may actually serve to effectively remove this myosin from the cellular compartments where its lowered enzymatic activity would otherwise inhibit function. In this way the more severe mutation in vitro may not exert as great of an effect in the cell as the less severe R702C mutation, which is not always associated with cellular aggregations. Myosin II may be performing different tasks in these diverse cell types. The fact that a wide variety of other organs exhibit no apparent adverse effects of these mutations probably reflects a functional redundancy with NMIIB, NMIIC, and possibly other myosins. It is also likely that the genetic background plays a role in this distinction. We thank Drs. Robert Adelestein and John Martignetti for helpful discussions throughout the course of this study. We thank Estelle V. Harvey and Yue Zhang for excellent technical assistance. We are particularly indebted to Drs. Daniel Himmel and Carolyn Cohen for insight into the probable molecular defects of the mutations.