GEOMORPHOLOGY IN CANADA*
1967; Wiley; Volume: 11; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1541-0064.1967.tb00473.x
ISSN1541-0064
Autores Tópico(s)Soil erosion and sediment transport
ResumoCanadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennesVolume 11, Issue 4 p. 280-311 GEOMORPHOLOGY IN CANADA* J. T. PARRY, J. T. PARRY McGill UniversitySearch for more papers by this author J. T. PARRY, J. T. PARRY McGill UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1967.tb00473.xCitations: 5 † *The author wishes to acknowledge the help of many individuals in universities and institutes in many parts of Canada who generously gave of their time in providing information about geomorphological teaching and research. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 J. B. Tyrrell (ED.), David Thompson's Narrative of his Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812 (Champlain Society, 1916). 2 J. Warkentin (ED.), The Western Interior of Canada: a record of Geographical discovery, 1612-1917 (McClelland and Stewart, 1964), pp. 91–105. 3 Keating, W. H., Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeck, Lake of the Woods, etc. 1823 (Ross and Haines, 1959), II, pp. 98–100. 4 E. E. Rich (ED.), A Journal of a voyage from Rocky Mountain Portage in Peace River to the sources of Finlays Branch and North West Ward, 1824 (Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1955), pp. 209–10. 5 Rogers, H. D., “On the falls of Niagara and the reasoning of some authors respecting them,” Amer. J. Sci., 27 (1835), 329–30. 6 Lyell, C, “A memoir on the recession of the falls of Niagara,” Proc. Geol. Soc, 3 (1842), 595–602. 7 Lyell, C On the ridges, elevated beaches, inland cliffs and boulder formations of the Canadian Lakes and the valley of St. Lawrence,” Proc. Geol. Soc, 4 (18423), 19–22. 8 Lyell, C Proc. Geol. Soc. 9 Lyell, C Travels in North America (London, 1845), II, pp. 82–83. 10 Agassiz, L. J., Etudes sur les glaciers (Neuchatel, 1840). 11 Harrington, B. J., “ Sir W. E. Logan,” Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, Rept. Of Progress 1875-76 (1877), 8–21. 12 Hector, J., “Physical Features of the Central Part of British North America, with special reference to the Botanical Physiognomy,” Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (n.s.), XIV, No. II (1861), 263–68. 13 Hind, H. Y., “Observations on Supposed Glacial Drift in the Labrador Peninsula, Western Canada, and on the South Branch of the Saskatchewan,” Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, XX (1864), 122–30. 14 Two of these scientists, G. M. Dawson and J. Macoun, carried out important work before joining the Geological Survey. Dawson was attached to the North American Boundary Commission Survey of 1872-74, and mapped the natural features along the 49th parallel for a distance of over 800 miles, while Macoun was responsible for the assessment of settlement possibilities on the prairies, first for the C.P.R. and then for the Canadian government. A useful summary of the work of the Geological Survey is given in Alcock, F. J., “ A century in the History of the Geological Survey of Canada,” Nat. Mus. Can., Special Contribution No. 47-1 (1947). 15 Geology of Canada, 1863, with a preface by W. E. LOGAN. Geol. Survey of Canada (1863). 16 Dawson, G. M., “ Report on the country in the vicinity of the Bow and Belly Rivers, North West Territory,” Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada. Report of Progress, 1882-83-84 (1885), C, 149–52. 17 McConnell, R. G., “Report on an Exploration in the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins, N.W.T.,” Geol. Surv. of Canada Annual Report, 1888-89 (n.s.), IV (1890), D, 24–29. 18 Low, A. P., “On Explorations in James Bay and the country East of Hudson Bay drained by the Big, Great Whale, and Clearwater Rivers,” Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada. Annual Rept. 1887-88 (n.s.), IV (1889), J, 26–33, 61–62. 19 Upham, W., “Report of Exploration of the Glacial Lake Agassiz in Manitoba,” Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, Annual Report, 1888-89 (n.s.), IV (1890), E, 1–110. 20 Goldthwait, J. W., Physiography of Nova Scotia ( Canada , Dept. of Mines, Geol. Surv. Mem. 140, 1924). 21 The curriculum of the College of New Brunswick included Geography as a separate study at the time of its foundation in 1800, but the course appears to have been given for only a few years, and so this early development can only be considered abortive. A brief treatment of this episode is provided by Williams, M. V., “Geology and Geography,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., XL, Section IV (1946), 125–39. 22 Dobson, M. R., Geography in Canadian Universities (Misc. Paper No. 2, Geographical Branch, Dept. Mines and Tech. Surveys, 1950), 1. 23 Robinson, J. L., “Geography at the University of British Columbia,” Can. Geogr., 13 (1959), 46–47. 24 L. E. Hamelin (ED.), Mélanges géographiques canadiens offerts à Raoul Blanchard (Les Presses universitaires Laval, 1959). 25 L. E. Hamelin (ED.) La Géographic de Raoul Blanchard,” Can. Geogr., V, 1 (1961), 1–9. 26 Dagenais, P., “Monsieur Raoul Blanchard,” Rev. Can. de Geog., XIII, 1-2 (1959), 80–83. 27 Blanchard, R., “Etudes canadiennes: Les Laurentides,” Rev. de Géog. Alpine, XXVI, 1 (1938), 6–18. 28 Grenier, F., “Raoul Blanchard, 1877-1965,” Can. Geogr. IX, 2 (1965), 101–3. 29 Taylor, G. T., “Geography at the University of Toronto,” Can. Geogr. J., XXIII (1941), 152–54. 30 Details of Taylor's life are given in his autobiography, Journeyman Taylor (Educational Books Ltd., 1958), and in the obituary article by Putnam, D. F., “Griffith Taylor, 1880-1963,” Can. Geogr., VII, 4 (1963), 197–200. 31 Taylor, G. T., The Geographical Laboratory (University of Toronto Press, 1938). 32 Taylor, G. T. Topographic control in the Toronto region,” C.J.E.P.S., IV, 4 (1936), 493–511. 33 Taylor, G. T. The structural basis of Canadian Geography,” Can. Geog. J., XIX, 5 (1937), 297–303. 34 A complete list of Blanchard's works is given in L. E. Hamelin (ED.), Mélanges géographiques canadiens offerts à Raoul Blanchard, pp. 35–45. 35 Bibliography of Periodical literature on Canadian Geography 1930 to 1958, Bibliographic Series No. 22, Parts 1-6 (Geog. Branch, Dept. of Mines and Tech. Surveys, 1959). Other issues in the series covering the period 1956-1963 are nos. 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33. 36 Cooke, H. C., “Studies of the physiography of the Canadian Shield,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 23, ser. 3, sect. 4 (1929), 91–120; 24, ser. 3, sect. 4 (1930), 51-87; and 25, ser. 3, sect. 4 (1931), 127-80. 37 Antevs, E., “ Retreat of the last ice sheet in eastern Canada,” Canada Geol. Surv., Mem. 146 (1925), and “Late glacial correlations and ice recession in Manitoba,” Can. Geol. Surv., Mem. 168 (1931). 38 Stanley, G. M., “Lower Algonquin beaches of Penetanguishene peninsula,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 47 (1936), 1933–60; “Lower Algonquin beaches of Cape Rich, Georgian Bay,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 48 (1937), 1665–86. 39 Coleman, A. P., The Last Million Years (University of Toronto Press, 1941). 40 Clark, A. H., “Contributions to Geographical knowledge of Canada since 1945,” Geog. R., XL (1950), 285–312. 41 Kimble, G. H. T., “Geography in Canadian Universities,” Geog. J. 108 (1946), 114–15. 42 Lloyd, T., “The Geographical Bureau,” Can. Geog. J., XXXVI (1948), 39–41. 43 Baird, P. D., et al., “The Glaciological Studies of the Baffin Island Expedition 1950,” J. Glaciology, II, 2 (1952), 2–9. 44 Flint, R. F., “Growth of the North American ice sheet during the Wisconsin age,” Bull. Amer. Geol. Soc, 54 (1943), 325–62. 45 Jeness, J. L., “Permafrost in Canada,” Arctic, 2 (1949), 13–27. 46 Chapman, L. J., and D. F. Putnam, The Physiography of Southern Ontario (University of Toronto Press, 1951). 47 Sharp, R. P., “Soil structures in the St. Elias Range, Yukon Territory,” J. Geomorph., V, 4 (1942), 274–301. 48 Washburn, A. L., “Patterned ground,” Rev. can. Géog. 4 (1950), 5–59. 49 Tanner, V., “Outline of Geography, Life and Customs of Newfoundland-Labrador,” Acta Geografica, 8 (1944), 1–906. 50 A full list of the field research projects sponsored by the Arctic Institute of North America between 1945 and 1955 is given in Arctic, VII, 3-4 (1955), 354–66. 51 Sheppard, A. C. T., “What Canada is doing with the aid of camera and aeroplane,” Photogram. Eng., IV, 1 (1938), 30–41. 52 Wilson, J. T., “Drumlins of Southwest Nova Scotia,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 32, ser. 3, sect. IV (1938), 41–47. 53 Wilson, J. T. Eskers north-east of Great Slave Lake,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 33, ser. 3, sect. IV (1939), 119–29. 54 Odell, N. E., In A. Forbes, Northernmost Labrador mapped from the Air (American Geographical Society, 1938). 55 Douglas, G. V., The Coast-Line of Labrador, 5 vols, (unpublished report prepared for the Defence Research Board of Canada, 1949). 56 Douglas, G. V. and M. C. V. Douglas, Ungava (New Quebec) and Interior of Labrador, 3 vols., (unpublished report prepared for the Defence Research Board of Canada and the Arctic Institute of North America, 1949). 57 Hare, F. K. and M. R. Montgomery, “Ice, open water, and winter climate in the Eastern Arctic of N. America,” Arctic, II, 2 (1949), 79–89, and Arctic II, 3 (1949), 149–64. 58 These commentaries include the following: Dobson, M. R., Geography in Canadian Universities (Misc. Paper No. 2, Geog. Branch Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys, 1950); Stamp, L. D., Geography in Canadian Universities: a Survey. Report of a survey under the auspices of the Canadian Social Science Research Council, 1951; Robinson, J. L., “Geography in Canada,” in The status of Geography in countries adhering to the Int. Geog. Union (Publication No. 7, XVII Int. Geog. Cong., Washington, 1952), 10–13. and “The development and status of Geography in universities and government in Canada,” Year Book of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 13 (1951), 1–13; Watson, J. W., “A report on the status of Geography in Canada, 1950-52,” Third Pan-American Consultation on Geography (Washington, 1952), 1–3; and “Geography in Canada,” Scottish Geogr. Mag., 66, 3–4 (1950), 170–72; Dagenais, P., “Status and tendencies of Geography in Canada,” Can. Geog., 3 (1953), 1–15. 59 Hare, F. K., A photo-reconnaissance survey of Labrador-Ungava (Geog. Branch Memoir 6, 1959). 60 Douglas, M. C. V. and R. N. Drummond, Air Photograph Interpretation of Quebec- Labrador, 35 vols, (unpublished reports arranged by N.T.S. map areas prepared for the Defence Research Board of Canada, 1953). 61 Douglas, M. C. V. and R. N. Drummond Glacial features of Ungava from air photos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 47, ser. 3, sect. 4 (1953), 11–16, and “Map of the physiographic regions of Ungava-Labrador,” Can. Geog. 5 (1955), 9–16. 62 Drummond, R. N., “Research at the McGill Sub-arctic Research Laboratory,” Can. Geog. 11 (1958), 45–46, and “The first three years,” McGill Subarctic Research Papers, 22 (in press), 3–8. 63 Dean, W. G., “The drumlinoid landforms of the Barren Grounds, N.W.T.,” Can. Geogr. 3 (1953), 19–30. 64 Wilson, J. T. et al, “Glacial features between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay plotted from air photographs,” Bull. Am. Geol. Soc, 64 (1953), 1413–14 (abstract only). 65 Much of this research was published and a complete reference list is given in Bird, J. B., “Recent contributions to the physiography of northern Canada,” Zeit für Geomorph., 3 (1959), 151–74. 66 Lord, C. S., “Operation Keewatin, 1952: a geological reconnaissance by helicopter,” Precambrian, 26, 4 (1953), 26–30. 67 A general review of research prior to 1955 is provided in Legget, R. F., “Permafrost Research,” Arctic, 7, 3–4 (1955), 153–58. The National Research Council maintains a complete bibliography: List of Publications on Permafrost and Building in the North (1966). 68 Koenig, L. S. et al., “Arctic Ice Islands,” Arctic, 5, 2 (1952), 67–103. 69 Hattersley-Smith, G., “Northern Ellesmere Island, 1953 and 1954,” Arctic, 8, 1 (1955), 3–36. 70 Fraser, J. K., “Canadian Ice Distribution Survey,” Arctic Circular, 5, 5 (1952), 56. 71 This part of the survey was undertaken by Miss M. C. V. Douglas and Miss J. McCarthy of the Defence Research Board. 72 Lougee, R. J., “The role of upwarping in the post-glacial history of Canada,” Rev. can. Géog., 7, 1-2 (1953), 3–14, and 8, 1-2 (1954), 3-51. 73 Bird, J. B. and F. K. Hare, “ Upland Surfaces in Eastern Canada,” Commission for the study and correlation of erosion surfaces around the Atlantic. Eighth Report, Part 4 (Int. Geog. Union, 1956), 54–64. 74 Meier, M. F. et al., “Preliminary data from Saskatchewan Glacier, Alberta, Canada,” Arctic, 7, 1 (1954), 3–26. 75 Gravenor, C. P., “The origin of drumlins,” Am. J. Sci., 251, 9 (1953), 674–81, and “The origin and significance of prairie mounds,” Am. J. Sci., 253, 8 (1955), 715–28. 76 Adams, P. W., “The Laboratory in 1964,” McGill Subarctic Research Papers, 22 (in press), 9–13. 77 Appendices C and D, McGill Subarctic Research Papers, 22 (in press), 272–82. 78 R.A.N.D. Corp., A report on the physical environment of the Great Bear River area N.W.T. (RM-2122-1-PR, 1963). The other reports have the same general title and cover northern, central and southern Baffin Island, the Quoich River area, the Thelon River area, and Victoria Island respectively. 79 Reports on the activities over the four years were published in the Axel Heiberg Island Research Reports McGill University: Preliminary Report, 19591960 and Preliminary Report 1961-1962.. 80 Müller, F., “Large scale maps for glaciological research in the Canadian High Arctic,” Revista Carlografica, 12, 12 (1963), 315–24. 81 Bird, J. B. and A. Morrison, “ World Atlas of Photography from Tiros Satellites I to IV,” N.A.S.A. Contract Report, CR 98 (McGill University). 82 Hamelin, L. E., “Bilan vicennal de géomorphologie a l'Institut de Géographic de Québec,” Bulletin de l'Association des Géographes de l'Amérique française, 10 (1966). 83 Dubé, J. C. and L. E. Hamelin, Carte préliminaire de phénomènes périglaciaires du Canada (1960). 84 Hamelin, L. E., “Périglaciaire du Canada: idées nouvelles et perspectives globales,” Cahiers de Géog. Québec, 10 (1961), 141–203. 85 Hamelin, L. E. and F. A. Cook, “ Illustrated Glossary of periglacial Phenomena” (Centre des études nordiques, in press). 86 Hamelin, L. E., “Cartographie géomorphologique appliquée au périglaciaire,” Cahiers de Géog. Québec, VII, 14 (1964), 193–209. 87 Hamelin, L. E. Le Centre d'Etudes nordiques de l'Université Laval (C.E.N. Publication 475, 1966). 88 J. R. Mackay has published many articles on the Mackenzie delta, but his most recent comprehensive treatment of the area is “ The Mackenzie Delta Area,” Geogr. Branch Canada, Mem. 8 (1963). 89 Institute for Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan Sixth Annual Report (196566). 90 Glacial Map of Canada (Geological Association of Canada, 1958). 91 Geographic study of mountain glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere (American Geographical Society, Department of Exploration and Field Research, 1959). 92 Haumann, D., “Photogrammetric and Glaciological studies of Salmon Glacier,” Arctic, 13, 2 (1960), 75–110. 93 Brown, R. J. E., “The distribution of permafrost and its relation to air temperature in Canada and the U.S.S.R.,” Arctic, 13, 3 (1960), 163–77. 94 Brown, R. J. E. Permafrost investigations on the Mackenzie Highway in Alberta and Mackenzie District,” National Research Council, Division of Bldg. Research Tech. Paper 175 (1964), and Map 1246 A, Geol. Surv. Can. (1967). 95 Radforth, N. W., “ Organic terrain,” in Soils in Canada (Roy. Soc. Can., Special Publication, no. 3, 1961). 96 Papers on flow slides by P. M. Bilodeau, W. J. Eden, and N. R. Gadd, were presented at the Tenth Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference, 1956, and published by the Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics: Technical Memorandum No. 46 (1957). 97 Dunbar, M. and K. R. Greenaway, Arctic Canada from the Air (Ottawa, 1956). 98 Radforth, N. W., Organic Terrain Organization from the Air (altitudes 1,000-5,000 feet) (Handbook No. 2, D.R. no. 124, D.R.B. Ottawa, 1958). 99 Smith, D. I., “ Operation Hazen: the geomorphology of the Lake Hazen region, N.W.T.,” McGill Univ. Geog. Dept. (Miscellaneous Papers, No. 2, 1961). 100 A comprehensive bibliography covering surficial geology is given in R. F. Legget (ED.), Soils in Canada (Roy. Soc. Can., Special Publication No. 3, 1961). 101 Nicholson, N. L., “The Geographical Branch, 1947-57,” Can. Geogr., 10 (1957), 61–68. 102 A useful summary of the activities of the Geographical Branch has appeared in the Newsletter of the Canadian Association of Geographers from 1960 onwards. 103 Fraser, J. K., “Activities of the Geographical Branch in Northern Canada, 1947-57,” Arctic, 10, 4 (1957), 246–50. 104 Black, W. A., “Geographical Branch Program of Ice Surveys of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 1956 to 1962,” Cahiers de Geog., 11 (1962), 65–74. 105 Numerous reports on ice conditions were prepared and the reader is referred to the Bibliographic Series No. 5: 18, 19, 23 et seq. (Geog. Branch). 106 Brochu, M., “Dynamiques et caractéristiques des glaces de dérive de l'estuaire et de la partie nord-est du golfe St. Laurent,” Direction de la Géographic Ministère des mines et des relevés techniques, Etude Géog., 24 (1960). 107 Cook, F. A., “Geographical Branch Studies in Periglacial Geomorphology,” Cahiers de Geog., 7 (1959), 209–10. 108 Cook, F. A. A selected bibliography on periglacial phenomena in Canada,” Geog. Branch, Bibliographical Series, No. 24 (1959). 109 With the death of F. A. Cook, the responsibility for completing the glossary has been taken over by the co-author L. E. Hamelin. 110 Robitaille, B., “Présentation d'une carte géomorphologique de la région de Mould Bay, Ile-du-Prince-Patrick, Territoires du Nord-ouest,” Can. Geog., 15 (1960), 39–43. 111 St. Onge, D. A., “ Geomorphologie de l'Ile Ellef Ringness, T. du Nord-ouest,” Geog. Branch, Memoir II (1964). 112 Löken, O., “Science on Baffin Island,” Can. Geog. J., LXXII, 2 (1966), 38–47. 113 A review of North American geomorphology prior to the Second World War was provided by Fenneman, N. M., “The rise of physiography,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 50 (1939), 349–60, and Bryan, K., “Physiography in Geology, 1888-1938,” Fiftieth Anniversary Vol. Geol. Soc. Am. (1941), 1–15. The recent developments have been examined by Russell, R. J., “Geographical geomorphology,” Assoc. Am. Geog. Ann. 39 (1949), 1–12, Bryan, K., “The place of geomorphology in the Geographic sciences,” Assoc. Am. Geog. Ann., 40 (1950), 196–208; Russell, R. J., “Geological geomorphology,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 69 (1958), 1–22; and Miller, J. P., “Geomorphology in North America,” Polish Geog. Rev., XXXI, 3-4 (1959), 567–87. 114 Horton, J. H., “ Current Research Trends and Emphases in Geomorphology” (unpublished essay, Dept. of Geography, University of Toronto, 1966). 115 Geomorphological Abstracts is edited and published by K. M. Clayton, Dept. of Geography, London School of Economics and Political Science. The series A deals with the geomorphological literature. 116 Bird, J. B., The Physiography of Arctic Canada (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967). 117 Miller, J. P., “Geomorphology in North America,” Przeglad Geograficzhy, XXXI, 3-4, (1959), 577. 118 Horton, R. E., “Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 56 (1945), 275–370. 119 Strahler, A. N., “Hypsometric analysis of erosional topography,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 63 (1952), 1117–42. 120 A convincing case for a national storage system for geological data has recently been produced, A National System for Storage and Retrieval of Geological Data in Canada (National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological Sciences, 1967). 121 A good selection of model studies in different fields is given by King, C. A. M., Techniques in Geomorphology (Edward Arnold, 1966). 122 A comprehensive treatment of theoretical models has been provided by Scheidegger, A. E., Theoretical Geomorphology (Prentice-Hall, 1961). 123 Hamelin, L. E., “Géomorphologie — Géographie globale — Géographie totale associations internationales,” Cahiers de Géog. Québec, 16 (1964), 199–218. 124 Robinson, G., “A consideration of the relations of geomorphology and Geography,” The Professional Geographer, XV, 2 (1963), 13–17. Citing Literature Volume11, Issue4December 1967Pages 280-311 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)