The French Effort to Block Garibaldi at the Straits, 1860
1969; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 31; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1969.tb00343.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)History, Culture, and Diplomacy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Thouvenel to Persigny, Paris, 30 Jan. 1860, France, “Annexion de I'Italie Centrale,”Documents diplomatiques (Livres Jaunes) (hereafter cited as LJ), (Paris, 1861), I, 4. Lord Henry Cowley was the British ambassador at Paris.2. See Charles Pouthas, “La mädiation de Napoläon III entre le roi de Naples, les Siciles, et le gouvernement piämontais, mai‐aot, 1860,”Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XXXIX (1952), 772.3. Napoleon to Persigny, copy, St. Cloud, 25 July 1860, London, Public Record Office MSS, Russell Papers (hereafter cited as PRO RP), 30/22/54.4. George M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the Making of Italy (London, 1911), 104; William R. Thayer, The Life and Times of Cavour (Boston, 1911), II, 388; Pierre de La Gorce, Histoire du Second Empire (Paris, 1894‐1905), III, 393; Arthur Whyte, The Political Life and Letters of Cavour, 1848‐1861 (London, 1930), 412.5. Metternich to Rechberg, Paris, 20 Aug. I860, Vienna, Haus‐, Hof‐, und Staatsarchiv MSS (hereafter cited as HHSA), PA IX, Frankreich, VI‐X, 366, no. 54B.6. Liborio Romano, Memorie Politiche di Liborio Romano (Naples, 1873), 37.7. Matteo Mazzioti, Napoleone III e l'Italia (Milan, 1925), 202.8. Maria Avetta, “Studi Cavouriani I: Una 'vexata quaestio' alle luce dei carteggi cavouriani,”Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XXI (1) (1934), 53.9. Jacques Godechot, “La France et les ävänements italiens de 1860,”Atti del XXXIX congresso di storica del risorgimento italiano (1960), ed. Istituto Per Storia Del Risorgimento Italiano (Rome, 1961), 367–409. Godechot's provocative paper deals with the entire question of Napoleon's attitude towards Italian unity. The discussion it sparked at the congress is recorded directly after the article. Godechot, in essence, argues that Napoleon would never have allowed the French press to demonstrate the pro‐Garibaldian sentiments that it did, if he had been sincerely trying to stop him or sincerely opposed to Italian unity.10. The first communication on the Russian suggestion came from the French ambassador at St. Petersburg, Napoläon Auguste Lannes, the Duc de Montebello, in a despatch dated 13 June (Montebello to Thouvenel, telegram, St. Petersburg, 13 June 1860, Paris, Archives du Ministère des Affaires ätrangères MSS, Correspondence politique [hereafter cited as AMAE CP], Russie, 221: 181 and ibid., despatch no, 47, fol. 185). See also extracts of a despatch from Prince Aleksander Gorchakov, the Russian foreign minister, to Kisselev, St. Petersburg, no date given, AMAE, Mämoires et Documents, Papiers Thouvenel, XIV, 80. Kisselev read these instructions to Thouvenel on 26 June.11. Cowley to Russell, 26 June, PRO RP 30/22/54; La Tour d'Auvergne to Thouvenel, 24 June 1860, AMAE CP, Prusse, 336: 189, no. 77.12. Pouthas, “La mädiation de Napoläon III,” 772.13. Napoleon III to Victor Emmanuel, circa 30 June 1860, IL carteggio CavourNigra dal 1858 al 1861 (Bologna, 1926) (hereafter cited as CCN), IV, 49, no. 934 (author's italics).14. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 13 July 1860, CCN, IV, 75–76, no. 966 (no. 56). Throughout this article, when referring to printed correspondence, a despatch number enclosed in parentheses refers to the number given to the despatch by the diplomat who wrote it.15. Ibid., 76–77.16. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 17 July 1860, PRO FO 27/1342, no. 915.17. Thouvenel to Talleyrand, 18 July 1860, AMAE CP, Sardaigne, 350: 61, no. 350; Cavour to Nigra, Turin, 18 July 1860, CCN, IV, 86, no. 979.18. Nicomede Bianchi, Storia documenta della diplomatic europea in Italia dall'anno 1814‐1861 (Turin, 1865‐1872), VII, 419; Alfredo Zazo, La politica estera del Regno delle Due Sicilie nel 1819‐60 (Naples, 1940), 375, n. 2; Antonini to De Martino, Paris, 13 July 1860, La liberatione del Mezzogiorno e la formatione del Regno d'ltalia: carteggio di Camillo Cavour con Villamarina, Scialoji, Cordova, farini, ecc, ed. Commissione Reale Editrice (hereafter cited as Mezzogiorno) (Bologna, 1929), I, 287, n. 1 (no. 157); P. Pietri Pirri, Pio IX e Vittorio Emmanuele II dal loro carteggio private: La Questione Romana, Part I (“Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae,” Vol. XVI,” no. 49), (Rome, 1951), 280.19. Metternich to Rechberg, Paris, 9 July 1860, HHSA PA IX, Frankreich, VI‐X, 175–179, no. 45A; Pourtales to Schleinitz, 6 July 1860, Die avswärtige Politik Preussens, 1858‐1871 (hereafter cited as APP), ed. Historischen Reichskommission (Oldenburg, 1933‐1939), II (1), 523, no. 211, n. 2; Cowley to Russell, Paris, 13 July 1860, PRO FO 519/227; 214–215; Bach to Rechberg, Rome, 13 July 1860, HHSA PA XI, Vatikan, I‐IX, 604–605, no. 28; ibid., 20 July, fol. 630, no. 29D.20. See Mariano Gabriele, Da Marsala allo Stretti: aspetti navali della campagna di Sicilia (Milan, 1961), 223, 225–226. On July 8 an article favoring a federal solution for Italy appeared in the Pays. On the 11th the Constitutionnel urged a confederation of Italian states. “Well informed sources” had it that the latter article was written in the private secretariat of the emperor (Pirri, Pio IX e Vittorio Emmanuele II, 280).21. Gabriele, Da Marsala allo Stretti, 223–225. The French government appeared disturbed by the pro‐Garibaldian activity of various French ships, but though it interfered to stop it, it did not take strong enough action to bring it to a halt (Ferdinand Boyer, “La Marine franchise et Garibaldi [mai‐aot],”Archivio storico messinese, series 3, IX‐X [1957‐59], 19–30). See also by Boyer, “Armes et munitions vendues en 1860 par Napoläon III à Victor Emmanuel II,”Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, IX (July‐Sept. 1962), 211–218 and “Les activitäs pro‐Garibaldiennes en Toscane (I860),”Revue d'histoire diplomatique, LXXV (Jan.‐Mar. 1961), 25–41.22. Admiral Le Barbier de Tinan to the minister of the marine, Naples, 24 July 1860, Paris, Archives Nationales, Fonds de la Marine MSS, BB4, 784: 40, no. 158. In this despatch the admiral refers to a note from Thouvenel, written around 17 July, supporting his (the admiral's) orders to protect the ships.23. Brenier to Thouvenel, Naples, 14 July 1860, LJ, I, 152; Villamarina to Cavour, Naples, 16 July 1860, Mezzogiorno, I, 337 (no. 24).24. ' Brenier to Thouvenel, Naples, 14 July 1860, AMAE CP, Naples, 193: 295–296, no. 64.25. La Greca to De Martino, 20 July 1860, Mezzogiorno, V, 202 (no. 2); H. Ramsen Whitehouse, The Collapse of the Kingdom of Naples (N. Y., 1899), 253.26. Jean Mocquard, an active propagandist for the imperial cause, became Napoleon's private secretary in 1848. When Napoleon was elected president, Mocquard became his chief of bureau, a post which he retained under the Empire until his death in 1864.27. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 20 July 1860, CCN, IV, 90, no. 984 (no. 60) (author's italics). Count Alexander Walewski was associated with a pro‐Austrian policy. Replaced as foreign minister of France by Thouvenel in Jan. 1860, he was to be appointed a minister of state in November.28. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 23 July 1860, ibid., 101, no. 996 (no. 61).29. Ibid.30. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 27 July 1860, ibid., 109, no. 1008 (no. 62).31. Thouvenel to Talleyrand, Paris, 20 July 1860, AMAE CP, Sardaigne, 350: 63.32. Thouvenel to Persigny, Paris, 21 July 1860, AMAE CP, Angleterre, 717: 238–240, no. 115.33. Thouvenel to Montebello, Paris, 18 July 1860, AMAE CP, Russie, 221: 240, no. 86; Montebello to Thouvenel, St. Petersburg, 19 July 1860, ibid., fol. 253, no. 57. See also Sauli to Cavour, St. Petersburg, 17 July 1860, Mezzogiorno, I, 346.34. Mazziotti, Napoleone III, 217.35. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 19 July 1860, PRO RP, 30/22/55.36. These declarations were somewhat ambiguous, for whereas the Bourbon government sometimes gave the impression it would order speedy evacuation without posing conditions, it also declared its intention to leave Sicily “provided” Garibaldi be required to cease all hostilities against us (author's italics; see Elliot to Russell, Naples, 21 July 1860, PRO FO 20/318, no. 388; Szechenyi to Rechberg, telegram, Naples, 22 July 1860, HHSA PA XI, Neapel, MX, 525, no. 22; De Martino to Brenier, Naples, 22 July 1860, Alfredo Zazo, Ricerche e storici [Benevento, 1933], II, 283; Villamarina to Cavour, Naples, 21 July I860, Mezzogiorno, I, 357).37. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 22 July 1860, PRO FO 27/1342, no. 942.38. Cavour to Emmanuel d'Azeglio, Turin, 22 July 1860, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Cavour e l'Inghilterra, carteggio con V. E. d'Azeglio (hereafter cited as CCI), ed. Commissione Reale Editrice (Bologna; 1933), II (2), 102, no. 1185.39. Talleyrand called Victor Emmanuel's letter an “apparent” concession (Talleyrand to Thouvenel, Turin, 22 July 1860, AMAE CP, Sardaigne, 350: 67).40. Cavour to Nigra, 23 July 1860, CCN, IV, no. 995; Talleyrand to Cavour, 24 July 1860, ibid., 102, no. 999; Cavour to Talleyrand, 24 July 1860, ibid., no. 1000; Cavour to Azeglio, Turin, CCI, II (2), 108, no. 1193; Cavour to Azeglio, Turin, CCI, II (2), 106, no. 1189.41. Talleyrand to Thouvenel, telegram, Turin, 23 July 1860, AMAE CP, Sardaigne, 350: 68.42. Thouvenel to Talleyrand, telegram, Turin, 23 July 1860, ibid.43. As cited in Pouthas, “La mädiation de Napoläon III,” 776.44. Ibid.45. Brenier to Thouvenel, telegram, 7:00 A.M., Naples, 23 July 1860, AMAE CP, Naples, 193: 351.46. De Martino to Brenier, Naples, 22 July 1869, Zazo, Ricerche, II, 283–284 (author's italics).47. Antonini to Thouvenel, Naples, 24 July 1860, AMAE CP, Naples, 193: 353.48. Thouvenel to Persigny, Paris, 24 July 1860, ibid., Angleterre, 717: 255 (author's italics).49. Russell to Cowley, FO, 23 July 1860, PRO FO 146/904, no. 719; Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859‐60 (London, 1961), 147, 152. See also Avetta, “Studi Cavouriani I,” 59–60.50. La Greca to De Martino, Paris, 5 Aug. 1860, Mezzogiorno, V, Appendix IV, 216, no. 212 (no. 10).51. Thouvenel to Persigny, Paris, 24 July 1860, “Affaires de l'Italie märidionale,”LJ, I, 157–158. The above quotation from the despatch follows the translation found in Robert H. Edleston, Napoleon III and Italy (Darlington, 1922), 178.52. This is the way Avetta aptly summarized Thouvenel's argument (Avetta, “Studi Cavouriani I,” 60).53. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 1 Sept. 1860, PRO FO 27/1344, no. 1151.54. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 18 Aug. 1860, CCN, IV, 166, no. 1059 (no. 70).55. As cited in Cesar Vidal, “Studi francesi sul Risorgimento (1860‐70),”Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XL (1955), 374.56. Persigny to Thouvenel, telegram, 4:00 P.M., London, 25 July 1860, AMAE CP, Angleterre, 717; 268. Four hours and fifteen minutes later, Persigny sent a second telegram to Paris stating: “The cabinet highly recommends an armistice, but it absolutely refuses to intervene to prevent a landing by Garibaldi on the mainland”(ibid., fol. 269).57. Beales, England and Italy, 132.58. Hansard, CLX (1860), 20–23.59. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 29 July, CCN, IV, 112, no. 1012 (no. 71); Cowley to Russell, Paris, 27 July I860, PRO RP 30/22/55; Cowley to Russell, Paris, 2 Aug. 1860, PRO FO 70/1343, no. 1024.60. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 2 Aug. 1860, PRO FO 70/1243, no. 1024; Thouvenel to Persigny, telegram, Paris, 28 July 1860, AMAE CP, Angleterre, 717: 279.61. Napoleon to Persigny, copy, St. Cloud, 25 July 1860, PRO RP 30/22/62.62. Thouvenel to Läonel Moustier, Paris, 24 July 1860, AMAE Ambassade de Vienne (author's italics).63. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 25 July 1860, PRO RP 80/22/55.64. Cowley to Russell, Paris, 27 July 1860, PRO FO 27/1342, nos. 991, 992; Cowley to Russell, Paris, 27 July 1860, PRO 30/22/55.65. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 29 July I860, CCN, IV, 112, no. 1012 (no. 71).66. Thouvenel to Gramont, Paris, 29 July 1860, L. Thouvenel, Le secret de l'Empäreur (1860‐63) (Paris, 1889), I, 161.67. Thouvenel to Persigny, Paris, 13 Aug. 1860, AMAE CP, Angleterre, 718: 35, no. 127.68. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 5 Aug. 1860, CCN, IV, 135, no. 1031; Cowley to Russell, Memorandum of a conversation with the Emperor, 20 Aug. 1860, PRO RP 30/22/55.69. Cavour to Cassinis, 16 Aug. 1860, Mezzogiorno, II, 90, no. 634.70. Nigra to Cavour, Paris, 5 Aug. 1860, CCN, IV, 135, no. 1031.71. La Tour to Thouvenel, 19 July 1860, AMAE CP, Prusse, 336: 272, no. 90.72. La Greca to De Martino, Paris, 31 July 1860, Mezzogiorno, V, Appendix IV, 215, no. 211 (no. 9); Reuss to Schleinitz, 21 Aug. 1860, APP, II (I), 618, no. 246, n. 5.73. Alfredo Zazo, La politico estera del regno delle Due Sicilie net 1859‐60 (Naples, 1940), 390–391.74. Beales, England and Italy, 150–151.75. Azeglio to Cavour, London, 26 July 1860, CCI, II (i), 113, no. 189.76. Metternich to Rechberg, Paris, 20 Aug. 1860, HHSA PA IX, Frankreich, VI‐X, 367, no. 54 B (author's italics).77. Antonini to De Martino, Paris, 29 July 1860, Mexzogiorno, V, Appendix IV, 214, no. 210 (no. 165).78. La Greca to De Martino, Paris, 29 July 1860, ibid., 218, no. 212 (no. 10).79. As late as Jan. 1861, when asked point blank by Cowley if he were opposed to Italian unity, Napoleon's answer, as related by the English ambassador, was as follows:“He replied most positively in the negative, but added that he believed that unity to be an utter impossibility. He knew the Italians well, he said ‐he had had some experience of their revolutionary doings, and he was quite certain that nothing [would] ever eradicate from Italy the individuality of the Great Towns. The cry might be for Unity now, but when Naples, Florence and other towns came to remember that they were seats of a court with its pecuniary and other advantages, the old leaven will break out. At all events without Rome, unity was an impossibility. It was for this reason that he had advised a confederation, and not for any abstract sentiment against Unity”.(Cowley to Russell, Paris, 11 Jan. 1861, PRO RP 30/22/56).Additional informationNotes on contributorsRaymond CummingsThe author is Associate Professor of History at Villanova University.
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