The Reception of Romanticism in Italy and Spain: Parallels and Contrasts
2014; Routledge; Volume: 41; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/01916599.2014.914310
ISSN1873-541X
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Studies in Latin America
ResumoSummaryLiberalism arose alongside Romanticism but the two were qualitatively different. Romantic Liberalism in Italy and Spain, with roots in the Enlightenment, looked for the reasons why supposed past liberties had been lost and for methods to regain them. The constitutional issue, however, exposed the differences between the two countries, due principally to continued foreign rule in Italy, lack of political unity and the absence of an accepted common language. In both countries, however, the conjunction of Liberalism and Romanticism assisted the elaboration of national myths. Literature in both countries responded to the overriding issues but with different emphases. Spain Romanticism produced no writer of Alessandro Manzoni's stature.Keywords: LibertieshistoriographymedievalismCatholicismLiberalismRomanticism Notes1 Paloma Cirujano Marín, Historiografía y nacionalismo, 1834–1868, (Madrid 1985] 9, 38, 43, 68–69, 137. The historian, Modesto Lafuente, was elected to the Academy in 1853.2 Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750 (Oxford, 2001), 528–40, 664–83.3 Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, La revolución actual de España (Granada, 1813), 11 (Martínez de la Rosa's ‘La Viuda de Padilla’ was first performed in Cádiz in 1812 during the first constitutional period, 1810–1814); prologue by Juana de Ontañón, Mariano José de Larra, ‘Literatura. Rápida ojeada sobre la historia e índole de la nuestra’, El Español, 18 January 1836, in Artículos (Mexico City, 2004), 88–93.4 José Luis Comellas, El Trienio constitucional (Madrid, 1963), 68–72, 157–73.5 Jean Charles Léonard Sismonde de Sismondi was his full name.6 Adrian Lyttelton, ‘Creating a National Past: History, Myth and Image in the Risorgimento’, in Making and Remaking Italy: The Cultivation of National Identity around the Risorgimento (London, 2001), edited by Albert Russell Ascola and Krystyna von Henneberg 27–74 (50–51).7 Alberto M. Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento. Parentela, santitá e onore alle origini dell'Italia unita (Turin, 2000), 32, 42, 47, 113–14.8 See Pierre Trahard, Le Romantisme défini par ‘Le Globe’ (Paris, 1924). This newspaper of the young French Romantics closely followed the careers and writings of Romantics beyond France.9 Vicente Llorens, Liberales y Románticos. Una emigración española en Inglaterra, 1823–1834 (Valencia, 1968), 386–87.10 Alessandro Manzoni to Claude Fauriel, 9 February 1806, in Carteggio: Alessandro Manzoni–Claude Fauriel, in Opere di Alessandro Manzoni (Milan, 2000), XXVII, 3–5; Manzoni to Fauriel, 3 November 1821, in Carteggio: Alessandro Manzoni-Claude Fauriel, (a cura di Irene Botta, Milan 2000), 3–5, 307–30. Clare Mar-Molinero, ‘The Role of Language in Spanish Nation-Building’, in Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities, edited by Clare Mar-Molinero and Angel Smith (Oxford, 1996), 69–87 (73–74); David D. Laitin, Carlota Solé, and Stathis N. Kalyvas, ‘Language and the Constitution of States: The Case of Catalonia in Spain’, Politics and Society, 22 (1994), 5–29; James Stergios, ‘Language and Nationalism in Italy’, Nations and Nationalism, 12 (2006), 15–33.11 Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 27–32, 37–39. Cristina Della Coletta refers to the willingness of many Italian liberals to cooperate with the Austrian government; see Cristina Della Coletta, Plotting the Past: Metamorphoses of Historical Narrative in Modern Italian Fiction (West Lafayette, IN, 1996), 225. Manzoni, however, still complained about its effects: see Manzoni to Fauriel, 29 January 1821, in Carteggio: Manzoni–Fauriel, in Opere di Manzoni, XXVII, 283–97.12 Juan Ferrando, La constitución española de 1812 en los comienzos del ‘Risorgimento’ (Rome, 1959); Brian R. Hamnett, La política española en una época revolucionaria, 1790–1820, second edition (Mexico City, 2011), 39–65, 94–146.13 A. E. Greaves, Stendhal's Italy: Themes of Political and Religious Satire (Exeter, 1985), 163–65.14 Stendhal, Mélanges de la littérature, 3 tomes, Tome III (1933), in Oeuvres complétes, edited by Henri Martineau, 83 volumes, (Paris 1927–34). XIV, 329–49; Ezio Raimondi, Romanticismo italiano e romanticismo europeo (Milan, 1997), 40–43, 115–24; Jonathan Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670–1752 (Oxford, 2006), 513–42.15 Raimondi, Romanticismo italiano e romanticismo europeo, 40, 42, 120–23; Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 45, 81. Iberia also affected Byron: see Diego Saglia, Byron and Spain: Itinerary in the Writing of Places (Lewiston, NY, 1996); Diego Saglia, Poetic Castles in Spain: British Romantics and Figurations of Iberia (Amsterdam, 2000); Juan L. Sánchez, ‘Byron, Spain, and the Romance of “Child Harold's Pilgrimage”’, European Romantic Review, 204 (2009), 443–64.16 Llorens, Liberales y Románticos, 243, 366, 415–16. Their daughter, Cecilia, would become the Spanish novelist known as ‘Fernán Caballero’.17 Llorens, Liberales y Románticos, 34, 165–66, 228–47, 325–35. Mora had been Professor at the University of Granada at the time of the Spanish uprisings of 1808. Ivanhoe was not actually published in Spain until 1831. See Derek Flitter, Spanish Romantic Literary Theory and Criticism (Cambridge, 2006), 47.18 Mariano José de Larra, ‘Figaro’, Revista Española, 25 April 1834, in Artícolos, 79–84; Ricardo Navas Ruiz, El romanticismo español. Historia y crítica (Salamanca, 1970), 95–97.19 Hans Juretschke, Vida, obra y pensamiento de Alberto Lista (Madrid, 1951). Lista was Director of the Colegio de San Mateo, Madrid, in 1821 to 1825, published articles in opposition to Romanticism in ‘El Censor’ in 1820 to 1822, and became Rector of the University of Seville in 1845 and 1847. One of his students was the future Romantic poet, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1836–1870); see Diego Martínez Torrón, El alba del romanticismo español (Seville, 1993), 94–95, 173–232; Philip W. Silver, Ruin and Restitution: Reinterpreting Romanticism in Spain (Liverpool, 1998), 14–18, 52–53; Flitter, Spanish Romantic Theory, 77–79.20 ‘El primer romántico español se llama Manuel Josef Quintana’—but he is also described as a ‘pre-romántico’; see Manuel Moreno Alonso, Historiografía romántica española. Introducción al estudio de la historia en el siglo XIX (Seville, 1979), 79, 85, 92–95. Moreno Alonso points to Quintana's historical dramas lost in the Peninsular War, such as ‘Roger de Flor’. For a play such as Quintana's ‘El Duque de Viseu’ (1801), see Martínez Torrón, El alba del romanticismo español, 48–59, 86, 131. Moratín, Cienfuegos, Goya, Lista, Blanco White and Quintana are viewed as the bridge between the Enlightenment and Romanticism in José Luis Cano, Heterodoxos y Prerrománticos, second edition (Madrid, 2007, first published in 1974). See also Juan Luis Alborg, Historia de la literatura española: El Romanticismo, (Madrid 1980), IV, 11–71.21 E. Allison Peers, A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1940), II, 277–78; Navas Ruiz, El romanticismo español, 14.22 Juan Ignacio Ferreras, Los orígenes de la novela decimonónica (1800–1830) (Madrid, 1973), 291; Moreno Alonso, Historiografía romántica española, 74; Russell P. Sebold, La novela romántica en España. Entre el libro de caballerías y novela moderna (Salamanca, 2002), 71–88; Flitter, Spanish Romantic Literary Theory, 22–31, 45–46, 82, 121–24. El Europeo lasted for five months. Llanos married Keats's sister; see Salvador García Castañeda, Valentín de Llanos (1795–1885) y los orígenes de la novela histórica (Valladolid, 1991).23 Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 35, 93–94, 102.24 Lyttelton, ‘Creating a National Past’, 50–52.25 Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven, CT, 2007), 25–28.26 Navas Ruiz, El romanticismo español, 24, 46–52.27 Larra, ‘Literatura’, in Artícolos.28 Mariano José de Larra, El Doncel de Don Enrique el Doliente; ‘Macías’ (Mexico City, 1984); Peers, A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain, I, 144–47; Alborg, Historia de la literatura española, IV, 276–79; Sebold, La novela romántica, 117–24. The novel was republished in 1838, 1852, 1925 and 1930.29 Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, Memorias de un setentón (Madrid, 1975, first published in 1880), 351–52, 362–71; Peers, A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain, I, 131–40; Navas Ruiz, El romanticismo español, 46–52; Marín, Historiografía y nacionalismo, 16–17; Flitter, Romantic Literary Theory, 57, 68–69. Rivas's poetry, as in ‘Romances históricos’ (1841), glorified the Middle Ages and the Reyes Católicos; see Alborg, Historia de la literatura española, IV, 272–79. Silver sees Romanticism less as a movement and more as a ‘community of thought’; see Silver, Ruin and Restitution, 6, 12.30 The novelist and diplomat, Juan Valera, writing in 1854, regarded Romanticism as already a thing of the past; see Juan Valera, ‘Del Romanticismo en España y de Espronceda’, in Obras completas 3 tomes, edited by Luis Araujo Costa (Madrid 1958–61), 7–19; Moreno Alonso, Historiografía romántica española, 108–09; Peers, A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain, II, 281. See also Susan Kirkpatrick, ‘Spanish Romanticism’, in Romanticism in National Context, edited by Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (Cambridge, 1988), 260–83.31 Jean Baptiste Galley, Claude Fauriel, Membre de l'Institut, 1772–1843 (Saint-Étienne, 1909).32 Cesare De Lollis, Alessandro Manzoni e gli storici francesi della restaurazione (Rome, 1987, first published in 1926); Natalia Ginzburg Levi, La famiglia Manzoni (Turin, 1983), 44–45; Gian Piero Barricelli, Alessandro Manzoni (Boston, MA, 1976), 87.33 Thierry described Fauriel as ‘le père de la réforme historique’; see Roulon Mephi Smithson, Augustin Thierry: Social and Political Consciousness in the Evolution of the Historical Method (Geneva, 1973), 20.34 Alessandro Manzoni, ‘Inni Sacri’ and ‘Il Conte di Carmagnola’, in Liriche e Tragedie (Milan, 1967), 21–46, 81–163; Galley, Fauriel, Membre de l'Institut, 246–49.35 Manzoni to Fauriel, 17 October 1820, in Carteggio: Manzoni–Fauriel, in Opere di Manzoni, XXVII, 263–83; Manzoni to Fauriel, 12 September 1822, in Carteggio: Manzoni–Fauriel, in Opere di Manzoni, XXVII, 375–87; Manzoni, Liriche e Tragedie, 177–275; Galley, Fauriel, Membre de l'Institut, 248–51.36 The lectures, which had been dedicated to Manzoni, were posthumously published as Claude Fauriel, Dante et les origines de la langue et de la literature italiennes, 2 vols (Paris, 1854). Fauriel in 1837/8 offered a course on ‘Les origins de la langue et de la littérature espagnoles’, followed in 1838/9 by ‘Histoire de l'ancien theatre espagnole jusqu’à Lope de Vega'; see Galley, Fauriel, Membre de l'Institut, 475.37 Manzoni to Fauriel, 29 January 1821, in Carteggio: Manzoni–Fauriel, in Opere di Manzoni, XXVII, 283–97; Manzoni to Fauriel, 3 November 1821, in Carteggio: Manzoni–Fauriel, in Opere di Manzoni, XXVII, 307–10; Galley, Fauriel, Membre de l'Institut, 252, 276; Barricelli, Alessandro Manzoni, 29, 87, 92–93; De Lollis, Alessandro Manzoni, 44–45. Manzoni met Thierry in Paris during his second stay there from October 1819 until July 1820; see Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 78–79. In October 1823, Fauriel, after the death of Sophie Condorcet in the previous year, went to Italy to stay with Manzoni and remained in the country until October 1825, pursuing his researches on Dante and, influenced by the Greek struggle against the Ottomans, studying the relationship between Modern and Classical Greek.38 Marín, Historiografía y nacionalismo, 79.39 David Laven, ‘Italy: The Idea of the Nation in the Risorgimento and Liberal Eras’, in What is a Nation? Europe, 1789–1914, edited by Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson (Oxford, 2006), 255–71 (262–65).40 Barricelli, Alessandro Manzoni, 143; Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 46–47.41 Alessandro Manzoni, Discorsi spora alcuni punti della storia langobardica (1822) and his projected study, never completed, Le Rivoluzione Francese de 1789 e la Rivoluzione Italiana de 1859. Dell'Independenza dell'Italia. The Storia della Colonna Infame (1840), an appendix to the final version of The Betrothed, has a factual discussion of the plague described in it.42 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini (New Haven, CT, 1994), 154–55, 192–95, 220; Riall, Garibaldi, 19–23, 34–37. By contrast, Vincenzo Gioberti (1801–1852) argued in 1843 for a Liberal Catholic vision of a united Italy, but this raised the issue of the relation between Church and State.43 Peers, A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain, II, 273–74; Silver, Ruin and Restitution, 27–29; Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 64–65; Flitter, Spanish Romantic Literary Theory, 120–29 (stressing the Catholic dimension).44 Modesto Lafuente (1806–1866), Historia General de España, 30 vols (Madrid 1850–1867). Foreign Romantics were fascinated by Moorish Spain and foreign Liberals repelled by Spanish Catholicism.45 Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century (Pittsburgh, PA, 2006), 1–8, 20–21, 41, 158.
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