Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

China's Kashmir Policies

2004; Routledge; Volume: 3; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14736480490443058

1557-3036

John W. Garver,

Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Regarding the Soviet position toward Kashmir, see Hemen Ray, How Moscow Sees Kashmir (Bombay: Jaico Publishing House, 1985). 2 Renmin ribao, September 5, 1965, in Survey of China Mainland Press (hereafter SCMP), US Consulate, Hong Kong, No. 3535, September 13, 1965, pp. 33–34. 3 “Indian Reactionaries are Plain Aggressors,” Renmin ribao, September 11, 1965, in SCMP, No. 3538, September 16, 1965, pp. 31–34. 4 Peter Van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy, Peking's Support for Wars of National Liberation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), p. 97. 5 John W. Garver, Protracted Contest, Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), p. 228. 6 It may well be that in off-the-record comments with audiences in Pakistan Chinese spokesmen are more liberal in their references to United Nations Resolutions and importance of reference to the will of the Kashmir people. At least Pakistani commentators frequently express the view that this is China's position. 7 Beijing domestic radio, November 16, 1989. FBIS-CHI-89–221, pp. 8–9. In Foreign Broadcast Information Service (hereafter FBIS). Prior to July 1996 FBIS is available in hard-copy from the National Technical Information Service, in Washington, DC. From mid-1996 to mid-2003 it was available only online from NTIS. As of mid-2003 it was retrievable online through World News Connection at wnc.dialog.com 8 “Yet another proof of the enormity and depth of eternal Sino-Pak friendship” (Editorial), Jang, May 12, 2001. Trans., FBIS; wnc.dialog.com 9 Foreign Ministry spokesman's press conference on May 30, 2002. www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/30672.htm. 10 “PRC President Jiang Zemin Hopes For Peaceful Settlement of India–Pakistan Dispute” Xinhua (English), August 2, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 11 United Nations Security Council, 3890th Meeting, June 6, 1998. S/PV.3990, p. 12. Available through www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/scact1998.htm 12 I analyze this campaign in “The Restoration of Sino-Indian Comity following India's Nuclear Tests,” The China Quarterly No. 168 (December 2001), pp. 865–89. 13 J. D. Armstrong, Revolutionary Diplomacy, Chinese Foreign Policy and the United Front Doctrine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 173, 180–81. 14 Mohammed Yunus, Reflections on China, An Ambassador's View From Beijing (Islamabad: Services Book Club, 1988), p. 152. 15 Author's interview with Chinese diplomat Zhang Wenjin in Beijing, 10 May 1990. 16 Garver, Protracted Contest, pp. 188–89. 17 Geng was one of a number of PLA generals shifted from military to diplomatic struggle after CCP victory in 1949. In 1950 he became PRC ambassador to Sweden. See Zhonggong ren ming lu [Record of Chinese Communist personnel] (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1999), p. 312. Regarding the intensification of Sino-Pakistan relations in 1956, see Anwar H. Syed, China and Pakistan: Dipolomacy of an Entente Cordiale (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1974). 18 Geng Biao, “Tuidong zhongguo he bajisitan guanxi chuanxiang youhao fazhande ji ci zhongyao waijiao xingdong,” [Several important diplomatic activities promoting the development of Sino-Pakistan cordiality], Xin zhongguo waijiao fengyun [Vissicitudes of New China's Diplomacy], Volume 2 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1991), pp. 57–63. 19 Robert Hardgrave and Stanley A. Kochanek, India, Government and Politics in a Developing Nation, 5th ed. (Forthworth: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993), pp. 162, 304. 20 Facts on File (New York: Facts on File Inc., 1990), pp. 73–74, 164–65, 293. 21 “Says Friendship Solid,” Xinhua, February 22, 1990, FBIS-CHI-90–036, pp. 10–11. 22 Ahmed Rashid and Pramit Mitra, “Military Instrusion,” Far Eastern Economic Review, June 17, 1999, p. 16. “Army preparing for a long haul at Kargil,” The Hindu, May 26, 1999. 23 The casualty figure is from a database on violent conflicts created and maintained by Peter Brecke at Georgia Institute of Technology. It is available at: www.inta.gatech.edu/peter/taxonomy/html. 24 “Fu Quanyou Holds Talks With Pakistani Military Officer,” Xinhua (English), May 15, 1999. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 25 “India and Pakistan Add to War Footing,” and Brahma Chellaney, “India Is Ready to Defend Itself,” New York Times, December 28, 2001, pp. A8 and A17. For an analysis of Indian strategy see Josey Joseph “Exercise in Futility,” India Abroad, December 27, 2002, p. 10. 26 “Chi Haotian Meets Pakistani President,” Xinhua (English), December 21, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 27 “PRC: Jiang Zemin Interviewed by Pakistani Correspondent on Ties, Afghanistan,” Xinhua (English), December 18, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 28 “Register of the Transfer and Licensed Production of Major Conventional Weapons,” from SIPRI Yearbook, 2000, p. 409, and SIPRI Yearbook, 2001, p. 385 (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). 29 “China Briefing,” Far Eastern Economic Review, April 11, 2002, p. 24. 30 “Pakistan To Engage Chinese Firm on Al-Zarar Tank,” The News (Islamabad), September 7, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 31 The Gwadar project is discussed at some length in John W. Garver, “The Security Dilemma in Sino-Indian Relations,” India Review Vol. 1, No. 4 (October 2002), pp. 1–38. 32 See Ahmad Faruqui, “India Losing the Initiative,” Asia Times, June 5, 2002. www.atimes.com/india-pak/DF050102.html 33 “China Agrees to Give Four Frigates for Pakistan Navy,” The Nation (Islamabad), March 26, 2003. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 34 “Report: China to Help Pakistan in Setting Up Another Nuclear Plant,” The News (Islamabad), March 25, 2003. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 35 “Gulf, Kashmir Discussed,” Xinhua, December 1, 1990, p. 13. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 36 “Tang Jia Xung, Pakistan Counterpart Discuss Kashmir,” Xinhua, June 11, 1999. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 37 “President Jiang Meets Pakistani Prime Minister,” People's Daily, June 30, 1999. www.peopledaily.com.cn/english/199906/30/enc_19990630001001_TopNews.htr. 38 “PRC FM Spokeswoman: China Hopes India, Pakistan Will Show Restraint,” Xinhua, December 18, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 39 “PRC FM Spokeswoman Views India–Pakistan Border Clash,” Xinhua, December 26, 20001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 40 “Pakistan's Musharraf, PRC Foreign Minister Tang Meet, Discuss Ties,” Xinhua, May 15, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 41 “FP: PRC FM Spokeswoman on Indian Parliament Bombing, Musharraf's Visit,” AFP, December 18, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 42 “PRC: Jiang Zemin Interviewed by Pakistani Correspondent on Ties,” Xinhua, December 18, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 43 “More on PRC FM Spokesman: China Condemns Killing in Kashmir, Terrorism in Any Form,” Xinhua, July 15, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 44 “PRC FM Spokesman: China Condemns Terrorist Attacks on Kashmir Temple,” Xinhua, November 27, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 45 “China Commends Pakistan's Role in Combating Terrorism,” The News (Islamabad), September 14, 2002. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 46 “PRC Foreign Minister Meets With Indian Minister of External Affairs,” Xinhua, July 31, 2001. Via FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 47 “Indian–Pakistani Crisis Escalate Again,” Renmin ribao internet version, May 21, 2002. Trans., FBIS; wnc.dialog.com. 48 See S. Mahmud Ali, Cold War in the High Himalayas, the USA, China, and South Asia in the 1950s (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999). 49 I develop this theme in Protracted Contest, pp. 216–42. 50 “Joint United States-China Statement,” October 29, 1997. Full text available from the Nuclear Threat Initiative at www.nti.org/db/china/engdocs/uschst97.htm 51 “Sino-US Presidential Joint Statement on South Asia,” Beijing Review, July 20–27, 1998, p. 17.