Revisão Revisado por pares

Genes That Induce Immunity—DNA Vaccines

1999; Wiley; Volume: 43; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02393.x

ISSN

1348-0421

Autores

Shin Sasaki, Keiji Inamura, Kenji Okuda,

Tópico(s)

Bacteriophages and microbial interactions

Resumo

Microbiology and ImmunologyVolume 43, Issue 3 p. 191-200 MinireviewFree Access Genes That Induce Immunity—DNA Vaccines Shin Sasaki, Shin Sasaki Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKeiji Inamura, Keiji Inamura Departments of Legal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKenji Okuda, Corresponding Author Kenji Okuda Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanAddress correspondence to Dr. Kenji Okuda, Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. Fax: 81-45-787-2509. E-mail: kokuda@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jpSearch for more papers by this author Shin Sasaki, Shin Sasaki Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKeiji Inamura, Keiji Inamura Departments of Legal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKenji Okuda, Corresponding Author Kenji Okuda Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004 JapanAddress correspondence to Dr. Kenji Okuda, Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. Fax: 81-45-787-2509. E-mail: kokuda@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jpSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02393.xCitations: 10AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abbreviations AIDS acquíred ímmunodeficiency syndrome APC antigen-presenting cell CTL cytotoxic T lymphocytes DTH delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction HIV human immunodeficiency virus IFN interferon IL interleukin ISS immunostimulatory sequences MHC major histocompatibility molecule: Th cell References 1Ada, G.L., and McElrath, M.J. 1997. HIV type 1 ***vaccine-induced cytotoxic T cell responses: potential role in vaccine efficacy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 13: 205– 210. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2Aihara, H., and Miyazaki, J.-I. 1998. Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 16: 867– 870. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3Asakura, Y., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Mohri, H., Okubo, T., and Okuda, K. 1996. Induction of HIV-1 nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by nef-expressing DNA vaccine. Am. J. Hematol. 53: 116– 117. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4Asakura, Y., Hinkula, J., Leandersson, A.C., Fukushima, J., Okuda, K., and Wahren, B. 1997. Induction of HIV-1 specific mucosal immune responses by DNA vaccination. Scand. J. Immunol. 46: 326– 330. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5Bourne, N., Stanberry, L.R., Bernstein, D.I., and Lew, D. 1996. DNA immunization against experimental genital herpes simplex virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 800– 807. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Wang, B., Agadjanyan, M., Gilbert, L., Bagarazzi, M.L., Chattergoon, M., Frost, P., Javadian, A., Williams, W.V., Refaeli, Y., Ciccarelli, R.B., McCallus, D., Coney, L., and Weiner, D.B. 1997. Protection of chimpanzees from high-dose heterologous HIV-1 challenge by DNA vaccination. Nat. Med. 3: 526– 532. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7Bukawa, H., Sekigawa, K., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Yamada, Y., Kiyono, H., and Okuda, K. 1995. Neutralization of HIV-1 by secretory IgA induced by oral immunization with a new macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate. Nat. Med. 1: 681– 685. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8Cease, K.B., and Berzofsky, J.A. 1994. Toward a vaccine for AIDS: the emergence of immunobiology-based vaccine development. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 923– 989. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9Chatelain, R., Varkila, K., and Coffman, R.L. 1992. IL-4 induces a Th2 response in Leishmania major-infected mice. J. Immunol. 148: 1182– 1187. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10Chow, Y.-H., Huang, W.-L., Chi, W.-K., Chu, Y.-D., and Tao, M.-H. 1997. Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccine by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2. J. Virol. 71: 169– 178. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 11Ciernik, I.F., Krayenbuhl, B.H., and Carbone, D.P. 1996. Puncture-mediated gene transfer to the skin. Hum. Gene Ther. 7: 893– 899. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 12Condon, C., Watkins, S.C., Celluzzi, C.M., Thompson, K., and Falo, L.D., Jr. 1996. DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2: 1122– 1128. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 13Corr, M., Lee, D.J., Carson, D.A., and Tighe, H. 1996. Gene vaccination with naked plasmid DNA: mechanism of CTL priming. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1555– 1560. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14Dairaku, M., Tsuchie, H., Ushijima, H., Aoki, I., Okuda, K., Honda, M., Ikegami, N., Hachimori, K., Matsuda, J., and Kitamura, T. 1989. Incidence and titer of anti-rev antibody in HIV infection. AIDS 3: 765– 766. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15Davis, H.L., McCluskie, M.J., Gerin, J.L., and Purcell, R.H. 1996. DNA vaccine for hepatitis B; evidence for immunogenicity in chimpanzees and comparison with other vaccines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 7213– 7218. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16Feltquate, D.M., Heaney, S., Webster, R.G., and Robinson, H.L. 1997. Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunization. J. Immunol. 158: 2278– 2284. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17Fynan, E.F., Webster, R.G., Fuller, D.H., Haynes, J.R., Santoro, J.C., and Robinson, H.L. 1993. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and ***gene-gun inoculations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 11478– 11482. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 18Gregoriadis, G., Saffie, R., and de Souza, J.B. 1997. Liposome-mediated DNA vaccination. FEBS Lett. 402: 107– 110. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 19Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Bukawa, H., Kaneko, T., Tsuji, T., Asakura, Y., Sasaki, S., Xin, K.-Q., and Okuda, K. 1997. Strong augment effect of IL-12 expression plasmid on the induction of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity by a peptide vaccine candidate. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 83: 179– 184. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20Hamajima, K., Sasaki, S., Fukushima, J., Kaneko, T., Xin, K.-Q., Kudoh, I., and Okuda, K. 1998. Intranasal administration of HIV-DNA vaccine formulated with a polymer, carboxymethylcellulose, augments mucosal antibody production and cell-mediated immune response. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 80: 205– 210. CrossrefWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21Hinkula, J., Svanholm, C., Schwartz, S., Lundholm, P., Brytting, M., Engstrom, G., Benthin, R., Glaser, H., Sutter, G., Kohleisen, B., Erfle, V., Okuda, K., Wigzell, H., and Wahren, B. 1997. Recognition of prominent viral epitopes induced by immunization with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory genes. J. Virol. 71: 5528– 5535. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22Hoffman, S.L., Sedegah, M., and Hedstrom, R.C. 1994. Protection against malaria by immunization with a Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein nucleic acid vaccine. Vaccine 12: 1529– 1533. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23Hohlfeld, R., and Engel, A.G. 1994. The immunobiology of muscle. Immunol. Today 15: 269– 274. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24Huygen, K., Content, J., Denis, O., Montgomery, D.L., Yawman, A.M., Deck, R.R., DeWitt, C.M., Orme, I.M., Baldwin, S., D'Souza, C., Drowart, A., Lozes, E., Vandenbussche, P., Van, V.J., Liu, M.A., and Ulmer, J.B. 1996. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine. Nat. Med. 2: 893– 898. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25Ishii, N., Fukushima, J., Kaneko, T., Okada, E., Tani, K., Tanaka, S.-I., Hamajima, K., Xin, K.-Q., Kawamoto, S., Koff, W., Nishioka, K., Yasuda, T., and Okuda, K. 1997. Cationic liposomes are a strong adjuvant of DNA vaccine for a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 13: 1421– 1428. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26Iwasaki, A., Torres, C.A., Ohashi, P.S., Robinson, H.L., and Barber, B.H. 1997. The dominant role of bone ***marrow-derived cells in CTL induction following plasmid DNA immunization at different sites. J. Immunol. 159: 11– 14. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 27Jondai, M., Schirmbeck, R., and Reinmann, J. 1996. MHC class I-restricted CTL responses to exogenous antigens. Immunity 5: 295– 302. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28Kensil, C.R., Patel, U., Lennick, M., and Marciani, D. 1991. Separation and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja saponaria Molina cortex. J. Immunol. 146: 431– 437. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29Kim, J.J., Bagarazzi, M.L., Trivedi, N., Hu, Y., Kazahaya, K., Wilson, D.M., Ciccarelli, R., Chattergoon, M.A., Dang, K., Mahalingam, S., Chalian, A.A., Agadjanyan, M.G., Boyer, J.D., Wang, B., and Weiner, D.B. 1997. Engineering of in vivo immune responses to DNA immunization via codelivery of costimulatory molecule genes. Nat. Biotechnol. 15: 641– 646. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30Klavinskis, L.S., Gao, L., Barnfield, C., Lehner, T., and Parker, S. 1997. Mucosal immunization with ***DNA-lipo-some complexes. Vaccine 15: 818– 820. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 31Krieg, A.M., Yi, A.K., Matson, S., Waldschmidt, T.J., Bishop, G.A., Teasdale, R., Koretzky, G.A., and Klinman, D.M. 1995. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature 374: 546– 549. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32Kuklin, N., Daheshia, M., Karem, K., Manickan, E., and Rouse, B.T. 1997. Induction of mucosal immunity against herpes simplex virus by plasmid DNA immunization. J. Virol. 71: 3138– 3145. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 33Letvin, N.L., Montefiori, D.C., Yasutomi, Y., Perry, H.C., Davies, M.E., Lekutis, C., Alroy, M., Freed, D.C., Lord, C.I., Handt, L.K., Liu, M.A., and Shiver, J.W. 1997. Potent, protective anti-HIV immune responses generated by bimodal HIV envelope DNA plus protein vaccination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 9378– 9383. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 34Livingston, J.B., Lu, S., Robinson, H., and Anderson, D.J. 1998. Immunization of the female genital tract with a DNA-based vaccine. Infect. Immun. 66: 322– 329. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 35Lu, S., Arthos, J., Montefiori, D.C., Yasutomi, Y., Manson, K., Mustafa, F., Johnson, E., Santoro, J.C., Wissink, J., Mullins, J.I., Haynes, J.R., Letvin, N.L., Wyand, M., and Robinson, H.L. 1996. Simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine trial in macaques. J. Virol. 70: 3978– 3991. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36Lu, S., Santoro, J.C., Fuller, D.H., Haynes, J.R., and Robinson, H.L. 1995. Use of DNAs expressing HIV-1 Env and noninfectious HIV-1 particles to raise antibody responses in mice. Virology 209: 147– 154. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 37Lu, Y., Xin, K.-Q., Hamajima, K., Tsuji, T., Aoki, I., Yang, J., Sasaki, S., Fukushima, J., Yoshimura, T., Toda, S., Okada, E., and Okuda, K. 1998. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1a (MIP-1a) expression plasmid enhances a DNA vaccine induced immune response against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (in press). CrossrefGoogle Scholar 38Manickan, E., Rouse, R.J., Yu, Z., Wire, W.S., and Rouse, B.T. 1995. Genetic immunization against herpes simplex virus. Protection is mediated by CD4 T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 155: 259– 265. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 39Maraskovsky, E., Chen, W.-F., and Shortman, K. 1989. IL-2 and IFN-γ are two necessary lymphokines in the development of cytolytic T cells. J. Immunol. 143: 1210– 1214. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40Mor, G., Klinman, D.M., Shapiro, S., Hagiwara, E., Sedegah, M., Norman, J.A., Hoffman, S.L., and Steinberg, A.D. 1995. Complexity of the cytokine and antibody response elicited by immunizing mice with Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein plasmid DNA. J. Immunol. 155: 2039– 2046. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41Mosmann, T.R., and Coffman, R.L. 1989. Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 145– 173. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42Neefjes, J.J., and Ploegh, H.L. 1992. Intracellular transport of MHC class II molecules. Immunol. Today 13: 179– 184. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 43Okada, E., Sasaki, S., Ishii, N., Aoki, I., Yasuda, T., Nishioka, K., Fukushima, J., Wahren, B., and Okuda, K. 1997. Intranasal immunization of a DNA vaccine with interleukin 12 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expressing plasmids in liposomes induce strong mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1 antigen. J. Immunol. 159: 3638– 3647. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44Okuda, K., Bukawa, H. Hamajima, K., Kawamoto, S., ***Sekigawa, K., Yamada, Y., Tanaka, S., Ishii, N., Aoki, I., ***Nakamura, M., Yamamoto, H., Cullen, B.R., and Fukushima, J. 1995. Induction of potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following direct injection of DNA encoding the HIV type 1 env and rev gene products. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11: 933– 943. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 45Okuda, K., Xin, K.-Q., Tsuji, T., Bukawa, H., Tanaka, S.-I., Koff, W.C., Tani, K., Okuda, K., Honma, K., Kawamoto, S., Hamajima, K., and Fukushima, J. 1997. DNA vaccination followed by macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccination against HIV-1 induces strong antigen-specific immunity. Vaccine 15: 1049– 1056. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46Pertmer, T.M., Roberts, T.R., and Haynes, J.R. 1996. Influenza virus nucleoprotein-specific immunoglobulin G subclass and cytokine responses elicited by DNA vaccination are dependent on the route of vector DNA delivery. J. Virol. 70: 6119– 6125. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 47Pieters, J. 1997. MHC class II restricted antigen presentation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9: 89– 96. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 48Powell, M.F., and Newman, M.J. 1995. Vaccine design: the subunit and adjuvant approach, Vol. 6, R.T. Borchardt (coordinating ed), Plenum Press, New York. CrossrefGoogle Scholar 49Robinson, H.L. 1997. DNA vaccines for immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS 11: S109– 119. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 50Robinson, H.L. 1997. Nucleic acid vaccines: an overview. Vaccine 15: 785– 787. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51Robinson, H.L., Hunt, L.A., and Webster, R.G. 1993. Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine 11: 957– 960. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52Romagnani, S. 1994. Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 227– 257. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53Roman, M., Martin-Orozco, E., Goodman, J.S., Nguyen, M.D., Sato, Y., Ronaghy, A., Kornbluth, R.S., Richman, D.D., Carson, D.A., and Raz, E. 1997. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences function as T helper-1-promoting adjuvants. Nat. Med. 3: 849– 854. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 54Sasaki, S., Fukushima, J., Arai, H., Kusakabe, K., Hamajima, K., Ishii, N., Okuda, K., Wahren, B., Ruysschaert, J.-M., Vandenbranden, M., Kawamoto, S., and Okuda, K. 1997. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific immune responses induced by DNA vaccination are greatly enhanced by ***mannan-coated diC14-amidine. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 3121– 3129. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55Sasaki, S., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Ihata, A., Gorai, I., Hirahara, H., Mohri, H., and Okuda, K. 1998. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular immunization against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a DNA-monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant vaccine. Infect. Immun. 66: 823– 826. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56Sasaki, S., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Tsuji, T., Xin, K.-Q., Ishii, N., Mohri, H., and Okuda, K. 1998. Adjuvant effect of ubenimex on the responses induced by DNA vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 111: 30– 35. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57Sasaki, S., Sumino, K., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Ishii, N., Kawamoto, S., Mohri, H., Kensil, C.R., and Okuda, K. 1998. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA vaccine formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant via intramuscular and intranasal routes. J. Virol. 72: 4931– 4939. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58Sasaki, S., Tsuji, T., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Ishii, N., Kaneko, T., Xin, K.-Q., Mohri, H., Aoki, I., Okubo, T., Nishioka, K., and Okuda, K. 1997. Monophosphoryl lipid A enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to DNA vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Infect. Immun. 65: 3520– 3528. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 59Sato, Y., Roman, M., Tighe, H., Lee, D., Corr, M., Nguyen, M.D., Silverman, G.J., Lotz, M., Carson, D.A., and Raz, E. 1996. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences necessary for effective intradermal gene immunization. Science 273: 352– 354. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60Scott, P. 1993. IL-12: initiation cytokine for cell-mediated immunity. Science 260: 496– 497. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 61Tighe, H., Corr, M., Roman, M., and Raz, E. 1998. Gene vaccination: plasmid DNA is more than just a blueprint. Immunol. Today 19: 89– 97. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 62Toda, S., Ishii, N., Okada, E., Kusakabe, K.-I., Arai, H., Hamajima, K., Gorai, I., Nishioka, K., and Okuda, K. 1997. HIV-1 specific cell-mediated immune responses induced by DNA vaccination are enhanced by mannan-coated liposomes and inhibited by anti-interferon (IFN)-γ antibody. Immunology 92: 111– 117. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 63Torres, C.A., Iwasaki, A., Barber, B.H., and Robinson, H.L. 1997. Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations. J. Immunol. 158: 4529– 4532. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64Townsend, S.E., and Allison, J.P. 1993. Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 259: 368– 370. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 65Tsuji, T., Fukushima, J., Hamajima, K., Ishii, N., Aoki, I., Xin, K.-Q., Bukawa, H., Ishigatsubo, Y., Tani, K., Okubo, T., Dorf, M.E., and Okuda, K. 1997. HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity is enhanced by co-inoculation of TCA3 expression plasmid with DNA vaccine. Immunology 90: 1– 6. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66Tsuji, T., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Xin, K.-Q., Ishii, N., Aoki, I., Ishigatsubo, Y., Tani, K., Kawamoto, S., Nitta, Y., Miyazaki, J., Koff, W.C., Okubo, T., and Okuda, K. 1997. Enhancement of cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1 induced by coinoculation of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen with plasmid expressing IL-12. J. Immunol. 158: 4008– 4014. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67Tsuji, T., Hamajima, K., Ishii, N., Aoki, I., Fukushima, J., Xin, K.Q., Kawamoto, S., Sasaki, S., Matsunaga, K., Ishigatsubo, Y., Tani, K., Okubo, T., and Okuda, K. 1997. Immunomodulatory effects of a plasmid expressing B7-2 on human immunodeficiency virus-1-specific cell-mediated immunity induced by a plasmid encoding the viral antigen. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 782– 787. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68Ubolyam, S., Ruxrungtham, K., Sirivichayakul, S., Okuda, K., and Phanuphak, P. 1994. Evidence of three HIV-1 subtypes in subgroups of individuals in Thailand. Lancet 344: 485– 486. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69Ulmer, J.B., Deck, R.R., Dewitt, C.M., Donnely, J.I., and Liu, M.A. 1996. Generation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes by expression of a viral protein in muscle cells: antigen presentation by non-muscle cells. Immunology 89: 59– 67. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70Ulmer, J.B., Donnhly, J.J., Parker, S.E., Rhodes, G.H., Feigner, P.L., Dwarki, V.J., Gromkowski, S.H., Deck, R.R., DeWitt, C.M., Friedman, A., Hawe, L.A., Leander, K.R., Martinez, D., Perry, H.C., Shiver, J.W., Montgomery, D.L., and Liu, M.A. 1993. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 259: 1745– 1749. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71Ulrich, J.T., and Myers, K.R. 1995. Monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. Past experiences and new directions, p. 495– 523. In M.F. Powell, and M.J. Newman (eds), Vaccine design, Plenum Press, New York. CrossrefGoogle Scholar 72Vogel, F.R. 1995. Immunologic adjuvants for modern vaccine formulations. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 754: 153– 160. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73Wang, B., Ugen, K.E., Srikantan, V., Agadjanyan, M.G., Dang, K., Rafaeli, Y., Sato, A.I., Boyer, J., Williams, W.V., and Weiner, D.B. 1993. Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 4156– 4160. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74Ward, S.G., Bacon, K., and Westwick, J. 1998. Chemokines and T lymphocytes: more than an attraction. Immunity 9: 1– 11. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 75Whalen, R.G., and Davis, H.L. 1995. DNA-mediated immunization and the energetic immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 75: 1– 12. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 76Wolff, J.A., Malone, R.W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A., and Feigner, P.L. 1990. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247: 1465– 1468. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77Xiang, Z.Q., and Ertl, H.C.J. 1995. Manipulation of the immune response to a plasmid-encoded viral antigen by coinoculation with plasmids expressing cytokines. Immunity 2: 129– 135. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78Xiang, Z.Q., Spitalnik, S.L., Cheng, J., Erikson, J., Wojczyk, B., and Ertl, H.C. 1995. Immune responses to nucleic acid vaccines to rabies virus. Virology 209: 569– 579. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 79Xin, K.-Q., Hamajima, K., Sasaki, S., Honsho, A., Tsuji, T., Ishii, N., Cao, X.-R., Lu, Y., Fukushima, J., Kawamoto, S., and Okuda, K., 1998. Intranasal co-inoculation of IL-2 expression plasmid with AIDS DNA vaccine enhances ***cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1. Immunology 94: 438– 444. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 80Xin, K.-Q., Hamajima, K., Sasaki, S., Tsuji, T., Watabe, S., Okada, E., and Okuda, K. 1998. IL-15 expression plasmid enhances cell-mediated immunity induced by an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine (in press). Google Scholar 81Xin, K.Q., Ma, X.H., Crandall, K.A., Bukawa, H., Ishigatsubo, Y., Kawamoto, S., and Okuda, K. 1995. Dual infection with HIV-1 Thai subtype B and E. Lancet 346: 1372– 1373. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82Xin, K.Q., Shapshak, P., Kawamoto, S., Nagano, I., McCoy, C.B., and Okuda, K. 1995. Highly divergent env sequences of HIV-1 B subtype with two novel V3 loop motifs detected in an AIDS patient in Miami, Florida. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11: 1139– 1141. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 83Xu, L., Sanchez, A., Yang, Z., Zaki, S.R., Nabel, E.G., Nichol, S.T., and Nabel, G.J. 1998. Immunization for Ebola virus infection. Nat. Med. 4: 37– 42. CrossrefCASPubMedGoogle Scholar 84Yang, W., Waine, G.J., and McManus, D.P. 1995. Antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum (Asian blood fluke) paramyosin induced by nucleic acid vaccination. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212: 1029– 1039. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 85Zhu, N., Liggitt, D., Liu, Y., and Debs, R. 1993. Systemic gene expression after intravenous DNA delivery into adult mice. Science 261: 209– 211. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume43, Issue3March 1999Pages 191-200 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)