Anatomy of a Priority Conflict: The Case of Element 72
1980; Wiley; Volume: 23; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1600-0498.1980.tb00235.x
ISSN1600-0498
Autores Tópico(s)Plant Diversity and Evolution
ResumoCentaurusVolume 23, Issue 4 p. 275-301 Anatomy of a Priority Conflict: The Case of Element 72 Helge Kragh, Helge Kragh Institute of Studies in Mathematics and Physics, Roskilde University Center, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. For permission to use and quote unpublished material I am grateful to the Niels Bohr Institute.Search for more papers by this author Helge Kragh, Helge Kragh Institute of Studies in Mathematics and Physics, Roskilde University Center, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. For permission to use and quote unpublished material I am grateful to the Niels Bohr Institute.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.1980.tb00235.xCitations: 14AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 R. K. Merton, "Priorities in scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science", Am. Soc. Rev., 22 (1957), 635–659. 2 T. S. Kuhn, "Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery", Science, 136 (1962), 760–764. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1. ed., Chicago, 1962, p. 83 ff. 3 Ibid. ("Historical Structure…"), p. 761. 4 Cf. Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8. Auflage, Berlin, 1941–1976, which gives all relevant bibliographical references. 5 Kuhn, note 2 op, cit.; I. Lakatos, "Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft und ihre rationale Rekonstruktion", pp. 55–120 in W. Diederich, (ed.), Theorien der Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1974; J. Agassi, Towards an Historiography of Science's-Gravenhage, 1963. 6 Cf. J. R. Ravetz, Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems, London, 1974, p. 254. 7 R. K. Merton, "Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science", European Journal of Sociology, 4 (1963), 237–249. 8 Cf. note 5 op. cit.. 9 A detailed account of the discovery of element 72 and its background in atomic theory is given in H. Kragh, "Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory", Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., Vol. 10, (1979), 123–186. See also H. Kragh and P. Robertson, "On the Discovery of Element 72", J. Chem. ed. 56 (1979), 456–159. 10 Letter from Scott to Hevesy and Coster, 28 January, 1923. The hafnium correspondence is deposited at the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, as part of Bohr's Scientific Correspondence (BSC). 11 A. Scott, "Isolation of the Oxide of a New Element", J. Chem. Soc., Transac., 123 (1923), 311–312; dated 1 February 1923. 12 Anonymous, "The Isolation of the Oxide of the New Element", Chem. News., 126 (9 February, 1923), 81. Nature, 111 (10 February, 1923), 195. Chem. & Ind., 42 (9 February, 1923), 113. 13 Berlingske Tidende, 6 February, 1923. 14 Letter from Scott to Coster and Hevesy, 5 February, 1923 (BSC). 15 Letters from Coster and Hevesy to Scott, 11 February and 16 February, 1923 (BSC). 16 Letter from Rutherford to Bohr, 15 February, 1923 (BSC). 17 Chem. News, 126 (23 February, 1923), 121. 18 Letter from Coster and Hevesy to Scott, 18 March, 1923 (BSC). 19 C. J. Smithell and F. S. Goucher, "Constitution of Black Maketu Sand", Nature, 111 (24 March, 1923), 397. Scott's reply appeared in Nature, 111 (7 April, 1923), 463. 20 A. Scott, "Isolation of the Oxide of a New Element. A Correction", J. Chem. Soc., Transac., 123 (3 April, 1923), 881–884. "Hafnium and New Zealand sand", Nature, 111 (5 May, 1923), 598. 21 Letter from Rutherford to Bohr, 4 February, 1923 (BSC). 22 G. Urbain and A. Dauvillier, "On the Element of Atomic Number 72", Nature, 111 (17 February, 1923), 218; dated 27 January. 23 D. Coster and G. Hevesy, "On the New Element Hafnium", Nature, 111 (24 February, 1923), 252; dated 9 February. 24 D. Coster and G. Hevesy, "On the New Element Hafnium", Nature, 111 (10 February, 1923), 182; dated 31 January. V. M. Goldschmidt and L. Thomassen, "Das Vorkommen des Elements no. 72 (Hafnium) in Malakon und Alvit", Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 7 (1923), 61–68; dated 31 January. 25 H. M. Hansen and S. Werner, "Optical Spectrum of Hafnium", Nature, 111 (10 March, 1923), 322. "The Optical Spectrum of Hafnium", Kgl. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Medd., VI, 5, (1923). 26 The optical spectrum of celtium was measured in Paris from zirconium minerals and corresponded, of course, to the hafnium spectrum. J. Bardet, "Sur le spectre d'arc du celtium", Comp. Rend., 176 (11 June, 1923), 1711–1712. JC. Bardet and C. Toussaint, "Sur la séparation du celtium et sur le spectre d'arc de cet élément", Comp. Rend., 180 (1925), 1936. 26 G. Urbain, "Sur le celtium, élément de numéro atomique 72", Comp. Rend., 176 19 February, 1923), 469–470. 27 G. Urbain and A. Dauvillier, "Sur la coexistence du celtium (élément 72) et des terres yttriques", Comp. Rend., 176 (5 March, 1923), 622–623. Urbain continued to examine various rare earth minerals for element 72 and was able to show that zirconium and no. 72 were often found together with rare earth elements: E. Urbain and G. Urbain, "Sur la présence simultanée du celtium et des terres yttriques, dans quelques mineraux de zirconium", Comp. Rend., 178 (1924), 265–266. M. Marquis, P. Urbain and G. Urbain, "Traitement de malacon. Séparation du celtium d'avec le zirconium", Comp. Rend., 180 (1925), 1377–1380. 28 Letter from Bohr to Rutherford, 9 February, 1923 (BSC). 29 Letter from Rutherford to Bohr, 15 February, 1923 (BSC). 30 Note 26 op. cit., p. 470. 31 G. Urbain, "Should the Element of the Atomic Number 72 be called Celtium or Hafnium Chem. & Ind., 42 (10 August, 1923), 764–768; p. 764. 32 As Dauvillier has proved in nearly all his papers to be a rather inaccurate worker it is necessary to have some doubts according to the conclusions of this author", Coster wrote to Bohr (15 July, 1922, (BSC)). Cf. note 9 op. cit.. 33 A. Hadding, "Mineralienanalyse nach röntgenspektroskopischer Methode", Zeits. Anorg. Allg. Chemie, 122 (1922), 195–200. 34 Note 23 op. cit. Also D. Coster, "On the X-ray Spectra of Hafnium and Thulium", Phil. Mag., 46 (1923), 956–964. 35 A. Dauvillier, "Sur le spectre de haute fréquence du celtium", Comp. Rend., 176 (5 March, 1923), 676–679. "On the High-Frequency Lines of Celtium", Chem. & Ind., 42 (7 December, 1923), 1182–1183. 36 Letter from Coster to Bohr, 15 July, 1922 (BSC). Cf. note 9 op. cit.. 37 Letter from Bohr to Rutherford, 21 March, 1923 (BSC). A part of this letter is reproduced in P. M. Heimann, "Moseley and Celtium: The Search for a Missing Element", Ann. Sci., 23 (1967), 249–260. 38 F. Paneth, "Über das Element 72 (Hafnium)", Ergebnisse der Exakten Naturwissenschaften, 2 (1923), 160–176; p. 171. 39 Cf. R. T. Lagemann, "New Light on Old Rays: N Rays", Am. J. Phys., 45 (1977), 281–284. 40 Ibid., p. 283. 41 Notes 22, 26 and 35 op. cit.. 42 Note 35, ("On the high-frequency lines…"), op. cit.. 43 Note 34 op. cit. . 44 G. Hevesy, "Recherehes sur les propriétés du hafnium", Kgl. Da. Vid. Selsk, Medd., VI, 7, (1925), 1–147; p. 77. M. Siegbahn and B. B. Ray, "On the Irregularity of the Kα Doublets in the Elements of Lower Atomic Number", Ark. Mat. Astr. Fys., 18 (1924), 1–14; p. 1. 45 D. Coster, "X-ray Spectroscopy as a Means of Quantitative and Qualitative Chemical Analysis", Chem. News, 127 (1923), 65. D. Coster and Y. Nishina, "On the Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Means of X-ray Spectrum", Chem. News, 130 (1925), 149. 46 G. Hevesy, "Über die Auffindung des Hafniums und den gegenwärtigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse von diesem Element", Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesells., 56 (1923), 1503. "Note on the Chemistry of Hafnium", Chem. News., 127 (1923), 33. 48 G. Hevesy and V. Thal Jantzen, "The Separation, of Hafnium from Zirconium", Chem. News., 127 (1923), 353. G. Hevesy, "Recherches…", note 44 op. cit. For the state of knowledge of hafnium a few years after its discovery see H. Rose, Das Hafnium, Braunschweig, 1926 and G. Hevesy, Das Element Hafnium, Berlin, 1927. 47 For a list of the patents see Gmelins Handbuch, Berlin, 1941, p. 25–28. 48 Letters from Hevesy to Coster, 17 April, 1923 and 18 April, 1923 (BSC). 49 Ber. Deuts. Chem. Gesells., 57 (1924), 1–36. 50 H. M. Hansen and S. Werner, "On Urbain's Celtium Lines", Nature, 111 (7 April, 1923), 461; dated 20 March. D. Coster and G. Hevesy, "On Celtium and Hafnium", ibid., 462–463; dated 20 March. G. Hevesy and V. Thal Jantzen, "Uber den Hafniumgehalt einiger historischen Zirconpräparate", Naturwissenschaften, 12 (1924), 729. 51 J. M. Eder, "Der Bogenspektrum des Cassiopeiums, Aldebaranjums, Erbiums und des in weitere Elemente gespaltenen Thuliums", Wiener Sitzungsber., IIA, 124 (1915), 707–828. F. Exner and E. Haschek, Spektraltafeln, Wien, 1911. 52 "Recherches….", note 44 op. cit., pp. 117–147. 53 Note 51, op. cit., p. 341. 54 Letter from Coster to Auer, 27 March, 1923 (BSC). 55 Note 49 op. cit. . 56 Letter from Coster to Auer, 24. January, 1923 (BSC). 57 Cf. Goldschmidt and Thomassen, note 24, op. cit. K. A. Grönvall, "Är Hafnium ett nytt Grundämne Sv. Kem. Tidsskr., 35 (1923), 68–70. 60 O. Klein, " Om Upptäckten af Hafnium", Ibid., 157–163. 58 Cf. L. Senden, "Ontdekking van nr. 72, hafnium of celtium", Natuurwetensch. Tijdschr., 5 (1923), 39. 59 Ohne Paneth's Zureden hätte ich vielleicht die Arbeit gar nicht aufgenommen". Unpublished memoirs of Hevesy on the discovery of hafnium, written July, 1923. These memoirs are kept at the Niels Bohr Institute. Cf. also note 9, op. cit.. 60 Note 38 op. cit.. 61 The only exception was, to my knowledge, Léon Brillouin, who adopted Auer's names for the elements 70, 71 and 72. See L. Brillouin, La théorie des quanta et l'atome de Bohr, Paris, 1922. 62 Editorial, "Celtium or Hafnium Chem. & Ind., 42 (17 August, 1923), 782–788. 63 B. Brauner, "Hafnium or Celtium Chem. & Ind., 42 (14 September, 1923), 884–885. 64 C. Auer von Welsbach, "Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente", Wiener Sitzungsber., 18 (1885), 605. 65 Letter from Brauner to M. Speter, 18 May, 1933 (original in German). Reproduced from M. E. Weeks, Discovery of the Elements, Easton (Pa.), 1968, p. 689. 66 G. Urbain, "Discours sur les éléments chimiques et les atomes. Hommage au Professeur Bohuslav Brauner", Rec. Travaux Chim. Pays-Bas, 44 (1925), 281–296; p. 295. 67 Note 31 op. cit., p. 764. 68 Cf. J. L. Heilbron, H. G. J. Moseley, Berkeley, 1974, pp. 93–102. Letter from Moseley to Rutherford, 5 June 1914, as reproduced, ibid. pp. 236–237. 69 G. Urbain, "25 Years of Research on the Yttrium Earths", Chem. Rev., 1 (1924), 143–185; p. 183. 70 On the High-Frequency…", note 35, op. cit., p. 1183. 71 P. Forman, "The Discovery of the Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals; a Critique of the Myths", Arch. Hist. Ex. Sci., 6 (1969), 38–71; p. 68. 72 Agassi, note 5 op. cit., p. 5. 73 G. Champetier and C.H. Boatner, "Georges Urbain", J. Chem. Ed., 17 (1940), 103–108; p. 105. Similar inaccuracies and distortions may be found in: G. Champetier, "Georges Urbain", Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 48 (1939), 3–4; Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 6 (1939), 240–247; P. Job, "Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Georges Urbain", ibid., 745–766. 74 Editorial, Chem. & Ind., 44 (1925), 620. 75 Louis de Broglie's association to hafnium and to Dauvillier's theories of X-rays and atomic structure (cf. note 9, op. cit.) gave him a bad reputation among leading atomic physicists and contributed to the relative neglect of his revolutionary ideas on matter-waves. Cf. P. Forman and V. V. Raman, "Why Was It Schrödinger Who Developed de Broglie's Ideas?" Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci. 1 (1969), 291–314. 76 M. De Broglie and L. De Broglie, Introduction à la physique des rayons X et gamma, Paris, 1928. For other views supporting celtium, see F. Zambonini, "Sul Molibdato normale di Torio Th(MoO4)2", Gaz. Chim. Ital., 54 (1924), 40–45. 80 M. E. Cattelain, "Celtium ou hafnium? Courte monographic d'un nouveau corps simple: I'élément de numéro atomique 72", J. Pharm. Chim., 6 (1927), 515–530. 77 Grand Larousse Encyclopédique, Paris, 1962. 78 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 47 (1925), 597. 79 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 53 (1931), 1627. 80 G. Hevesy, Adventures in Radioisotope Research, Oxford, 1962, p. 18. Hevesy eventually got his Nobel prize in 1944 for his contributions to radioisotope chemistry. 81 Letter from Coster to Bohr, 11 March, 1935 (BSC). Bohr answered that he would not interfere in the election of a candidate for a foreign academy. Letter from Bohr to Coster, 15 March, 1935 (BSC). 82 R. K. Merton, " Singletons and Multiples in Science", pp. 343–371 in R. K. Merton, The Sociology of Science, Chicago, 1973; p. 365. 83 R. Vallery-Radot, La vie de Pasteur, Paris, 1900, p. 570. 84 Chem. & Ind., 42 (9 February, 1923), 113. 85 Hevesy memoirs (note 59 op. cit.). 86 Note 1 op. cit., p. 638. 87 The Times, 2 February, 1923. 88 For details on international science during and after World War I, see B. Schröder-Gudehus, Deutsche Wissenschaft und Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 1914–1928, Geneva, 1966. D. J. Kevles, "Into Hostile Political Camps: the Reorganization of International Science in World War I", Isis, 62 (1971), 47–60. P. Forman, "Scientific Internationalism and the Weimar Physicists: the Ideology and its Manipulation in Germany after World War I", Isis, 64 (1973), 151–181. 89 Cf. note 38 op. cit., p. 170. 90 Note 80 op. cit., p. 11. 91 When Hevesy in 1921 wanted to visit England he was told by Rutherford that it was still not advisable for a former enemy to do so. Ibid., p. 8. 92 Sommerfeld thanked Bohr for his readiness to acknowledge the work of German physics in his publications. Cf. Letter from Sommerfeld to Bohr, 5 February, 1919 (BSC), as quoted by Forman, note 88 op. cit., p. 157. 93 Cf. B. Barber, "Resistance of Scientists to Scientific Discovery", Science, 134 (1961), 596–602. 94 Cf. Note 68 op. cit., p. 114. 95 Note 63 op. cit., p. 884. 96 A. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, 3. ed., Braunschweig, 1922, p. 88. 97 Hevesy memoirs (note 59 op. cit.). Citing Literature Volume23, Issue4June 1980Pages 275-301 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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